Electronic government (e-government) was known as an efficient method for government expertness and proficiency as a vital facilitator for citizen-oriented services. Since their initiation over a decade ago, Egovernment services are recognised as a vehicle for accessing online public services. Both governments and academic researchers understand the difficulty of low-level adoption of e-government services among citizens; a common problem between both developing and developed countries. This paper investigates determinants and factors necessary to enhance adoption of citizens for e-government services in developing countries, with particular focus on Egypt, by extending the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) using a set of political, social, and design constructs that were developed from different sources of research literature.
The impact of e politician on the adoption of e-service perceptions from a sa...ijmpict
The purpose of this study is to establish whether the use of information technology (IT) by elected
municipal representatives, for constituency work, emboldens the adoption of e-service in municipals of a
developing country. The research data was obtained through the completion of a questionnaire by a
sample of respondents who serve as authorities of IT in South African municipals. The findings from both
descriptive and inferential data analysis of collected data confirm that the use of IT by elected municipal
representatives for constituency work impacts the adoption of e-service in municipals. Furthermore, the
use of IT by elected municipal representatives for constituency work correlated with both e-service laws
and e-service security. This study contributes to a better understanding of choices needed when planning
for the adoption of e-service initiatives in municipals of developing countries. Given that 87.2% of
respondents are aware of a high access to telephone mobile, a further research is needed to clarify why
most elected municipal representatives of a developing country choose not to exploit IT for their
constituency work, and similarly why municipals of a developing country do not exploit IT to provide
services.
The Contribution of Information Technology Infrastructure in the Information ...IJRES Journal
There are some great innovations in e-government during the past decade. And there is intense competition between some governments and leaders in the supply of services on the Internet. Some countries do not want to stay behind in this area, where many governments have developed detailed strategies to realize the e-government programs. Despite differences in goals behind these programs from one country to another, but there are still many points of convergence between them particularly in information technology infrastructure field. However, Problems associated with the process of application and adoption of e-government due to poor systems and infrastructure construction, which negatively affects the adoption of the public services through the e-government portal, in particular in developing countries. This study argued contribution the information technology Infrastructure in Information Systems success in e-government agencies. Where there are weaknesses in the understanding of this contribution and its importance in many developing countries, so the researcher proposed a model to clarify this contribution, and expected a positive relationship between the information technology infrastructure factors and information systems success, and this affects positively or negatively the adoption of e-government.
Towards a sustainable e-Participation implementation model ePractice.eu
Author: M. Sirajul Islam.
This paper proposes a framework for an effective e-Participation model that can be suitable under certain socio-economic settings and applicable to any country. Most of such previous initiatives were experimental in nature and lacked in both public awareness and clearly defined expected outcomes.
The impact of e politician on the adoption of e-service perceptions from a sa...ijmpict
The purpose of this study is to establish whether the use of information technology (IT) by elected
municipal representatives, for constituency work, emboldens the adoption of e-service in municipals of a
developing country. The research data was obtained through the completion of a questionnaire by a
sample of respondents who serve as authorities of IT in South African municipals. The findings from both
descriptive and inferential data analysis of collected data confirm that the use of IT by elected municipal
representatives for constituency work impacts the adoption of e-service in municipals. Furthermore, the
use of IT by elected municipal representatives for constituency work correlated with both e-service laws
and e-service security. This study contributes to a better understanding of choices needed when planning
for the adoption of e-service initiatives in municipals of developing countries. Given that 87.2% of
respondents are aware of a high access to telephone mobile, a further research is needed to clarify why
most elected municipal representatives of a developing country choose not to exploit IT for their
constituency work, and similarly why municipals of a developing country do not exploit IT to provide
services.
The Contribution of Information Technology Infrastructure in the Information ...IJRES Journal
There are some great innovations in e-government during the past decade. And there is intense competition between some governments and leaders in the supply of services on the Internet. Some countries do not want to stay behind in this area, where many governments have developed detailed strategies to realize the e-government programs. Despite differences in goals behind these programs from one country to another, but there are still many points of convergence between them particularly in information technology infrastructure field. However, Problems associated with the process of application and adoption of e-government due to poor systems and infrastructure construction, which negatively affects the adoption of the public services through the e-government portal, in particular in developing countries. This study argued contribution the information technology Infrastructure in Information Systems success in e-government agencies. Where there are weaknesses in the understanding of this contribution and its importance in many developing countries, so the researcher proposed a model to clarify this contribution, and expected a positive relationship between the information technology infrastructure factors and information systems success, and this affects positively or negatively the adoption of e-government.
Towards a sustainable e-Participation implementation model ePractice.eu
Author: M. Sirajul Islam.
This paper proposes a framework for an effective e-Participation model that can be suitable under certain socio-economic settings and applicable to any country. Most of such previous initiatives were experimental in nature and lacked in both public awareness and clearly defined expected outcomes.
The BMC_DEISI is a composite index that aggregates a large number of published indicators reflecting various key factors of the information society and digital economy. Such factors should be exhaustive and hence capture different aspects such as inputs (drivers), enablers (regulation and business environment), outcomes and outputs (performance), and impacts.
The conceptual framework is composed of five sub-indices with their sub-pillars: Human Capital; ICT Readiness; Governance; ICT Adoption and Usage; and Economic & Social Impact. It includes 58 indicators, two of them are indices, to populate the 5 pillars and 10 sub-pillars.
E-government Implementation in Kenya, an evaluation of Factors hindering or p...Editor IJCATR
Use of ICT in Government has ability to improve service delivery to its citizens, and yet many developing countries have
lagged behind in the implementation of E-government. Many e-government initiatives also failed to achieve their objectives in
developing countries. This paper therefore aims to identify critical failure or success factors in Kenya, using Heeks’ Factor Model. A
survey questionnaire was developed and data were collected and analyzed from officials and interested citizens. The analysis result
enabled to highlight seven specific success and failure factors in Kenya. The enablers of e-government projects are good strategy
formulation, internal and external drive, employee competence and enough funding, whereas main failure of e-government are weak
ICT infrastructure, poor Project management and Design. Data analysis highlights both strengths and weaknesses for each factor or
factor. Finally, the study ends up with recommendations for policy makers to shape the future of e-government system in developing
countries.
CITIZENS’ ACCEPTANCE OF E-GOVERNMENT SERVICESijcseit
The rate of computer and internet usage has been increasing rapidly around the world. In parallel with the
technologic developments in computer science, transformation from traditional services to online services
has gained speed. The aim of this study is to predict the factors that affect e-government service usage. A
research model is developed to achieve this aim. The proposed model bases on Technology Acceptance
Model and Theory of Planned Behaviour. A questionnaire is developed to evaluate the model. This
questionnaire composes of two parts: demographics part and item part. In the items part, 32 items
comprising the factors of the proposed model are asked to participants. 100 participants fill the
questionnaire. Reliability analysis of the questionnaire is evaluated with internal consistency reliability
method. Results show that all items satisfies the reliability conditions. The reliability of whole
questionnaire Cronbach Alpha is 0.885. The Cronbach’s alpha for the overall scale of each of the factors
ranges from 0.878 to 0.890. Regression analysis results showed that all hypotheses are supported. This
study provides some valuable references to understand citizens’ acceptance level of e-government services.
Framework for Securing Educational E-Government Serviceijcisjournal
Enhancement in technology is leading to a change in the way governments, individuals, institutions and
business entities provide quality services to the citizen. Today's education system plays crucial role for
developing cognizance in society so e-government service is obliged to integrate with educational system.
In this work we proposed a novel framework for integrating educational service within e-government
services. One of the main tasks of this paper is to explore or propose a Secure Examination Management
System (SEMS). The system has been designed using cryptographic primitives, which enables students to
take the exam from anywhere. The student is allowed to take the exam after he gives his necessary
authentication details. In SEMS, it is important to exclude false students while ensuring the privacy for the
honest students. It allows evaluators to share student examination papers for evaluation with proper
authentication. This is done using digital signatures, authentication and confidentiality provided by public
key cryptographic system.
