What Matters is The Motive by Immanuel Kant
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Chapter 7: Deontology
This document summarizes Kantian and deontological ethical systems. It discusses act-deontologists who believe each act requires an individual moral decision based on conscience. Rule-deontologists like Kant believe in universal moral principles or rules. Kant's categorical imperative commands acting in a way that could be a universal law. His three formulations emphasize treating people as ends and not means, acting out of duty as autonomous beings who give themselves the moral law.
Deontology or teleology
The document discusses several frameworks for categorizing and thinking about ethics, including deontology vs. teleology (ethics based on duty vs. consequences). It provides examples of prominent philosophers who exemplified different approaches, such as Immanuel Kant supporting deontology by focusing on duty and the categorical imperative, and John Stuart Mill supporting teleology as a utilitarian who believed ethics is determined by producing the greatest good for the greatest number of people. The document also discusses other ethics classifications like direct vs. indirect views and pragmatic vs. humanistic theories.
Deontological ethics
Deontological ethics focuses on adherence to moral rules and duties rather than consequences. It is based on the ideas of Immanuel Kant, who argued that an act is only right if it is done from duty and respects rational moral laws. For Kant, the only unqualified good is a good will, and morality requires acting only on principles that could become universal rules followed by all rational beings. He formulated the categorical imperative as a test of whether actions truly respect humanity as an end in itself.
C) immanuel kant
Kant's deontological ethical theory judges morality based on duties and intentions rather than outcomes. For Kant, a moral action is one performed out of a sense of duty as dictated by rationality through categorical imperatives - universal moral principles that should be applied to all similar situations. The categorical imperative comes in three forms: universalizability, respect for persons, and respect for rationality. Kant believed humans have intrinsic worth due to their rational nature, and should never be used merely as a means to an end. Kant's theory has been criticized for not adequately addressing complex situations and for dismissing the role of emotions in morality. It has also been argued that Kant does not sufficiently consider the consequences of actions.
Kant - Categorical Imperative
Kant's categorical imperative holds that people should act based on a sense of duty rather than for rewards or consequences. The categorical imperative is to act solely from duty, whereas the hypothetical imperative involves acting to receive a reward. According to Kant, the categorical imperative is the only proper way to act. He gives the example of helping an elderly woman cross the street purely out of duty rather than for personal reward or feeling good. Kant believed people should strive for the highest good or "summum bonum," which involves achieving happiness through virtue, though this can only be attained after death.
Kant
Kant's deontological ethics argues that morality is derived from duty rather than consequences. For Kant, the only intrinsically good thing is having a good will that does one's duty. He proposes the categorical imperative - only act based on principles that could become universal laws. This means treating people as ends in themselves, never merely as means. Kant believes rational beings have intrinsic worth and morality requires upholding absolute moral rules and duties regardless of outcomes.
Lesson 2
Kant was an influential 18th century philosopher who developed deontological ethics. He believed morality should be based on universal principles of reason and duty rather than subjective feelings or consequences. For Kant, the supreme moral principle was the categorical imperative - we should only act in a way that could become a universal law applying to all people. This and treating people as ends in themselves, not means, form the basis of Kant's deontological ethical philosophy.
Business Ethics - Metaphysics of Morals by Immanuel Kant
Business Ethics - Book Review - Metaphysics of Morals by Immanuel Kant.
1) Biography of Immanuel Kant
2) Kant’s Concept on Morality
3) Chapter 1 – Goodwill
4) Chapter 1 – The Notion of Duty and Maxim
5) Chapter 2 - Transition from popular Moral Philosophy to the Metaphysic of Morals
6) Chapter 3 - Transition from the Metaphysics of Morals to the critique of pure practical reason
Recommended
Chapter 7: Deontology
This document summarizes Kantian and deontological ethical systems. It discusses act-deontologists who believe each act requires an individual moral decision based on conscience. Rule-deontologists like Kant believe in universal moral principles or rules. Kant's categorical imperative commands acting in a way that could be a universal law. His three formulations emphasize treating people as ends and not means, acting out of duty as autonomous beings who give themselves the moral law.
Deontology or teleology
The document discusses several frameworks for categorizing and thinking about ethics, including deontology vs. teleology (ethics based on duty vs. consequences). It provides examples of prominent philosophers who exemplified different approaches, such as Immanuel Kant supporting deontology by focusing on duty and the categorical imperative, and John Stuart Mill supporting teleology as a utilitarian who believed ethics is determined by producing the greatest good for the greatest number of people. The document also discusses other ethics classifications like direct vs. indirect views and pragmatic vs. humanistic theories.
Deontological ethics
Deontological ethics focuses on adherence to moral rules and duties rather than consequences. It is based on the ideas of Immanuel Kant, who argued that an act is only right if it is done from duty and respects rational moral laws. For Kant, the only unqualified good is a good will, and morality requires acting only on principles that could become universal rules followed by all rational beings. He formulated the categorical imperative as a test of whether actions truly respect humanity as an end in itself.
C) immanuel kant
Kant's deontological ethical theory judges morality based on duties and intentions rather than outcomes. For Kant, a moral action is one performed out of a sense of duty as dictated by rationality through categorical imperatives - universal moral principles that should be applied to all similar situations. The categorical imperative comes in three forms: universalizability, respect for persons, and respect for rationality. Kant believed humans have intrinsic worth due to their rational nature, and should never be used merely as a means to an end. Kant's theory has been criticized for not adequately addressing complex situations and for dismissing the role of emotions in morality. It has also been argued that Kant does not sufficiently consider the consequences of actions.
Kant - Categorical Imperative
Kant's categorical imperative holds that people should act based on a sense of duty rather than for rewards or consequences. The categorical imperative is to act solely from duty, whereas the hypothetical imperative involves acting to receive a reward. According to Kant, the categorical imperative is the only proper way to act. He gives the example of helping an elderly woman cross the street purely out of duty rather than for personal reward or feeling good. Kant believed people should strive for the highest good or "summum bonum," which involves achieving happiness through virtue, though this can only be attained after death.