The Impact of Information Technology on Business Transformation in the Operat...IJMIT JOURNAL
The study aims at measuring the effects of information technology on the transformation of businesses in communication companies in Jordan. The study population consisted of companies' directors as well as their deputies, assistants, advisors, in addition to department managers and their assistants. The total number of the study subjects is 3 designated communication companies in Jordan; these are: Zain, Umniah, and Orange. To achieve the aim of the study, the researcher had prepared a questionnaire which comprises of 45 items covering the three factors of the independent variable (Information Technology): infrastructure, developmental environment, and executive support systems and applications, as well as the three factors of the dependent variable (Transformation of Businesses): operations, organization change, and workers' competence. In order to test the hypotheses, the following three criteria were adequately used: The Medians, the Standard Deviations, as well as the Regression Analysis. The study has reached a number of results; the most notable amongst these results is that there is a positive effect that is statistically significant of information technology on the elements of business transformation in Jordanian communication companies and all of their relating elements.
Reinventing Government in the Information Age
II.People’s Participation, Consensus Building, and Transparency through ICTs: Issues and Challenges for Governance in the Philippines
III. Shaping Organization Form Communication, Connection and Community
IV. ICTs and Employment: the Problem of Job Quality
A Proposed Transformation Model for Integration Between E-justice Application...Eswar Publications
The electronic services become an important integral part of the Information Systems which supported by the term e-government. Many traditional business systems are now shifting to electronic systems and that in the midst of tremendous information, which is stored inside these systems. There are many researches in business information systems and their importance and advantages. Transforming business information systems to gain profit especially in government services is more difficult. This paper discusses the factors effects on the transformation of business information system represented in the State Council of Egypt information systems as a case study to an electronic inquiries system.
CITIZENS’ ACCEPTANCE OF E-GOVERNMENT SERVICESijcseit
The rate of computer and internet usage has been increasing rapidly around the world. In parallel with the
technologic developments in computer science, transformation from traditional services to online services
has gained speed. The aim of this study is to predict the factors that affect e-government service usage. A
research model is developed to achieve this aim. The proposed model bases on Technology Acceptance
Model and Theory of Planned Behaviour. A questionnaire is developed to evaluate the model. This
questionnaire composes of two parts: demographics part and item part. In the items part, 32 items
comprising the factors of the proposed model are asked to participants. 100 participants fill the
questionnaire. Reliability analysis of the questionnaire is evaluated with internal consistency reliability
method. Results show that all items satisfies the reliability conditions. The reliability of whole
questionnaire Cronbach Alpha is 0.885. The Cronbach’s alpha for the overall scale of each of the factors
ranges from 0.878 to 0.890. Regression analysis results showed that all hypotheses are supported. This
study provides some valuable references to understand citizens’ acceptance level of e-government services.
The BMC_DEISI is a composite index that aggregates a large number of published indicators reflecting various key factors of the information society and digital economy. Such factors should be exhaustive and hence capture different aspects such as inputs (drivers), enablers (regulation and business environment), outcomes and outputs (performance), and impacts.
The conceptual framework is composed of five sub-indices with their sub-pillars: Human Capital; ICT Readiness; Governance; ICT Adoption and Usage; and Economic & Social Impact. It includes 58 indicators, two of them are indices, to populate the 5 pillars and 10 sub-pillars.
E-government Implementation in Kenya, an evaluation of Factors hindering or p...Editor IJCATR
Use of ICT in Government has ability to improve service delivery to its citizens, and yet many developing countries have
lagged behind in the implementation of E-government. Many e-government initiatives also failed to achieve their objectives in
developing countries. This paper therefore aims to identify critical failure or success factors in Kenya, using Heeks’ Factor Model. A
survey questionnaire was developed and data were collected and analyzed from officials and interested citizens. The analysis result
enabled to highlight seven specific success and failure factors in Kenya. The enablers of e-government projects are good strategy
formulation, internal and external drive, employee competence and enough funding, whereas main failure of e-government are weak
ICT infrastructure, poor Project management and Design. Data analysis highlights both strengths and weaknesses for each factor or
factor. Finally, the study ends up with recommendations for policy makers to shape the future of e-government system in developing
countries.
CITIZENS’ ACCEPTANCE OF E-GOVERNMENT SERVICESijcseit
The rate of computer and internet usage has been increasing rapidly around the world. In parallel with the
technologic developments in computer science, transformation from traditional services to online services
has gained speed. The aim of this study is to predict the factors that affect e-government service usage. A
research model is developed to achieve this aim. The proposed model bases on Technology Acceptance
Model and Theory of Planned Behaviour. A questionnaire is developed to evaluate the model. This
questionnaire composes of two parts: demographics part and item part. In the items part, 32 items
comprising the factors of the proposed model are asked to participants. 100 participants fill the
questionnaire. Reliability analysis of the questionnaire is evaluated with internal consistency reliability
method. Results show that all items satisfies the reliability conditions. The reliability of whole
questionnaire Cronbach Alpha is 0.885. The Cronbach’s alpha for the overall scale of each of the factors
ranges from 0.878 to 0.890. Regression analysis results showed that all hypotheses are supported. This
study provides some valuable references to understand citizens’ acceptance level of e-government services.
Framework for Securing Educational E-Government Serviceijcisjournal
Enhancement in technology is leading to a change in the way governments, individuals, institutions and
business entities provide quality services to the citizen. Today's education system plays crucial role for
developing cognizance in society so e-government service is obliged to integrate with educational system.
In this work we proposed a novel framework for integrating educational service within e-government
services. One of the main tasks of this paper is to explore or propose a Secure Examination Management
System (SEMS). The system has been designed using cryptographic primitives, which enables students to
take the exam from anywhere. The student is allowed to take the exam after he gives his necessary
authentication details. In SEMS, it is important to exclude false students while ensuring the privacy for the
honest students. It allows evaluators to share student examination papers for evaluation with proper
authentication. This is done using digital signatures, authentication and confidentiality provided by public
key cryptographic system.
The Impact of Information Technology on Business Transformation in the Operat...IJMIT JOURNAL
The study aims at measuring the effects of information technology on the transformation of businesses in communication companies in Jordan. The study population consisted of companies' directors as well as their deputies, assistants, advisors, in addition to department managers and their assistants. The total number of the study subjects is 3 designated communication companies in Jordan; these are: Zain, Umniah, and Orange. To achieve the aim of the study, the researcher had prepared a questionnaire which comprises of 45 items covering the three factors of the independent variable (Information Technology): infrastructure, developmental environment, and executive support systems and applications, as well as the three factors of the dependent variable (Transformation of Businesses): operations, organization change, and workers' competence. In order to test the hypotheses, the following three criteria were adequately used: The Medians, the Standard Deviations, as well as the Regression Analysis. The study has reached a number of results; the most notable amongst these results is that there is a positive effect that is statistically significant of information technology on the elements of business transformation in Jordanian communication companies and all of their relating elements.
Reinventing Government in the Information Age
II.People’s Participation, Consensus Building, and Transparency through ICTs: Issues and Challenges for Governance in the Philippines
III. Shaping Organization Form Communication, Connection and Community
IV. ICTs and Employment: the Problem of Job Quality
A Proposed Transformation Model for Integration Between E-justice Application...Eswar Publications
The electronic services become an important integral part of the Information Systems which supported by the term e-government. Many traditional business systems are now shifting to electronic systems and that in the midst of tremendous information, which is stored inside these systems. There are many researches in business information systems and their importance and advantages. Transforming business information systems to gain profit especially in government services is more difficult. This paper discusses the factors effects on the transformation of business information system represented in the State Council of Egypt information systems as a case study to an electronic inquiries system.
CITIZENS’ ACCEPTANCE OF E-GOVERNMENT SERVICESijcseit
The rate of computer and internet usage has been increasing rapidly around the world. In parallel with the
technologic developments in computer science, transformation from traditional services to online services
has gained speed. The aim of this study is to predict the factors that affect e-government service usage. A
research model is developed to achieve this aim. The proposed model bases on Technology Acceptance
Model and Theory of Planned Behaviour. A questionnaire is developed to evaluate the model. This
questionnaire composes of two parts: demographics part and item part. In the items part, 32 items
comprising the factors of the proposed model are asked to participants. 100 participants fill the
questionnaire. Reliability analysis of the questionnaire is evaluated with internal consistency reliability
method. Results show that all items satisfies the reliability conditions. The reliability of whole
questionnaire Cronbach Alpha is 0.885. The Cronbach’s alpha for the overall scale of each of the factors
ranges from 0.878 to 0.890. Regression analysis results showed that all hypotheses are supported. This
study provides some valuable references to understand citizens’ acceptance level of e-government services.
At this time, e-governance transformation is considered as one of the most important and biggest challenges among
and within the IT-related sector from the scale and complexity perspective. In this respect, the researches have
reviewed and studied some of the factors that affect implementing the e-governance for Public and private schools in
Governorate of Al Buraimi, Oman. The aim of the study was to determine whether there existed organizational
differences that demanded different approaches and strategies for the implementation of e-governance. The research
considered three organizational factors, which included, the type of the organization (public or private), size of the
organization and the work experience of the employees of the organization. In addition, the research considered the
some of the requirements needed for the implementation of e-governance. These requirements included, physical,
financial, administrative and management requirements. Through the research it was evident that the different types
of requirements needed for the implementation of e-governance varied by the organizational factors. In other words,
the findings indicated that the approaches and strategies that needs to be adopted will differ with the organizational
characteristics. This differences needs to be considered at the time of implementation and should be incorporated
when developing the implementation plans by the implementing organization
The Role of Technology Acceptance Model in Explaining Effect on E-Commerce Ap...IJMIT JOURNAL
Today e-commerce has become crucial element to transform some of the world countries into an information society. Business to consumer (B2C) in the developing countries is not yet a normalcy as compared to the developed countries. Consumer behaviour research has shown disappointing results regarding the overall use of the Web for online shopping, despite its considerable promise as a channel for commerce. As the use of the Internet continues to grow in all aspects of daily life, there is an increasing need to better understand what trends of internet usage and to study the barriers and problem of ecommerce adoption. Hence, the purpose of this research is to define how far Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) contributed in e-commerce adoption. Data for this study was collected by the means of a survey conducted in Malaysia in 2010. A total of 611 questionnaire forms were delivered to respondents. The location of respondents was within Penang state. By studying this sample, conclusions would be drawn to generalize the interests of the population.
The advancement of the information and communications technology has helped almost all governments across the world as they have exploited these technologies for delivering services to their citizens. However, this phenomenon may face several challenges and barriers that lead to the failure in its adoption, use, or continuous usage. In the Arab countries, the rate of failure in the use of electronic services is high in the public sector. Therefore, previous studies have concentrated on this critical issue and highlighted on the citizens’ perspective andignored the perspective of employees in the government organizations.In addition, very few previous studies dealt with the quality of the services based on the employees’viewpoint. Thus, based on the arguments that have been stated earlier, this preliminary study strives to identify the factors that may affect the electronic administrative adoption according to the employees’ perspective. With regard to the data collection, the quantitative method, self-administered questionnaires will be distributed among the staff of the Al-Mustansiriyah University, Iraq.With regard to data analysis, a partial least squares structural equation modelling will be used as a technique to analyse the collected data from a key respondent (Employee). In fact, this research strivesto enrich the literature by adding more information about the factors that may hinder theadoption of modern technologies in general and electronic administration in particular. With regard to the Al-Mustansiriyah University, the present study is considered as the first study conducted in this area; therefore the outputs will assist the government to remedy these obstacles before beginning any project in the public sector including the use of ICT instead of the conventional manner.The result of the analysis showed that system quality, service quality, trust of organization, and usefulness were found as significant factors that affect the employees’ adoption of e-administration services in University.
THE EFFECT OF INTERNAL FACTORS WITHIN THE GOVERNMENT ENTITIES ON THE IMPLEMEN...ijmpict
The building of e-government has become a priority issue as well as a challenge for many local, state, and
federal government agencies worldwide. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is now widely
employed to help the governments transformation toward smart governments. Many critical success factors
(CSF) are there to determine the chance a transformation project can go-live. It has been noticed that the
implementation journey for IT solutions in the public sector has lots of barriers and challenges which lead
to low success rate of projects. This study examines the effect of the Ease of Delivery of the implementation
journey on the Success of Delivery. The result shows that the Ease of Delivery is positively related to the
Success of Delivery. The result of this study has the potential to increase the success rate of IT projects in
government sector by shedding the light on the most important factors affecting the delivery journey for egovernment projects
Empirical Investigation into ICT Services Evaluation Within a Public Institutionijmpict
The aim of the paper is to investigate the quality of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) services provided to employees in a public administration organization. The Region of Central Macedonia (RCM) was chosen as the examined enterprise/organization. The provider of these services is exclusively the Department for Transparency and eGovernment (DTeG). After a presentation of the theory behind service quality measurement in general and in ICTs specifically, a quantitative research was carried out, utilizing a SERVPERF-derived, ICT-adapted, short form 13-item/4-dimension instrument approach. This research indicated that RCM employees value both the quality of the ICT services, as well as the satisfaction from them, as provided by DTeG, highly. The adapted SERVPERF instrument exhibited high internal consistency values, as well as strong correlation between its items and the overall perceived quality and satisfaction. Dimensionality tests indicated that two dimensions of the service quality constructs are measured: a combined “reliability”, “responsiveness” and “assurance” dimension and an “empathy” one. the findings can be used by the targeted organization to improve the quality of ICT services and better meet the needs of their users.
The antecedent of citizen intention use of e-government serviceTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The purpose of this study was to integrate citizen perceived value into an expectation- confirmation model (ECM) and to explain citizen intention use of e-government services. After reviewing both ECM and citizen perceived values, integrated models were designed. This study was compared to the basic ECM; this study revealed that the integration of ECM with citizen perceived value can provide a concerted solution to illustrate some factors and how it can influence citizen intention use for e-government services.
International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Information Techno...ijcseit
In the last decade, a lot of countries started to adopt e-government to reduce costs, improve services, save
time and increase effectiveness and efficiency, and improve trust between governments and citizens.
Therefore, it is very important to put e-government adoption in all countries under the light spot. In this
paper, we will discuss the advantages, challenges of e-government as an international approach with a
focused view on the Arabian Gulf countries. We will investigate the advantages of implementing egovernment
systems throughout those countries. In addition, the understanding of these advantages can
help decision-makers recognize the success and risk factors in e-government adoption. Furthermore, we
will discuss the challenges facing the adoption of e-government in the Arabian Gulf countries. We will also
highlight some important points that need to be taken into account in all phases of the engineering process
of the e-government.
Financial Management Information System within Government Institution and Sup...sececonf
The provision of comprehensive financial
information by the government institution is needed by
the wider community to boost the effectiveness of the
information to the society and government, and
decision-making. This system produces information that
is able to encourage the realization of a clean,
transparent, and able government to respond to
changing demands effectively. Therefore, the success of
the information system if the users are successful in the
model of acceptance of the systems and information
technology and it would be improving their
performance. This research aims to examine the
acceptance of regional financial information systems in
government using the Technology Acceptance Model
(TAM) and evidence of its influence on the
performance. The study found 556 respondents who are
civil servants in Lampung Province. The finding using
SEM analysis shows that all constructs have an effect in
conformity with the concept of TAM in a government
institution. This study reveals that all variables which
include the model of TAM theory have a positive impact
on the user's performance. It also improvesthe
effectiveness of the information system within the
government institution, especially the implementation of
the financial management information system.
Keywords-Financial Management Information System,
supply chain strategy, Technology Acceptance Model
(TAM), User’s Performance
E-governance, meaning ‘electronic governance’ is using information and communication technologies (ICTs) (such as Wide Area Networks, the Internet, and mobile computing) at various levels of the government and the public sector and beyond, for the purpose of enhancing governance. The application of ICT to transform the efficiency, effectiveness, transparency and accountability of exchange of information and transaction:
between Governments,
between Government agencies,
between Government and Citizens, and
between Government and businesses
Government Process Re-engineering using IT to simplify and make the government processes more efficient is critical for transformation to make the delivery of government services more effective across various government domains and therefore needs to be implemented by all Ministries/ Departments.