Kant
Kant's deontological ethics argues that morality is derived from duty rather than consequences. For Kant, the only intrinsically good thing is having a good will that does one's duty. He proposes the categorical imperative - only act based on principles that could become universal laws. This means treating people as ends in themselves, never merely as means. Kant believes rational beings have intrinsic worth and morality requires upholding absolute moral rules and duties regardless of outcomes.
Lesson 2
Kant was an influential 18th century philosopher who developed deontological ethics. He believed morality should be based on universal principles of reason and duty rather than subjective feelings or consequences. For Kant, the supreme moral principle was the categorical imperative - we should only act in a way that could become a universal law applying to all people. This and treating people as ends in themselves, not means, form the basis of Kant's deontological ethical philosophy.
Business Ethics - Metaphysics of Morals by Immanuel Kant
Business Ethics - Book Review - Metaphysics of Morals by Immanuel Kant.
1) Biography of Immanuel Kant
2) Kant’s Concept on Morality
3) Chapter 1 – Goodwill
4) Chapter 1 – The Notion of Duty and Maxim
5) Chapter 2 - Transition from popular Moral Philosophy to the Metaphysic of Morals
6) Chapter 3 - Transition from the Metaphysics of Morals to the critique of pure practical reason
Deontological Ethics by Christine Wandolo
Deontological ethics is a theory that bases the morality of actions on duties and rights rather than the consequences of the actions. It proposes that an action is right if it adheres to a moral rule or duty. Immanuel Kant's theory of deontology is one of the most influential. For Kant, the only intrinsically good thing is a good will. He formulated the Categorical Imperative which states that moral rules must be universal and that people should never be treated merely as a means but always as ends in themselves. Deontological ethics emphasizes adherence to rules and duties over consequences, but it is criticized for being too rigid and not dealing well with conflicts between duties.
Understanding Ethics
Understanding Ethics: Morality, Ethics & value: Ethical absolutism, relativism, subjectivism, Meta Ethics, Normative Ethics( Telelogical Ethics, deontological ethics & Ethics by virtue) , Applied Ethics, Traditional Ethical Theories : Consequential , Non Consequential Ethics of Rights : Moral Right, Legal right, Positive Right, Negative right, Kantian Right & Categorical Imperative ,Ethics of Justice : Distributive Justice, Retributive justice & Compensatory justice, Ethics of care - Law and morality: Kohlberg Model, Gilligan Model.
Consequentialism-Ethical Egoism
This document discusses the ethical theory of consequentialism. Consequentialism, also known as teleological ethics, judges the morality of actions based solely on their outcomes or consequences. The document contrasts consequentialism with non-consequentialist theories like deontology. It then discusses two types of consequentialism: ethical egoism, which holds that the morally right action is whatever benefits the individual the most, and utilitarianism, which argues that the action with the best overall consequences for the greatest number of individuals is the morally right one. The document notes some criticisms of consequentialism, like how researching all consequences can be impractical.
Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism is a moral philosophy that judges actions based on their consequences. There are two main types: act utilitarianism, which deems an act right if it produces the greatest good, and rule utilitarianism, which assesses acts based on whether following the rule produces good outcomes. Utilitarianism focuses on maximizing welfare, usually defined as pleasure or happiness. It is a consequentialist theory, meaning the morality of an act is determined by its results. However, utilitarianism is difficult to apply due to problems in knowing all consequences of an act and weighing costs versus benefits. It also does not consider other moral factors like rights and duties. Islam critiques utilitarianism for making morality too
Deontological Ethical Theory
Topic: DEONTOLOGICAL ETHICAL THEORY
Contents:
A. Historical Origin
Early beginning of human civilization
• The word of the king is the law
Deontological
Greek word “dein” or “deon” meaning “To be obligated” or simply “duty”
B.Kants’ Major Contribution to Deontological Theory
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)
• Avid defender of deontological theory
• Contributed as many important and brilliant ideas to the philosophical study of ethics
C.The Good Will: The Core of Kant’s Ethics
Morality of an action lies on the inner motive rather than the external effects
Kants’ ethics primarily based on good will
Duty must be done out of pure reverence to the moral law
D.Duty over Inclination
“A person is only acting morally only when he suppresses his feelings and inclinations and does that which he is obliged to do”
Inclination
means doing the things that one’s feels like doing, and thus no obligation exists.
Example:
Helping your neighbor to fix her flat tire.
• Three possible reasons of helping:
1) Expectation of the reward-immoral
2) Pity-immoral
3) Duty-moral
1 is done out of desire to get a reward and 2 is done out of emotion thus, the acts are considered immoral. On the other hand, 3 is done out of obligation and this makes the act moral.
E.Duty is Superior to Happiness
“Our duties cannot consist simply in following rules that promote pleasure and avoidance of pain as the utilitarian’s claim, since that would make right actions depend upon consequences, on how well they satisfied our desires”
Example:
1) Lying
2) Breaking promise
The above examples are immoral actions not because it can create bad consequences but because these are wrong in itself.
F.The Categorical Imperative: The Universalizability Principle
“Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law”
Maxim is a personal and subjective guiding principle
We must universalize our moral judgement
G.The Principle of Humanity (Respect for Persons)
Also known as ’Principle of Ends’
Concerns respect for the dignity of persons
Rational beings are ends in themselves
Do not treat others as means
H.Autonomy of The Will (Kingdom of Ends)
“For without personal autonomy, Morality becomes an impossibility”
Autonomous will
The will becomes autonomous when the genuinely moral actions are chosen:
• Freely
• Rationally
• By The Self (Autonomously)
Kingdom of ends
It is a moral universe of the moral beings in which:
• Respect for Intrinsic Worth
• Respect for Value of All Persons
is exercised by everyone.