NATIONAL E-GOVERNANCE PLAN (NEGP)
negpThe National e-Governance Plan (NeGP), takes a holistic view of e-Governance initiatives across the country, integrating them into a collective vision, a shared cause. Around this idea, a massive countrywide infrastructure reaching down to the remotest of villages is evolving, and large-scale digitization of records is taking place to enable easy, reliable access over the internet. The ultimate objective is to bring public services closer home to citizens, as articulated in the Vision Statement of NeGP.
“Make all Government services accessible to the common man in his locality, through common service delivery outlets,and ensure efficiency, transparency, and reliability of such services at affordable costs to realise the basic needs of the common man”
The Government approved the National e-Governance Plan (NeGP), comprising of 31 Mission Mode Projects (MMPs) and 8 components, on May 18, 2006.
Click the link to view the Official website for the National E-Governance Plan (NeGP)
E-GOVERNANCE INFRASTRUCTURE
Digital India
State Wide Area Network (SWAN): Under this Scheme, technical and financial assistance are being provided to the States/UTs for establishing SWANs to connect all State/UT Headquarters up to the Block level via District/ sub-Divisional Headquarters, in a vertical hierarchical structure with a minimum bandwidth capacity of 2 Mbps per link. Each of the State / UT can enhance the bandwidth up to 34 Mbps between SHQ and DHQ and upto 8 Mbps between DHQ and BHQ depending upon the utilization. Steps have been initiated to integrate all SWANs using the National Knowledge Network (NKN).State Service Delivery Gateway (SSDG): State Service Delivery Gateway (SSDG), is one of the core infrastructure pillars of the NeGP which would establish Electronic Service Delivery in all 35 States / UTs. This project aims to enhance the services provided to the citizens through Common Service Centers (CSCs) by carrying out the Implementation of the State Portal, State Service Delivery Gateway (SSDG) & Electronic Form application. It is envisaged that the common infrastructure (SWAN, SDC
Similar to ASSESSING THE ADOPTION OF E-GOVERNMENT USING TAM MODEL: CASE OF EGYPT (20)
MULTIMODAL COURSE DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION USING LEML AND LMS FOR INSTRUCTIO...IJMIT JOURNAL
Traditionally, teaching has been centered around classroom delivery. However, the onslaught of the
COVID-19 pandemic has cultivated usage of technology, teaching, and learning methodologies for course
delivery. We investigate and describe different modes of course delivery that maintain the integrity of
teaching and learning. This paper answers to the research questions: 1) What course delivery method our
academic institutions use and why? 2) How can instructors validate the guidelines of the institutions? 3)
How courses should be taught to provide student learning outcomes? Using the Learning Environment
Modeling Language (LEML), we investigate the design and implementation of courses for delivery in the
following environments: face-to-face, online synchronous, asynchronous, hybrid, and hyflex. A good
course design and implementation are key components of instructional alignment. Furthermore, we
demonstrate how to design, implement, and deliver courses in synchronous, asynchronous, and hybrid
modes and describe our proposed enhancements to LEML.
Novel R&D Capabilities as a Response to ESG Risks-Lessons From Amazon’s Fusio...IJMIT JOURNAL
Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) management is essential for transforming corporate
financial performance-oriented business strategies into Finance (F) + ESG optimization strategies to
achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
In this trend, the rise of ESG risks has divided firms into two categories. Former incorporates a growthmindset that creates a passion for learning, and urges it to improve itself by endeavoring Research and
development (R&D) -driven challenges, while the other category, characterized by risk aversion, avoids
challenging highly uncertain R&D activities and seeks more manageable endeavors.
This duality underscores the complexity of corporate R&D strategies in addressing ESG risks and
necessitates the development of novel R&D capabilities for corporate R&D transformation strategies
towards F + ESG optimization.
International Journal of Managing Information Technology (IJMIT) ** WJCI IndexedIJMIT JOURNAL
The International Journal of Managing Information Technology (IJMIT) is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles that contribute new results in all areas of the strategic application of information technology (IT) in organizations. The journal focuses on innovative ideas and best practices in using IT to advance organizations – for-profit, non-profit, and governmental. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia, government, and industry to focus on understanding both how to use IT to support the strategy and goals of the organization and to employ IT in new ways to foster greater collaboration, communication, and information sharing both within the organization and with its stakeholders. The International Journal of Managing Information Technology seeks to establish new collaborations, new best practices, and new theories in these areas.
International Journal of Managing Information Technology (IJMIT) ** WJCI IndexedIJMIT JOURNAL
The International Journal of Managing Information Technology (IJMIT) is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles that contribute new results in all areas of the strategic application of information technology (IT) in organizations. The journal focuses on innovative ideas and best practices in using IT to advance organizations – for-profit, non-profit, and governmental. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia, government, and industry to focus on understanding both how to use IT to support the strategy and goals of the organization and to employ IT in new ways to foster greater collaboration, communication, and information sharing both within the organization and with its stakeholders. The International Journal of Managing Information Technology seeks to establish new collaborations, new best practices, and new theories in these areas.
NOVEL R & D CAPABILITIES AS A RESPONSE TO ESG RISKS- LESSONS FROM AMAZON’S FU...IJMIT JOURNAL
Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) management is essential for transforming corporate
financial performance-oriented business strategies into Finance (F) + ESG optimization strategies to
achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
In this trend, the rise of ESG risks has divided firms into two categories. Former incorporates a growthmindset that creates a passion for learning, and urges it to improve itself by endeavoring Research and
development (R&D) -driven challenges, while the other category, characterized by risk aversion, avoids
challenging highly uncertain R&D activities and seeks more manageable endeavors.
This duality underscores the complexity of corporate R&D strategies in addressing ESG risks and
necessitates the development of novel R&D capabilities for corporate R&D transformation strategies
towards F + ESG optimization.
Building on this premise, this paper conducts an empirical analysis, utilizing reliable firms data on ESG
risk and brand value, with a focus on 100 global R&D leader firms. It analyzes R&D and actions for ESG
risk mitigation, and assesses the development of new functions that fulfill F + ESG optimization through
R&D. The analysis also highlights the significance of network externality effects, with a specific focus on
Amazon, a leading R&D company, providing insights into the direction for transforming R&D strategies
towards F + ESG optimization.
The dynamics of stakeholder engagement in F + ESG optimization are indicated with the example of
amazon's activities. Through the analysis, it became evident that Amazon's capacity encompassing growth
and scalability, specifically its ability to grow and expand, is accelerating high-level research and
development by gaining the trust of stakeholders in the "synergy through R&D-driven ESG risk
mitigation."
Finally, as examples of these initiatives, the paper discussed the Climate Pledge led by Amazon and the
transformation of Japan's management system.
A REVIEW OF STOCK TREND PREDICTION WITH COMBINATION OF EFFECTIVE MULTI TECHNI...IJMIT JOURNAL
It is important for investors to understand stock trends and market conditions before trading stocks. Both
these capabilities are very important for an investor in order to obtain maximized profit and minimized
losses. Without this capability, investors will suffer losses due to their ignorance regarding stock trends
and market conditions. Technical analysis helps to understand stock prices behavior with regards to past
trends, the signals given by indicators and the major turning points of the market price. This paper reviews
the stock trend predictions with a combination of the effective multi technical indicator strategy to increase
investment performance by taking into account the global performance and the proposed combination of
effective multi technical indicator strategy model.
INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM USING CUSTOMIZED RULES FOR SNORTIJMIT JOURNAL
These days the security provided by the computer systems is a big issue as it always has the threats of
cyber-attacks like IP address spoofing, Denial of Service (DOS), token impersonation, etc. The security
provided by the blue team operations tends to be costly if done in large firms as a large number of systems
need to be protected against these attacks. This leads these firms to turn to less costly security
configurations like IDS Suricata and IDS Snort. The main theme of the project is to improve the services
provided by Snort which is a tool used in creating a vague defense against cyber-attacks like DDOS
attacks which are done on both physical and network layers. These attacks in turn result in loss of
extremely important data. The rules defined in this project will result in monitoring traffic, analyzing it,
and taking appropriate action to not only stop the attack but also locate its source IP address. This whole
process uses different tools other than Snort like Wireshark, Wazuh and Splunk. The product of this will
result in not only the detection of the attack but also the source IP address of the machine on which the
attack is initiated and completed. The end product of this research will result in sets of default rules for the
Snort tool which will not only be able to provide better security than its previous versions but also be able
to provide the user with the IP address of the attacker or the person conducting the attack. The system
involves the integration of Wazuh with Snort tool in order to make it more efficient than IDS Suricata
which is another intrusion detection system capable of detecting all these types of attacks as mentioned.