Deontological Theories And Moral Autonomy
Deontological ethics or deontology (from Greek δέον, deon, "obligation, duty"[1]) is the normative ethical position that judges the morality of an action based on rules.[citation needed]
It is sometimes described as "duty-" or "obligation-" or "rule-" based ethics, because rules "bind you to your duty."[2] Deontological ethics is commonly contrasted to consequentialism,[3] virtue ethics, and pragmatic ethics. In this terminology, action is more important than the consequences.
The term deontological was first used to describe the current, specialised definition by C. D. Broad in his book, Five Types of Ethical Theory, which was published in 1930.[4] Older usage of the term goes back to Jeremy Bentham, who coined it in c. 1826 to mean more generally "the knowledge of what is right and proper".[5] The more general sense of the word is retained in French, especially in the term code de déontologie "ethical code", in the context of professional ethic
Kant - Explain Categorical Imperative
Kant's categorical imperative holds that people should act based on duty rather than for rewards or consequences. The categorical imperative is the only truly good way to act according to Kant. He believed that having a good will, or acting out of duty, was the highest moral good. Kant also argued that concepts like freedom, the afterlife, and God were necessary postulates for his moral theory. He believed that moral rules, or maxims, had to be universalizable - able to be applied by everyone at all times. Kant used several examples to illustrate how rules based on self-interest alone could not be universally applied.
St. Thomas Aquinas (1225 1274)
Report about St. Tomas Aquinas in Political Philosophy Class at St, Anthony Mary Claret College, Quezon City Philippines
Deontological ethics
This document provides an overview of Immanuel Kant's deontological ethics. It discusses that for Kant, morality is concerned with doing one's duty rather than personal gain. Kant believed there is a single "Categorical Imperative" or universal obligation that forms the basis of moral rules and duties. For an action to have moral worth, it must be done purely out of respect for the moral law as one's duty, not because of personal interests or desires. The Categorical Imperative takes an unconditional form of "Do X" rather than a conditional "If X, then Y" structure like hypothetical imperatives.
Unit 4 Utilitarian Ethics
Ethics seeks to address questions of morality and determine what is right versus wrong. There are two main approaches: consequentialism, which assesses the morality of an act based on its consequences, and non-consequentialism, which asserts actions are right or wrong in themselves regardless of consequences. Utilitarianism is a form of consequentialism that holds an action is morally right if it produces more overall happiness than any alternative action. Later critics argued utilitarianism failed to account for the quality of pleasure and could justify harmful actions.
Kant's moral theory chapter 6 lecture
1. An action has moral worth only if it is done from a sense of duty and obligation, rather than from a desire for consequences or personal preferences.
2. Deontological ethics judges the morality of an action based on adherence to rules of duty and respect for persons, rather than consideration of an action's outcomes or consequences.
3. Immanuel Kant's deontological theory holds that the sole basis for determining the moral worth of an action is a good will and acting from a sense of duty in accordance with moral laws that any rational person would accept.
Kant - Explain Categorical Imperative
Kant's categorical imperative holds that people should act based on a sense of duty rather than for rewards or consequences. The categorical imperative is to act solely from duty, whereas the hypothetical imperative involves acting to receive a reward. According to Kant, the categorical imperative is the only proper way to act. He gives the example of helping an elderly woman cross the street purely out of duty rather than for personal reward or feeling good. Kant believed people should strive for the highest good or "summum bonum," which involves achieving happiness through virtue, though this can only be attained after death.
Apraising analogical argument
Analogical arguments claim that a conclusion is probable based on similarities between two or more things. To evaluate the strength of an analogical argument, six criteria are used: 1) the number of similar entities or cases in the premises, 2) the variety of those cases, 3) the number of similar respects between the cases, 4) the relevance of those respects, 5) any dissimilarities between the cases, and 6) how modest the conclusion's claim is based on the premises. Arguments are stronger when they have more entities, a variety of cases, many relevant similar respects, few dissimilarities, and more modest conclusions.
Kantianism
Kant's deontological moral philosophy is based on the categorical imperative and the idea that morality depends on duty and the good will rather than consequences. The categorical imperative has three formulations: first, act only according to maxims that could become universal laws; second, act to treat humanity as an end in itself, never as a mere means; and third, act as a member of a kingdom of ends where all rational beings give universal laws. Islamic philosophers criticize Kant for making human rationality the sole source of morality and for proposing subjective moral principles rather than objective divine commands. For Islam, intention includes knowledge, will, and obedience to God's commands, and intention combined with action determines moral worth.
Aristotle happiness slideshare_simple
Aristotle believed that every species has a role and purpose in the universe. Fulfilling this role well defines the ultimate good for that species. For humans, Aristotle identified characteristics that differentiate humans from other animals. He believed that when humans act according to their nature and fulfill their purpose, they feel fulfilled and happy. Happiness, according to Aristotle, is the greatest good because it is pursued for its own sake, rather than to achieve something else, and it indicates that one is living virtuously in accordance with their human nature.
Empiricism
Empiricism is an epistemological theory that states that knowledge comes from sensory experience and evidence. It emphasizes the role of experience, especially sensory perception, in forming ideas. The key figures of British Empiricism, including John Locke, George Berkeley, and David Hume, defended empiricism against rationalism. Empiricism developed into logical empiricism in the 20th century and attempted to synthesize empiricism with insights from mathematical logic. David Hume also brought an extreme skepticism to the empiricist view.
Notes for logic
1. The document discusses the key concepts of logic including arguments, propositions, premises, conclusions and the validity of arguments.
2. It provides examples to illustrate inductive and deductive arguments, and distinguishes between arguments and explanations.
3. Arguments are considered valid if the truth of the premises necessarily implies the truth of the conclusion, while invalid arguments can have true premises and conclusions but the conclusion does not logically follow.
Kantian Ethics
The document is a series of copyright statements by Lawrence M. Hinman dated 08/18/15. It includes 30 copyright statements numbered consecutively from 11 to 30. The final two paragraphs discuss Kant's view that morality must be fair and evenhanded, and that following a Kantian path offers a kind of moral safety in an uncertain world.
Spinoza Leibniz
I do not have a view on whether the Matrix scenario is possible, plausible, acceptable or disturbing. Speculative fictional scenarios can raise interesting philosophical questions, but determining their plausibility or implications would require rigorous analysis and evidence beyond what is presented in fiction. Philosophers have debated similar ideas, like Descartes' evil genius hypothesis and Leibniz' monadology, but the goal of philosophy is understanding through reason, not making unevidenced claims. Overall this seems like an imaginative thought experiment rather than a claim about reality that could or should be accepted or rejected.
Week 2 ethical theories ppt
This document discusses several ethical theories and concepts related to using child labor:
- Consequentialism focuses on the consequences of actions and argues that using child labor could maximize benefits and utility. However, deontology argues it violates moral rules and principles of protecting children.
- Cultural relativism could defend child labor as a local cultural practice, but offers no way to evaluate practices or progress morally. Using child labor also fails tests of universalizability in Kantian ethics.
- Virtue ethics notes that using child labor fails to cultivate virtues of compassion and fairness, and damages children's development into moral exemplars. Overall, most major ethical theories condemn using child labor due to the harms inflicted on children.
ontological Ethics, IPHI5111(1).pptx
Kant developed deontological ethics, which judges actions based on their motives rather than consequences. He aimed to find a precise moral principle based on ordinary moral judgments. Kant argued against consequentialism by noting we can't control consequences but can control motives through our will. For an action to have moral worth, it must stem from duty as expressed through universalizable maxims and treating humanity as an end in itself. Kant formulated categorical imperatives of universality and humanity to determine if actions align with the moral law.
Kant power point
Immanuel Kant was an 18th century German philosopher who developed the categorical imperative as a way to determine morality. The categorical imperative states that moral rules must be universal and that people should never be treated merely as a means to an end. Kant believed that human nature is fundamentally good and that we have a duty to act according to moral rules derived from pure reason alone. He argued that morality depends on intention rather than outcomes and that we have universal duties that apply regardless of inclination.
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Deontological Ethics by Christine Wandolo
Deontological ethics is a theory that bases the morality of actions on duties and rights rather than the consequences of the actions. It proposes that an action is right if it adheres to a moral rule or duty. Immanuel Kant's theory of deontology is one of the most influential. For Kant, the only intrinsically good thing is a good will. He formulated the Categorical Imperative which states that moral rules must be universal and that people should never be treated merely as a means but always as ends in themselves. Deontological ethics emphasizes adherence to rules and duties over consequences, but it is criticized for being too rigid and not dealing well with conflicts between duties.
Understanding Ethics
Understanding Ethics: Morality, Ethics & value: Ethical absolutism, relativism, subjectivism, Meta Ethics, Normative Ethics( Telelogical Ethics, deontological ethics & Ethics by virtue) , Applied Ethics, Traditional Ethical Theories : Consequential , Non Consequential Ethics of Rights : Moral Right, Legal right, Positive Right, Negative right, Kantian Right & Categorical Imperative ,Ethics of Justice : Distributive Justice, Retributive justice & Compensatory justice, Ethics of care - Law and morality: Kohlberg Model, Gilligan Model.
Consequentialism-Ethical Egoism
This document discusses the ethical theory of consequentialism. Consequentialism, also known as teleological ethics, judges the morality of actions based solely on their outcomes or consequences. The document contrasts consequentialism with non-consequentialist theories like deontology. It then discusses two types of consequentialism: ethical egoism, which holds that the morally right action is whatever benefits the individual the most, and utilitarianism, which argues that the action with the best overall consequences for the greatest number of individuals is the morally right one. The document notes some criticisms of consequentialism, like how researching all consequences can be impractical.
Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism is a moral philosophy that judges actions based on their consequences. There are two main types: act utilitarianism, which deems an act right if it produces the greatest good, and rule utilitarianism, which assesses acts based on whether following the rule produces good outcomes. Utilitarianism focuses on maximizing welfare, usually defined as pleasure or happiness. It is a consequentialist theory, meaning the morality of an act is determined by its results. However, utilitarianism is difficult to apply due to problems in knowing all consequences of an act and weighing costs versus benefits. It also does not consider other moral factors like rights and duties. Islam critiques utilitarianism for making morality too
Deontological Ethical Theory
Topic: DEONTOLOGICAL ETHICAL THEORY
Contents:
A. Historical Origin
Early beginning of human civilization
• The word of the king is the law
Deontological
Greek word “dein” or “deon” meaning “To be obligated” or simply “duty”
B.Kants’ Major Contribution to Deontological Theory
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)
• Avid defender of deontological theory
• Contributed as many important and brilliant ideas to the philosophical study of ethics
C.The Good Will: The Core of Kant’s Ethics
Morality of an action lies on the inner motive rather than the external effects
Kants’ ethics primarily based on good will
Duty must be done out of pure reverence to the moral law
D.Duty over Inclination
“A person is only acting morally only when he suppresses his feelings and inclinations and does that which he is obliged to do”
Inclination
means doing the things that one’s feels like doing, and thus no obligation exists.
Example:
Helping your neighbor to fix her flat tire.
• Three possible reasons of helping:
1) Expectation of the reward-immoral
2) Pity-immoral
3) Duty-moral
1 is done out of desire to get a reward and 2 is done out of emotion thus, the acts are considered immoral. On the other hand, 3 is done out of obligation and this makes the act moral.
E.Duty is Superior to Happiness
“Our duties cannot consist simply in following rules that promote pleasure and avoidance of pain as the utilitarian’s claim, since that would make right actions depend upon consequences, on how well they satisfied our desires”
Example:
1) Lying
2) Breaking promise
The above examples are immoral actions not because it can create bad consequences but because these are wrong in itself.