Splunk is another tool used in this project which increases the firewall efficiency to pass the no. of bits to
be scanned and the no. of bits scanned successfully. Wazuh is used in this system as it is the best choice for
traffic monitoring and incident response than any other of its alternatives in the market. Since this system
is used in firms which are known to handle big amounts of data and for this purpose, we use Splunk tool as
it is very efficient in handling big amounts of data. Wireshark is used in this system in order to give the IDS
automation in its capability to capture and report the malicious packets found during the network scan. All
of this gives the IDS a capability of a low budget automated threat detection system. This paper gives
complete guidelines for authors submitting papers for the AIRCC Journals.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has rapidly become a critical technology for businesses seeking to improve
efficiency and profitability. One area where AI is proving particularly impactful is in service operations
management, where it is used to create AI-powered service operations (AIServiceOps) that deliver highvalue services to customers. AIServiceOps involve the use of AI to automate and optimize various business
processes, such as customer service, sales, marketing, and supply chain management. The rapid
development of Artificial Intelligence has prompted many changes in the field of Information Technology
(IT) Service Operations. IT Service Operations are driven by AI, i.e., AIServiceOps. AI has empowered
new vitality and addressed many challenges in IT Service Operations. However, there is a literature gap on
the Business Value Impact of Artificial intelligence (AI) Powered IT Service Operations. It can help IT
build optimized business resilience by creating value in complex and ever-changing environments as
product organizations move faster than IT can handle. So, this research paper examines how AIServiceOps
creates business value and sustainability, basically how AIServiceOps makes the IT staff liberation from a
low-level, repetitive workout and traditional IT practices for a continuously optimized process. One of the
research objectives is to compare Traditional IT Service Operations with AIServiceOPs. This paper
provides the basis for how enterprises can evaluate AIServiceOps and consider it a digital transformation
tool. The paper presents a case study of a company that implemented AI-powered service operations
(AIServiceOps) and analyzes the resulting business outcomes. The study shows that AIServiceOps can
significantly improve service delivery, reduce response times, and increase customer satisfaction.
Furthermore, it demonstrates how AIServiceOps can deliver substantial cost savings, such as reducing
labor costs and minimizing downtime.
MEDIATING AND MODERATING FACTORS AFFECTING READINESS TO IOT APPLICATIONS: THE...IJMIT JOURNAL
Although IOT seems to be the upcoming trend, it is still in its infancy; especially in the banking industry.
There is a clear gap in literature, as only few studies identify factors affecting readiness to IOT
applications in banks in general, and almost negligible investigations on mediating and moderating
factors. Accordingly, this research aims to investigate the main factors that affect employees’ readiness to
IOT applications, while highlighting the mediating and moderating factors in the Egyptian banking sector.
The importance of Egypt stems from its high population and steady steps taken towards technology
adoption. 479 valid questionnaires were distributed over HR employees in banks. Data collected was
statistically analysed using Regression and SEM. Results showed a significant impact of ‘Security’,
‘Networking’, ‘Software Development’ and ‘Regulations’ on ‘readiness to IOT applications. Thus, the
readiness acceptance level is high‘Security’ and ‘User Intention’ were proven to mediate the relationship
between research variables and readiness to IOT applications, and only a partial moderation role was
proven for ‘Efficiency’. The study contributes to increasing literature on IOT applications in general, and
fills a gap on the Egyptian banking context in particular. Finally, it provides decision makers at banks with
useful guidelines on how to optimally promote IOT applications among employees.
EFFECTIVELY CONNECT ACQUIRED TECHNOLOGY TO INNOVATION OVER A LONG PERIODIJMIT JOURNAL
IT (Information and Communication Technology) companies are facing the dilemma of decreasing
productivity despite increasing research and development efforts. M&A (Merger and Acquisition) is being
considered as a breakthrough solution. From existing research, it has been pointed out that M&A leads to
the emergence of new innovations. Purpose of this study was to discuss the efficient ways of acquisition and
to resolve the dilemma of productivity decline by clarifying how the technology obtained through M&A
leads to the creation of new innovations. Hypothesis 1 was that the technology acquired through M&A is
utilized for innovation creation, Hypothesis 2 was that the acquired technology is utilized over a long
period of time, and Hypothesis 3 was that a long-term utilization has a positive impact on corporate
performance. The results, using sports prosthetics as a case study and using patents as a proxy variable,
confirmed all the hypotheses set. We have revealed that long-term utilization of technology obtained
through M&A is effective for creating new innovations.
International Journal of Managing Information Technology (IJMIT) ** WJCI IndexedIJMIT JOURNAL
The International Journal of Managing Information Technology (IJMIT) is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles that contribute new results in all areas of the strategic application of information technology (IT) in organizations. The journal focuses on innovative ideas and best practices in using IT to advance organizations – for-profit, non-profit, and governmental. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia, government, and industry to focus on understanding both how to use IT to support the strategy and goals of the organization and to employ IT in new ways to foster greater collaboration, communication, and information sharing both within the organization and with its stakeholders. The International Journal of Managing Information Technology seeks to establish new collaborations, new best practices, and new theories in these areas.
Authors are solicited to contribute to the journal by submitting articles that illustrate research results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in the areas of information technology and management
4th International Conference on Cloud, Big Data and IoT (CBIoT 2023)IJMIT JOURNAL
4th International Conference on Cloud, Big Data and IoT (CBIoT 2023) will act as a major forum for the presentation of innovative ideas, approaches, developments, and research projects in the areas of Cloud, Big Data and IoT. It will also serve to facilitate the exchange of information between researchers and industry professionals to discuss the latest issues and advancement in the area of Cloud, Big Data and IoT.
Authors are solicited to contribute to the conference by submitting articles that illustrate research results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in Cloud, Big Data and IoT.
TRANSFORMING SERVICE OPERATIONS WITH AI: A CASE FOR BUSINESS VALUEIJMIT JOURNAL
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has rapidly become a critical technology for businesses seeking to improve
efficiency and profitability. One area where AI is proving particularly impactful is in service operations
management, where it is used to create AI-powered service operations (AIServiceOps) that deliver highvalue services to customers. AIServiceOps involve the use of AI to automate and optimize various business
processes, such as customer service, sales, marketing, and supply chain management. The rapid
development of Artificial Intelligence has prompted many changes in the field of Information Technology
(IT) Service Operations. IT Service Operations are driven by AI, i.e., AIServiceOps. AI has empowered
new vitality and addressed many challenges in IT Service Operations. However, there is a literature gap on
the Business Value Impact of Artificial intelligence (AI) Powered IT Service Operations. It can help IT
build optimized business resilience by creating value in complex and ever-changing environments as
product organizations move faster than IT can handle. So, this research paper examines how AIServiceOps
creates business value and sustainability, basically how AIServiceOps makes the IT staff liberation from a
low-level, repetitive workout and traditional IT practices for a continuously optimized process. One of the
research objectives is to compare Traditional IT Service Operations with AIServiceOPs. This paper
provides the basis for how enterprises can evaluate AIServiceOps and consider it a digital transformation
tool. The paper presents a case study of a company that implemented AI-powered service operations
(AIServiceOps) and analyzes the resulting business outcomes. The study shows that AIServiceOps can
significantly improve service delivery, reduce response times, and increase customer satisfaction.
Furthermore, it demonstrates how AIServiceOps can deliver substantial cost savings, such as reducing
labor costs and minimizing downtime.
DESIGNING A FRAMEWORK FOR ENHANCING THE ONLINE KNOWLEDGE-SHARING BEHAVIOR OF ...IJMIT JOURNAL
The main objective of this paper is to identify the factors that influence academic staff's digital knowledgesharing behaviors in Ethiopian higher education. A structural equation model was used to validate the
research framework using survey data from 210 respondents. The collected data has been analyzed using
Smart PLS software. The results of the study show that trust, self-motivation, and altruism are positively
related to attitude. Contrary to our expectations, knowledge technology negatively affects attitude.
However, reward systems and empowerment by leaders are significantly associated with knowledgesharing intentions.Knowledge-sharing intention, in turn, was significantly related to digital knowledgesharing behavior. The contributions of this study are twofold. The framework may serve as a roadmap for
future researchers and managers considering their strategy to enhance digital knowledge sharing in HEI.
The findings will benefit academic staff and university administrations.The study will also help academic
staff enhance their knowledge-sharing practices.
BUILDING RELIABLE CLOUD SYSTEMS THROUGH CHAOS ENGINEERINGIJMIT JOURNAL
Cloud computing systems need to be reliable so that they can be accessed and used for computing at any
given point in time. The complex nature of cloud systems is the motivation to conduct research in novel
ways of ensuring that cloud systems are built with reliability in mind. In building cloud systems, it is
expected that the cloud system will be able to deal with high demands and unexpected events that affect the
reliability and performance of the system.
In this paper, chaos engineering is considered a heuristic method that can be used to build reliable cloud
systems. Chaos engineering is aimed at exposing weaknesses in systems that are in production. Chaos
engineering will help identify system weaknesses and strengths when a system is exposed to unexpected
knocks and shocks while it is in production.
Chaos engineering allows system developers and administrators to get insights into how the cloud system
will behave when it is exposed to unexpected occurrences.
A REVIEW OF STOCK TREND PREDICTION WITH COMBINATION OF EFFECTIVE MULTI TECHNI...IJMIT JOURNAL
It is important for investors to understand stock trends and market conditions before trading stocks. Both
these capabilities are very important for an investor in order to obtain maximized profit and minimized
losses. Without this capability, investors will suffer losses due to their ignorance regarding stock trends
and market conditions. Technical analysis helps to understand stock prices behavior with regards to past
trends, the signals given by indicators and the major turning points of the market price. This paper reviews
the stock trend predictions with a combination of the effective multi technical indicator strategy to increase
investment performance by taking into account the global performance and the proposed combination of
effective multi technical indicator strategy model.
NETWORK MEDIA ATTENTION AND GREEN TECHNOLOGY INNOVATIONIJMIT JOURNAL
This paper will provide a novel empirical study for the relationship between network media attention and
green technology innovation and examine how network media attention can ease financing constraints. It
collected data from listed companies in China's heavy pollution industry and performed rigorous
regression analysis, in order to innovatively explore the environmental governance functions of the media.
It found that network media attention significantly promotes green technology innovation. By analyzing the
inner mechanism further, it found that network media attention can promote green innovation by easing
financing constraints. Besides, network media attention has a significant positive impact on green invention
patents while not affecting green utility model patents.
INCLUSIVE ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN HANDLING COMPETING INSTITUTIONAL LOGICS FOR DHI...IJMIT JOURNAL
Information System (IS) research advocates employing collaborative and loose coupling strategies to address contradictory issues to address diversified actors’ interests than the prescriptive and unilateral Information Technology (IT) governance mechanisms’, yet it is rarely depicting how managers employ these strategies in Health Information System (HIS) implementation, particularly in a resource-constrained setting where IS implementation activities have highly relied on multiple international organizations resources. This study explored how managers in resource-constrained settings employ collaborative IT governance mechanisms in the case of District Health Information System 2 (DHIS2) adoption with an interpretative case study approach and the institutional logic concept. The institutional logic concept was used to identify the major actors’ logics underpinning the DHIS2 adoption. The study depicted the importance of high-level officials' distance from the dominant systemic logic to consider new alternative, and to employ inclusive IT governance mechanisms which separated resource from the system that facilitated stakeholders’ collaboration in DHIS2 adoption based on their capacity and interest.
DEEP LEARNING APPROACH FOR EVENT MONITORING SYSTEMIJMIT JOURNAL
With an increasing number of extreme events and complexity, more alarms are being used to monitor
control rooms. Operators in the control rooms need to monitor and analyze these alarms to take suitable
actions to ensure the system’s stability and security. Security is the biggest concern in the modern world. It
is important to have a rigid surveillance that should guarantee protection from any sought of hazard.
Considering security, Closed Circuit TV (CCTV) cameras are being utilized for reconnaissance, but these
CCTV cameras require a person for supervision. As a human being, there can be a possibility to be tired
off in supervision at any point of time. So, we need a system to detect automatically. Thus, we came up with
a solution using YOLO V5. We have taken a data set and used robo-flow framework to enhance the existing
images into numerous variations where it will create a copy of grey scale image, a copy of its rotation and
a copy of its blurred version which will be used to get an enlarged data set. This work mainly focuses on
providing a secure environment using CCTV live footage as a source to detect the weapons. Using YOLO
algorithm, it divides an image from the video into grid system and each grid detects an object within itself
MULTIMODAL COURSE DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION USING LEML AND LMS FOR INSTRUCTIO...IJMIT JOURNAL
Traditionally, teaching has been centered around classroom delivery. However, the onslaught of the
COVID-19 pandemic has cultivated usage of technology, teaching, and learning methodologies for course
delivery. We investigate and describe different modes of course delivery that maintain the integrity of
teaching and learning. This paper answers to the research questions: 1) What course delivery method our
academic institutions use and why? 2) How can instructors validate the guidelines of the institutions? 3)
How courses should be taught to provide student learning outcomes? Using the Learning Environment
Modeling Language (LEML), we investigate the design and implementation of courses for delivery in the
following environments: face-to-face, online synchronous, asynchronous, hybrid, and hyflex. A good
course design and implementation are key components of instructional alignment. Furthermore, we
demonstrate how to design, implement, and deliver courses in synchronous, asynchronous, and hybrid
modes and describe our proposed enhancements to LEML.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
ASSESSING THE ADOPTION OF E-GOVERNMENT USING TAM MODEL: CASE OF EGYPT
1. International Journal of Managing Information Technology (IJMIT) Vol.12, No.1, February 2020
DOI:10.5121/ijmit.2020.12101 1
ASSESSING THE ADOPTION OF E-GOVERNMENT
USING TAM MODEL: CASE OF EGYPT
Sara ELKheshin1
and Noha Saleeb2
1
Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport, Alexandria, Egypt
2
Middlesex University, London, UK
ABSTRACT
Electronic government (e-government) was known as an efficient method for government expertness and
proficiency as a vital facilitator for citizen-oriented services. Since their initiation over a decade ago, E-
government services are recognised as a vehicle for accessing online public services. Both governments
and academic researchers understand the difficulty of low-level adoption of e-government services among
citizens; a common problem between both developing and developed countries. This paper investigates
determinants and factors necessary to enhance adoption of citizens for e-government services in developing
countries, with particular focus on Egypt, by extending the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) using a
set of political, social, and design constructs that were developed from different sources of research
literature.
KEYWORDS
E-government, Adoption, Technology acceptance model, Adoption models
1. INTRODUCTION
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is currently thought of as a key factor in
developing any society. With the majority of countries globally having incorporated new
technologies with links to the Internet and the World Wide Web, currently many governments are
attempting to employ these technologies to develop the method by which they provide services to
citizens.
E-government is defined as the use of information and communication technologies (ICT),
especially the Internet and world-wide-web, to improve the efficiency, cost and quality of the
government information and services provided to its stakeholders: citizens, businesses, employees
and other government agencies [1]. The acceptance and success of e-government is dependent
upon citizen willingness to adopt this innovation. However, many governments around the world
still face the problem of low-level citizen adoption of e-government services especially in the
Arab countries [2].
Without understanding what motivates the public to use e-government services, governments will
not be able to take strategic actions to increase the e-government up-take [3]. However, our
understanding of citizen adoption of e-government services is currently lacking due to the
following reasons:
2. International Journal of Managing Information Technology (IJMIT) Vol.12, No.1, February 2020
2
Although technology adoption from the user perspective has been extensively studied in contexts
such as e-commerce and Internet [4], relatively few studies have focused on citizen adoption of e-
government services [5].