F.The Categorical Imperative: The Universalizability Principle
“Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law”
Maxim is a personal and subjective guiding principle
We must universalize our moral judgement
G.The Principle of Humanity (Respect for Persons)
Also known as ’Principle of Ends’
Concerns respect for the dignity of persons
Rational beings are ends in themselves
Do not treat others as means
H.Autonomy of The Will (Kingdom of Ends)
“For without personal autonomy, Morality becomes an impossibility”
Autonomous will
The will becomes autonomous when the genuinely moral actions are chosen:
• Freely
• Rationally
• By The Self (Autonomously)
Kingdom of ends
It is a moral universe of the moral beings in which:
• Respect for Intrinsic Worth
• Respect for Value of All Persons
is exercised by everyone.
Deontological Theories And Moral Autonomy
Deontological ethics or deontology (from Greek δέον, deon, "obligation, duty"[1]) is the normative ethical position that judges the morality of an action based on rules.[citation needed]
It is sometimes described as "duty-" or "obligation-" or "rule-" based ethics, because rules "bind you to your duty."[2] Deontological ethics is commonly contrasted to consequentialism,[3] virtue ethics, and pragmatic ethics. In this terminology, action is more important than the consequences.
The term deontological was first used to describe the current, specialised definition by C. D. Broad in his book, Five Types of Ethical Theory, which was published in 1930.[4] Older usage of the term goes back to Jeremy Bentham, who coined it in c. 1826 to mean more generally "the knowledge of what is right and proper".[5] The more general sense of the word is retained in French, especially in the term code de déontologie "ethical code", in the context of professional ethic
Kant - Explain Categorical Imperative
Kant's categorical imperative holds that people should act based on duty rather than for rewards or consequences. The categorical imperative is the only truly good way to act according to Kant. He believed that having a good will, or acting out of duty, was the highest moral good. Kant also argued that concepts like freedom, the afterlife, and God were necessary postulates for his moral theory. He believed that moral rules, or maxims, had to be universalizable - able to be applied by everyone at all times. Kant used several examples to illustrate how rules based on self-interest alone could not be universally applied.
St. Thomas Aquinas (1225 1274)
Report about St. Tomas Aquinas in Political Philosophy Class at St, Anthony Mary Claret College, Quezon City Philippines
Deontological ethics
This document provides an overview of Immanuel Kant's deontological ethics. It discusses that for Kant, morality is concerned with doing one's duty rather than personal gain. Kant believed there is a single "Categorical Imperative" or universal obligation that forms the basis of moral rules and duties. For an action to have moral worth, it must be done purely out of respect for the moral law as one's duty, not because of personal interests or desires. The Categorical Imperative takes an unconditional form of "Do X" rather than a conditional "If X, then Y" structure like hypothetical imperatives.
Unit 4 Utilitarian Ethics
Ethics seeks to address questions of morality and determine what is right versus wrong. There are two main approaches: consequentialism, which assesses the morality of an act based on its consequences, and non-consequentialism, which asserts actions are right or wrong in themselves regardless of consequences. Utilitarianism is a form of consequentialism that holds an action is morally right if it produces more overall happiness than any alternative action. Later critics argued utilitarianism failed to account for the quality of pleasure and could justify harmful actions.
Kant's moral theory chapter 6 lecture
1. An action has moral worth only if it is done from a sense of duty and obligation, rather than from a desire for consequences or personal preferences.
2. Deontological ethics judges the morality of an action based on adherence to rules of duty and respect for persons, rather than consideration of an action's outcomes or consequences.
3. Immanuel Kant's deontological theory holds that the sole basis for determining the moral worth of an action is a good will and acting from a sense of duty in accordance with moral laws that any rational person would accept.
Kant - Explain Categorical Imperative
Kant's categorical imperative holds that people should act based on a sense of duty rather than for rewards or consequences. The categorical imperative is to act solely from duty, whereas the hypothetical imperative involves acting to receive a reward. According to Kant, the categorical imperative is the only proper way to act. He gives the example of helping an elderly woman cross the street purely out of duty rather than for personal reward or feeling good. Kant believed people should strive for the highest good or "summum bonum," which involves achieving happiness through virtue, though this can only be attained after death.
Apraising analogical argument
Analogical arguments claim that a conclusion is probable based on similarities between two or more things. To evaluate the strength of an analogical argument, six criteria are used: 1) the number of similar entities or cases in the premises, 2) the variety of those cases, 3) the number of similar respects between the cases, 4) the relevance of those respects, 5) any dissimilarities between the cases, and 6) how modest the conclusion's claim is based on the premises. Arguments are stronger when they have more entities, a variety of cases, many relevant similar respects, few dissimilarities, and more modest conclusions.
Kantianism
Kant's deontological moral philosophy is based on the categorical imperative and the idea that morality depends on duty and the good will rather than consequences. The categorical imperative has three formulations: first, act only according to maxims that could become universal laws; second, act to treat humanity as an end in itself, never as a mere means; and third, act as a member of a kingdom of ends where all rational beings give universal laws. Islamic philosophers criticize Kant for making human rationality the sole source of morality and for proposing subjective moral principles rather than objective divine commands. For Islam, intention includes knowledge, will, and obedience to God's commands, and intention combined with action determines moral worth.
Aristotle happiness slideshare_simple
Aristotle believed that every species has a role and purpose in the universe. Fulfilling this role well defines the ultimate good for that species. For humans, Aristotle identified characteristics that differentiate humans from other animals. He believed that when humans act according to their nature and fulfill their purpose, they feel fulfilled and happy. Happiness, according to Aristotle, is the greatest good because it is pursued for its own sake, rather than to achieve something else, and it indicates that one is living virtuously in accordance with their human nature.