There is a lack of empirical research that considers technological issues of e-government
adoption, as well as behavioural issues [5].
Therefore, more empirical studies are required in the area of the adoption of e-government to help
governments to improve their understanding of the issues that affect citizen adoption of e-
government services. In addition, a careful review of the e-government adoption research shows
that a large portion of the published research was conducted in developed countries. Hence, little
is written about the factors influencing e-government adoption in developing countries.
Egypt has been selected for investigation as a representative of a developing country, which has a
running e-government program since 2001 offering many transactional services [6]. Despite the
high number of services offered online, limited numbers of users are using the services.
Therefore, a better understanding of the factors that influence citizen adoption of e-government
services is critical in Egypt. This research can also have important implications for other Arab
countries with similar circumstances.
This paper presents the development of a new model for factors affecting e-government services
adoption by integrating the TAM model with a set of social, political and design variables derived
from the different research literatures: government and internet trust, perceived public value of e-
government (which is the value that the public can acquire through the use of e-government
services), and website design. This extended TAM model is to examine the impact of these
factors upon citizen adoption of e-government services in developing countries with similar
national cultures and values, by specifically applying the new model to assess Egyptian e-
government adoption as a representative.
2. TECHNOLOGY ACCEPTANCE MODELS
2.1. Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA)
TRA is a well-accepted and widely studied intention model that has been used successfully to
explain behaviour across a wide variety of settings [8]. According to TRA, an individual‘s
behaviour is best predicted by his/her behavioural intention, which in turn is determined by the
person’s attitudes and subjective norm. TRA scope excludes a wide range of behaviours that are
for instance impulsive, spontaneous, the result of cravings, or simply mindless because their
performance may not be completely voluntary or because the engagement into these behaviours is
not out of conscious intention of the actor to do so. In this research study related to e-government,
users need specific skills, experiences and base of the understating of Internet technologies to be
able to have clear behavioural intention on the acceptance of E-government, hence this model
was not found suitable as an adoption model for e-government.
2.2. Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB)
The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) is proposed as an extension of the Theory of Reasoned
Action (TRA, which was related to voluntary behaviour), because of the limitations of TRA in
dealing with behaviours over which people have incomplete desire control. The TPB introduced a
third independent determinant of intention, perceived behaviour control (PBC) [13].
3. International Journal of Managing Information Technology (IJMIT) Vol.12, No.1, February 2020
3
This TPB model, like TRA, lacks the users need for specific skills, experiences and base of the
understating of Internet technologies to be able to have clear behavioural intention on the
acceptance of E-government, hence this model was not found suitable as an adoption model for e-
government.
2.3. Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology
Venkatesh et al. [7] introduced the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology, by
synthesising constructs from eight existing technology acceptance models: TRA, TAM, TPB, the
Motivational Model (MM), the combined TAM and TPB (C-TAM-TPB), the Model of PC
Utilization (MPCU), DOI and Social Cognitive Theory (SCT). The authors argue that UTAUT
provides a useful tool for managers to assess the likelihood of technology acceptance in the
organisational context.
However, computer anxiety, computer self-efficiency, and attitude towards the use of technology
were theorised not to be direct determinants of intention. These constructs were not included in
the final model, therefore, this was not found suitable as an adoption model for e-government
because the Attitude construct was omitted from the model, the importance of which for e-
government adoption is highlighted subsequently.
3. RESEARCH MODEL AND HYPOTHESES
3.1. Technology Acceptance Model
There are different models developed by the IS researchers to understand and predict technology
acceptance and usage. The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) which was created by Davis
[24]; was the suitable model to be used in this research. The TAM model is one of the various
models that IT/IS researchers have used to predict and explain the underlying factors that
motivate users to accept and adopt new information technology systems.
TAM was the model used for technology acceptance of e-government in this research due to the
following reasons: Its important attribute of being a generic model that can be applied to any
context using ICT. Also it has received extensive support through validation, applications and
replications for its power to predict use of information systems [25].
It is considered to be a well-established, well-tested, powerful, robust and parsimonious model for
predicting user acceptance of technology [26] and the fact that various research and empirical
studies used TAM in the context of e-government mainly to model users’ behaviour and intention
to use certain e-government systems or applications.
The ability to add external constructs or variables to the model (through perceived ease of use and
perceived usefulness constructs) e.g. trust in Internet, website design as examples. This would
enable testing their effects on the adoption of the technology, in this research being e-government
services.
The fact the TAM model contains the Attitude variable that was not included in other versions of
TAM and in the UTAUT model and using e-government needs specific skills, experiences and
base of the understating of Internet technologies to be able to have cleared behavioural intention
on the acceptance of E-government, this point was ignored by TRA and TPB but not by TAM.
4. International Journal of Managing Information Technology (IJMIT) Vol.12, No.1, February 2020
4
TAM hypothesises that the acceptance of a new IS can be predicted based on users’ behaviour
intention (BI), attitude towards use (ATT), and two other internal beliefs: perceived usefulness
(PU) and perceived ease of use (PEOU). Davis [8] defined perceived usefulness as “the degree to
which a person believes that using a particular system would provide all the required
information”, perceived ease of use as “The degree to which a person believes that using a
particular system would be free of mental effort”, attitude as “An individual’s positive or negative
feelings (evaluative affect) about performing the target behaviour”, behaviour intention is defined
as “the strength of one’s intention to perform a specified behaviour (towards innovation), and
actual system usage”.
Based on the original TAM construct relationships (figure 1, below), the magnitude of the
following existing hypotheses are measured in this study:
Figure1. Proposed Model (original five TAM constructs to the right)
3.1.1. Perceived Usefulness
High level of PU results in more positive attitude towards attitude (ATT) [2]. PU has been
consistently found as a direct determinant of intention to use (BI), and also influences user’s BI
indirectly as a direct determinant of ATT [9].
H1: There is a direct and positive relationship between Perceived Usefulness (PU) and Attitude
(ATT) towards using e-government services.
According to Davis [8], Customer’s intention to adopt and make use of a certain technology
depends not only on the attitude but also on how the customers believe that using e-government
would provide all required information – i.e. usefulness. Fu et al. [9] found that behavioural
intention was largely driven by perceived usefulness.
H5: There is a direct and positive relationship between Perceived Usefulness (PU) and Behaviour
intention (BI) to use e-government services.
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3.1.2. Perceived Ease of Use
Perceived ease of use is another determinant of attitude toward use in the TAM model. This
internal belief ties to an individual’s assessment of the mental effort involved in using a system
[21]. Improvements of performance will be the result of the improvement of perceived ease of
use.
H2: There is a direct and positive relationship between Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU) and
Attitude (ATT) towards using e-government services.
PEOU has been shown to influence behaviour through two causal ways: (1) an indirect effect on
behaviour via ATT and (2) an indirect effect on behaviour via PU.
H4: There is a direct and positive relationship between Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU) and
Perceived Usefulness (PU) of e-government services.
3.1.3. Attitude
Attitude is the variable that receives most attention. It is used widely for predicting customers’‟
likelihood to adopt a new technology” [27]. Practically Customers today have been exposed to a
number of technology innovations. They are likely to have formed a positive or negative attitude
about them irrespective of whether they have actually used the product in question. As an
innovative system, e-Government is still in its early stage.
H3: There is a direct and positive relationship between Attitude (ATT) towards e-government and
Behaviour Intention (BI) to using e-government services.
3.1.4. Behaviour Intention
The majority of technology adoption researchers have utilised behaviour intention to predict
technology adoption. Also, Ajzen [10] suggests that behavioural intention is counted to have a
direct influence on adoption. The measurement of behavioural intention includes the intention,
and predicted use of e-government services.
H6: There is a direct and positive relationship between Behaviour intention (BI) to use e-
government services and E-government actual use.