Empiricism
Empiricism is an epistemological theory that states that knowledge comes from sensory experience and evidence. It emphasizes the role of experience, especially sensory perception, in forming ideas. The key figures of British Empiricism, including John Locke, George Berkeley, and David Hume, defended empiricism against rationalism. Empiricism developed into logical empiricism in the 20th century and attempted to synthesize empiricism with insights from mathematical logic. David Hume also brought an extreme skepticism to the empiricist view.
Notes for logic
1. The document discusses the key concepts of logic including arguments, propositions, premises, conclusions and the validity of arguments.
2. It provides examples to illustrate inductive and deductive arguments, and distinguishes between arguments and explanations.
3. Arguments are considered valid if the truth of the premises necessarily implies the truth of the conclusion, while invalid arguments can have true premises and conclusions but the conclusion does not logically follow.
Kantian Ethics
The document is a series of copyright statements by Lawrence M. Hinman dated 08/18/15. It includes 30 copyright statements numbered consecutively from 11 to 30. The final two paragraphs discuss Kant's view that morality must be fair and evenhanded, and that following a Kantian path offers a kind of moral safety in an uncertain world.
Spinoza Leibniz
I do not have a view on whether the Matrix scenario is possible, plausible, acceptable or disturbing. Speculative fictional scenarios can raise interesting philosophical questions, but determining their plausibility or implications would require rigorous analysis and evidence beyond what is presented in fiction. Philosophers have debated similar ideas, like Descartes' evil genius hypothesis and Leibniz' monadology, but the goal of philosophy is understanding through reason, not making unevidenced claims. Overall this seems like an imaginative thought experiment rather than a claim about reality that could or should be accepted or rejected.
Week 2 ethical theories ppt
This document discusses several ethical theories and concepts related to using child labor:
- Consequentialism focuses on the consequences of actions and argues that using child labor could maximize benefits and utility. However, deontology argues it violates moral rules and principles of protecting children.
- Cultural relativism could defend child labor as a local cultural practice, but offers no way to evaluate practices or progress morally. Using child labor also fails tests of universalizability in Kantian ethics.
- Virtue ethics notes that using child labor fails to cultivate virtues of compassion and fairness, and damages children's development into moral exemplars. Overall, most major ethical theories condemn using child labor due to the harms inflicted on children.
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ontological Ethics, IPHI5111(1).pptx
Kant developed deontological ethics, which judges actions based on their motives rather than consequences. He aimed to find a precise moral principle based on ordinary moral judgments. Kant argued against consequentialism by noting we can't control consequences but can control motives through our will. For an action to have moral worth, it must stem from duty as expressed through universalizable maxims and treating humanity as an end in itself. Kant formulated categorical imperatives of universality and humanity to determine if actions align with the moral law.
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Immanuel Kant was an 18th century German philosopher who developed the categorical imperative as a way to determine morality. The categorical imperative states that moral rules must be universal and that people should never be treated merely as a means to an end. Kant believed that human nature is fundamentally good and that we have a duty to act according to moral rules derived from pure reason alone. He argued that morality depends on intention rather than outcomes and that we have universal duties that apply regardless of inclination.
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The document summarizes key aspects of deontological and consequentialist ethics as well as Immanuel Kant's deontological ethical theory. It discusses Kant's Categorical Imperative as the supreme principle of morality according to which an action is right if it is in accordance with duty or moral law. The Categorical Imperative can be formulated in three ways which are all equivalent: act based on maxims that could be universalized, treat humanity - in yourself and others - as an end-in-itself rather than a means only, and act as a member of a kingdom of ends where all rational beings give universal laws.
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1. The document discusses Kantian ethics and deontology, focusing on Immanuel Kant's view that morality is based on duty and respecting rational autonomy rather than consequences.
2. It examines Kant's categorical imperative and the idea that moral actions must be universalizable and treat people as ends rather than means. Examples show how lying and using people solely as a means violate these duties.
3. The document applies Kantian ethics to debates around research ethics, informed consent, and the Milgram and Stanford Prison experiments. It questions whether experiments truly respected participant autonomy as required by deontology.
IMMANUEL KANT.
Immanuel Kant was an 18th century German philosopher born in 1724 who spent his life writing, lecturing, and researching in Konigsberg, Prussia. According to Kant's deontological moral theory, morality is determined by duty rather than consequences or happiness. He believed there are two types of imperatives - hypothetical imperatives which command conditionally based on desires, and categorical imperatives which command unconditionally as moral duties. The categorical imperative forms the basis of Kant's notion of morality and states that we must act only according to maxims we can universalize so that everyone could act the same way in similar situations.
1Kantian Ethics1724-1804Spent virtually all of his life in
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Kantian Ethics
1724-1804
Spent virtually all of his life in Konigsberg, East Prussia.
From a Lutheran family.
Never married.
Immanuel Kant
1
2
Distinguish
Utilitarianism—Teleological Theory
Goal directed
Kantian Ethics—Deontological Theory
Duty based
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Kant’s Moral Theory
Kant wanted to “seek out and establish the supreme principle of morality.”
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Morality and Rationality
For Kant, all of morality has its ultimate source in rationality. The categorical imperative, in any formulation, is an expression of rationality, and it is the principle that would be followed in practice by any purely rational being.
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5
Morality and Rationality
Moral rules are not mere arbitrary conventions or subjective standards. They are objective truths that have their source in the rational nature of human beings.
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Autonomy
For Kant, morality presupposes autonomy.
Autonomous = not controlled by others or by outside forces; independent. Independent in mind or judgment; self-directed.
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Consequences are Morally Irrelevant
For Kant, the consequences of an action are morally irrelevant. Rather, an action is right when it is in accordance with a rule that satisfies a principle he calls the “categorical imperative.”
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Categorical Imperative
And to act out of respect for the law means to follow the “categorical imperative.”
Cf. Hypothetical Imperative
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Categorical Imperative
Kant’s moral theory centers around the categorical imperative.
“Act only on that maxim which you can at the same time will to be a universal law.”
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Universality
You must be willing to see your maxim universalized (by similarly situated persons) even though it may turn out on some other occasion to work to your disadvantage.
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Psychological Agreement Not Required
For a maxim to satisfy the categorical imperative, it is not necessary that we be agreeable in some psychological sense to seeing it made into a universal law. Rather, the test is one that requires us to avoid inconsistency or conflict in what we will as a universal rule.
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Similar Cases = Similar Treatment
All things being equal, justice dictates that similarly situated people ought to be treated similarly.
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Other Formulations
“I am never to act unless I am acting on a maxim that I can will to become a universal law.”
“Act as if the maxims you choose to follow always become universal laws of nature.”
“Act so as to treat people as ends unto themselves and never merely as a means.”
...
Chapter-5-Deontologist.pptx
Immanuel Kant was the 18th century German philosopher who established deontological ethics. Deontology judges actions based on adherence to rules of duty, rather than the consequences. Kant believed moral laws were universal and that the only intrinsically good thing is having a good will by acting from duty. He argued that the morality of an act depends not on its outcome, but solely on the intentions and principles behind it.
Chapter 16 power point
1) Immanuel Kant studied at the University of Konigsberg from 1740-1746 and was born in 1724, dying in 1804. He came from a modest family and had to be supported by extended family after his father's business failed.
2) Before studying philosophy, Kant was interested in physics and astronomy, anticipating the discovery of Uranus. His critical philosophy sought to combine empiricism and rationalism.
3) According to Kant's categorical imperative, he argues that the only thing with unconditional goodness is a good will, and that we should act in a way that we could universalize our actions.
Chapter 9. Can We Reason about MoralityChapter 8Can We Re.docx
Chapter 9. Can We Reason about Morality?
Chapter 8
Can We Reason about Morality?
Copyright by Paul Herrick, 2020. For class use only. Not for distribution. This chapter: 34 pages of reading.
1. Come, Let Us Reason Together
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., once observed that if a man-made law conflicts with morality, it is unjust and should be repealed because morality, not man-made law, is our highest standard of behavior. Similarly, if a businessman could increase his profits by putting false labels on his products, he should not do so, even if he can get away with it, because it would be immoral. Morality takes precedence over deceptive business practices—no matter how profitable they might be. Morality also takes precedence over unexamined self-interest. A criminal may want to snatch a purse from an old lady walking with a cane, and perhaps he needs the money and could get away with it; however, he should not do so because it would be morally wrong.[endnoteRef:1] Surely these are eminently reasonable observations. [1: Martin Luther King Jr., “Letter from the Birmingham City Jail,” reprinted in James M. Washington, ed. A Testament of Hope. Essential Writings and Speeches of Martin Luther King Jr. (New York: Harper One, 1986), 289-302.]
These thoughts remind us that morality is the ultimate criterion of good and bad, right and wrong, that we ought to live by, all things considered. Morality is ultimate in the sense that the obligations it imposes on us take precedence over all nonmoral considerations, including laws passed by legislatures, the profit and loss calculations of businesses, social customs, instincts, and the irrational impulses of ego, desire, prejudice, unexamined self-interest, and cognitive bias.
One reason to agree with Dr. King, that morality is our highest standard, is that any human law, social custom, institution, business practice, desire, action—even traits acquired through the evolutionary process--can be evaluated and judged on a moral basis, using our faculty of critical thinking.
The principles or “laws” of morality have a number of important properties. First, they are prescriptive rather than descriptive. That is to say, they prescribe how we ought to act, they do not describe how we do in fact act. Put another way, moral principles are not empirical generalizations about the way people actually behave, and they are not statements about the way people have behaved in the past or will behave in the future. Rather, they are norms or standards that we ought to follow, whether or not we do in fact follow them and whether or not we want to follow them. If someday it should come about that most people hate each other, that descriptive fact would not make it moral to hate. Hatred would still be morally wrong. If someday it should happen that every government in the world practices genocide, that descriptive fact would not make genocide morally right—genocide would still be morally wrong. For (again) morality is.
Deontological Ethics Christine Wandolo
Deontological ethics is a theory that bases the morality of actions on duties and rights rather than the consequences of the actions. It proposes that an action is right if it adheres to a moral rule or duty. Immanuel Kant's theory of deontology is one of the most influential. For Kant, the only intrinsically good thing is a good will. He formulated the Categorical Imperative which states that moral rules must be universal and that people should never be treated merely as a means but always as ends in themselves. Deontological ethics emphasizes adherence to rules and duties over consequences, but it is sometimes criticized for being too rigid and not dealing well with conflicts between duties.
Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that evaluates actions based on their consequences. It holds that the morally right action is the one that produces the greatest happiness or benefit for the greatest number of people. Utilitarianism is supported by three principles: consequentialism, which says actions are right as they produce good consequences; welfarism, which says happiness is the only intrinsic good; and aggregationism, which says the best consequence maximizes the overall sum of happiness. Together these principles lead to the principle of utility - that the action producing the greatest happiness is the morally right one.
Deontology and business ethics chap t 3
Kant's moral theory of deontology holds that morality is a matter of duty rather than consequences. Actions are judged based on their adherence to moral rules, not their outcomes. The core of Kant's view is the Categorical Imperative - the moral rule that one should only act in a way that can be universally applied without contradiction. For example, it would contradict the rule to pick flowers in the park if everyone did so, leaving none left. Kant also formulated that one should treat humanity as an end in itself, never merely as a means. While deontology avoids some issues with utilitarianism, it is criticized for disregarding outcomes and potentially conflicting with intuitions in some cases.
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Running head: VIRTUES
VIRTUES
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SJSU
COMM 133F
Task Two
A virtue is a behavior showing moral standards and most ethical decision makers apply virtues in their daily experiences. For instance, in case 2-C, NPR, the New York times and the working conditions in china by Lee Wilkins, the retraction that Ira Glass provided was ethically justifiable. Reason being, she applied the virtue of self-control and self-efficacy in her decisions. She was courageous and persistent when she decided to confront Mr. Daisey live on air when she found out that what they had originally aired was fabricated. Similarly, in case 2-D, when is objective reporting irresponsible reporting by Theodore L. Glasser, Mr. Evan Michaels showed courage and honesty when he accused Amanda Laurens of being a bad journalist. She had made a rash decision of submitting her story instead of find out more about the mayor’s accusations; she should have done more research. Furthermore, Laurens editor should have confirmed the authenticity of the story. So, from these two cases, it is clear to say that virtues guide us in our daily routines and we should always consider them before we make any rash decisions.
Task Three
Now, there are very many careers that a communications major can pursue when they graduate. They can be a communications manager, a marketing and/or advertising manager, an event planner, a public relations specialist, a real estate agent, a human resource specialist among others. Here, they can apply a variety of virtues they’ve learnt while growing up. For example, as a marketing and/or advertising manager, a communications major can apply the virtue of self-efficacy. In other words, they must be persistent, courageous as well as patient in this line of work if they want to reap the benefits. They can also apply the same virtues when doing real estate jobs because as you know, not so many people are kind when looking for houses. So, as you can see, these virtues are advantageous in any line of work.
Additionally, a communications major can apply the virtues of self-regard when working as a human resource specialist. Reason being, they need to be truthful when hiring a person since they’ll have to let them know what type of job they’ll be doing. They’ll also have to be fair-minded when dealing with their employees. Similarly, a communications manager should be truthful when doing his or her work. They are obliged to tell the truth and only the truth when dealing with clients, otherwise they might say something wrong and get the company into unnecessary trouble. Finally, as an event planner, one needs to be polite and friendly. This is because, they need to attract customers, not chase them way. So, the social virtues will work well for them when applied correctly. In the long run, virtues are little things that we can’t ignore because if we do, our lives will never be the same.
Task 4
In my opinion,.
G5 kant
Kant believed there are absolute moral laws called categorical imperatives that dictate how we ought to act regardless of the consequences of those actions. His fundamental principle of morality is that we should only act in a way that the actions could become a universal law without contradiction. For Kant, morality depends on having a good will and doing the right action for its own sake rather than for personal desires or consequences. He argued that because humans are rational beings capable of reason, they have intrinsic worth and dignity that should never be violated by treating them as mere means to an end.
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What Matters is The Motive by Immanuel Kant
- 1. Moral & Consequence What Matters is The Motive BY Immanuel Kant
- 2. Introduction: Presenter: Kabir (chapter – 05) Yna & Ahnjang soon (chapter – 06)
- 3. Key focused areas in Chapter: 5 Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) offers an alternative account of duties and rights, one of the most powerful and influential accounts any philosopher has produced. Immanuel Kant’s Groundwork takes up a big question: What is the supreme principle of morality? And in the course of answering that question, it addresses another hugely important one: What is freedom? And in association with the word "freedom", some other topics are also discussed in this chapter which are as follows: Maximizing Happiness. What is Freedom? What is Moral & Look for the Motive. Categorical Imperative.
- 4. Maximizing Happiness. Kant said that if something gives many people pleasure doesn’t make it right. (Ex: trolley) Kant argues that every person is worthy of respect, not because we own ourselves but because we are rational beings, capable of reason; we are also autonomous beings, capable of acting and choosing freely. And when reason governs our will, we are not driven by the desire to seek pleasure and avoid pain.
- 6. Suppose that I fall (or am pushed) from the Empire State Building. As I hurtle toward the earth, no one would say that I am acting freely; my movement is governed by the law of gravity. Now suppose I land on another person and kill that person. I would not be morally responsible for the unfortunate death, would be morally responsible if it fell from a great height and hit someone on the head. In this case is the falling object—me acting freely. The falling object is governed by the law of gravity. Since there is no autonomy, there can be no moral responsibility. What is Freedom?
- 7. The shopkeeper and the child. A prudent shopkeeper. An inexperienced customer, say, a child, goes into a grocery store to buy a loaf of bread. The grocer could overcharge him—charge him more than the usual price for a loaf of bread—and the child would not know. But the grocer realizes that, if others discovered he took advantage of the child in this way, word might spread and hurt his business. For this reason, he decides not to overcharge the child. He charges him the usual price. What is Moral & Look for the Motive. What do you think, the shopkeeper’s action is moral?
- 8. What is Moral & Look for the Motive. Answer: So the shopkeeper does the right thing, but for the wrong reason. The only reason he deals honestly with the child is to protect his reputation. The shopkeeper acts honestly only for the sake of self-interest; the shopkeeper’s action lacks moral worth. Kant believed that: Honesty from Heart = Moral. Moral based on Motive. Generally, motive = curiosity + experimentation.
- 9. Categorical Imperative. “A moral law that is unconditional or absolute … the validity or claim of which does not depend on any ulterior motive or end “If the action is good of itself, independent of its outcome it is categorical For example, “Thou shalt not steal,” is categorical whereas “If you want a good business reputation, then don’t shortchange your customers” is an hypothetical imperative. If you want x, do y – its means end reason. Formulation of Categorical imperative by Kant: 1. Universalize your Maxim – Universalize your law. & 2. Treat a Person as Ends – not as means
- 10. Kantianism and Libertarianism Utilitarianism Kantianism Based on consequences. Based on universal law. Core is Utility. Individual respect. Allow lying and stealing as long as they produce the best consequence for everyone. Accept misleading truth and but not stealing. Focused on collective happiness. Based on individual human dignity. Kantianism Libertarianism Believe in individual Mainly consider individual Individual dignity. Individual right No binding by law. Individual’s are not binds by law. Kantianism vs Utilitarianism So the equation is Kantianism disagree Utilitarianism Utilitarianism disagree Libertinism Kantianism agree Libertinism.
- 11. Don’t forget • No consequences • Human dignity • Rational being • Categorical imperative.