3.2. External Variables
Perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use could be affected by external variables considered
in the original TAM model. This study extends the original TAM by integrating the original TAM
constructs with the new constructs: trust in government and in the internet, website design,
perceived public value, and education level) to test how this new adjusted model of factors
influences citizen adoption of e-government services. Hence the following new hypotheses are
tested in this study:
3.2.1. Education
The decision to adopt a new technology is related to the amount of knowledge one has regarding
how to use that technology appropriately, and complex technologies, such as the e-government,
require more knowledge [19]. Early adopters of new technologies tend to have higher educational
6. International Journal of Managing Information Technology (IJMIT) Vol.12, No.1, February 2020
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levels, perhaps reflecting their ability to understand “how-to” knowledge more quickly than those
with less education [19].
H7. Perceived Usefulness (PU) associated with the Internet is lower for individuals who are less
educated.
H8. Perceived ease of use (PEOU) associated with the Internet is lower for individuals who are
less educated.
3.2.2. Trust
Trust is emerging as a potentially important factor leading to IT acceptance; it plays a critical role
in motivating consumers to purchase through the Internet. Trust issues are categorised as trust in
the Internet in terms of security and privacy, and trust in government [11].
Trust in government can be defined as “the public’s assessment of government based on their
perceptions of political authorities, agencies and institutions’ integrity and capability to provide
services according to the expectations held by the citizens” [11].
H9a: There is direct and positive relationship between Trust in the Government (TG) and
Perceived Usefulness (PU).
H9b: There is direct and positive relationship between Trust in the Government (TG) and
Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU).
Trust in the Internet is often identified as “institution-based trust [11], which is “the belief that
needed structural conditions are present (e.g. in the internet) to enhance the probability of
achieving a successful outcome in an endeavour like e-commerce” [12]. Prior research has
extensively recognised trust in the Internet as a significant predictor of e-government services
adoption.
H9c: There is direct and positive relationship between Trust in the Internet (TI) and Perceived
Usefulness (PU).
H9d: There is direct and positive relationship between Trust in the Internet (TI) and Perceived
Ease Of Use (PEOU).
3.2.3. Website design
As e-government websites have become the main channel for online interaction between the
government and citizens, designing user-centred websites have become a concern of governments
[16]. Bertot and Jaeger [17] argue that accessibility is one of the most important considerations in
building useful user-centred e-government services. Studies demonstrate the importance of well-
presented content on government websites in ensuring citizens’ satisfaction with the services
provided [18]. Wang et al. state that without appropriate evaluation of web-based e-government
services, some of the e-government benefits, such as fast access to government services and cost
reduction, cannot be assured.
H10: There is direct and positive relationship between Website design (WD) and Perceived
Usefulness (PU).
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H11: There is direct and positive relationship between Website design (WD) and Perceived Ease
of Use (PEOU).
3.2.4. Perceived public value
Perceived value is a subjective evaluation of the trade-off between all that is received, and all that
is given up in the process of acquiring, or using a consumption related object (product, store,
service) [14]. More attention has been paid recently to perceived value as a stable construct to
predict buying behaviour. Indeed, customers’ value perceptions have been found to influence
customer behavioural intentions. It increases their willingness to buy a product or use a service,
and decreases their intentions to trying to find an alternative [15].Empirically, less educated
individuals report insufficient knowledge as one of the main reasons that they choose not to use
the Internet [20].
H12: There is direct and positive relationship between Perceived public value (PPV) and the
Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU) of e-government services.
H13: There is direct and positive relationship between Perceived public value (PPV) and the
Perceived Usefulness (PU) of e-government services.
4. SAMPLE AND SURVEY
Random sample from each of the following clusters was used: students, post graduate students,
and Internet café users because it concentrate on clusters of the population where the largest
number of computer literate participants could be attained, which is a characteristic expected in
both adopters and non-adopters questioned in this research (since the factors investigated in this
research would not apply to computer-illiterate citizens and are outside the scope of this
research).
This research used survey questionnaires to collect information on attitude towards e-government
adoption from 897 participants randomly chosen from university students, postgraduate students
and internet cafe users in Egypt The data was divided into two groups, those respondents who
indicated that they had adopted e-government 335 (37%), and those who had not 562 (63%).
Based on the demographic analysis which helps to give a clearer picture of the characteristics of
the data sate (sample chosen), it was found that the percentage of males who make use of e-
government in Egypt is more than females (53%).This finding can be explained from cultural
perspectives, the cultural and social values in the Arab countries, to which Egypt belongs, are
based on gender segregation. Compared to males, females in Arab world are subject to a stricter
set of rules, which limit their interaction and communications.
As for age it was found that the majority for e-government adopters were from 18-30 age
categories which indicate that the young citizens in Egypt have higher motivation to adopt e-
government services than older citizens due to being more technology savvy at a younger age.The
majority of the adopters are educated to college degree (78.8%) which can indicate that highly
educated citizens are more likely to have a higher level of education and occupation; hence, they
may need an e-government system to conduct or complete any government service.
This study examined the different factors and their hypotheses indicated previously. Most of the
survey items testing the hypotheses were adapted from previous studies [22]. The five-point
Likert Scale was used to measure responses to the questions. Since English is not the first
8. International Journal of Managing Information Technology (IJMIT) Vol.12, No.1, February 2020
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language of the respondents, who are not fluent in English, the questionnaire was translated into
Arabic. For validation, reverse translation was used, with the questionnaire translated from
English to Arabic first and then from Arabic to English.
5. RESULTS
Amos 21 and PASW 18 were used to test the goodness of fit of the model. The overall model fit
was assessed using seven indices: Chi-square (X2), Degree of freedom/Chi-square (X2/df),
Comparative Fit Index (CFI), Normed Fit Index (NFI), Goodness-of-Fit Index (GFI), Adjusted
Goodness-of-Fit Index (AGFI) and (RMSEA)which is the Root Mean Square Error of
Approximation.
The results as per Table 1 demonstrate that all indices had clearly exceeded the ideal standard
values that were suggested for a good model fit, which means that the model had reached an
acceptable level and could be used to explain the hypotheses. Hence, the path coefficients for
each individual hypothesis of the structural model were tested next.
Table 1. Model Fit indices for the research model
Fit Index Recommended
Value
Scores Accepted fit?
X2
p>0.05 0.839 Yes
X2
/df < 3.00 1.386 Yes
GFI >0.90 0.926 Yes
RMSEA <0.08 0.000 Yes
RMSR <0.08 0.061 Yes
AGFI >0.90 0.935 Yes
NFI >0.90 0.998 Yes
CFI >0.90 1.000 Yes
According to Table 2, path analysis of the research model showed Perceived Usefulness had a
strong positive significant effect on Attitude (H1, β=0.41, p<0.001), but insignificant effect on BI
(H5, β= 0.06, p>0.05). Perceived Ease of Use had a moderate positive significant effect on
Attitude (H2, β=0.14, p<0.01) and a strong positive significant effect on Perceived Usefulness
(H4, β=0.45, p<0.001).
Behaviour Intention had strong positive significant effect on Electronic Government Actual Use
(H6, β=0.66, p<0.001). Trust in Government had a strong positive significant effect on Perceived
Usefulness (H13, β=0.13, p<0.001) and a moderate positive effect on Perceived Ease Of Use
(H14, β=0.25, p<0.01), while Trust in the Internet had weak positive effect on Perceived
Usefulness (H15, β=0.09, p<0.05) and a strong positive effect on Perceived Ease Of Use (H16,
β=0.26, p<0.001). Website Design had moderate positive effect on both Perceived Usefulness
(H17, β=0.189, p<0.01) and Perceived Ease of Use (H18, β=0.203, p<0.01). Public Value had
significant strong positive effect on both Perceived Usefulness (H19, β=0.166, p<0.001) and
Perceived Ease of Use (H20, β=0.21, p<0.001).
With regard to how relationships between the different constructs explained the variances of their
results (R2) (Table 3): Attitude explained 74% of the variance in Behaviour Intention. Trust in
Internet, Trust in Government, Public Values, and Website Design explained a range of 65-66%
of variance in Perceived Usefulness and Perceived Ease of Use. Perceived Ease of Use had the
strongest effect on Perceived Usefulness compared to the other factors. Trust in Internet had the
9. International Journal of Managing Information Technology (IJMIT) Vol.12, No.1, February 2020
9
strongest effect on Perceived Ease of Use compared to the other factors. Moreover, Perceived
Ease of Use and Perceived Usefulness explained 60% of the variance in Attitude. Perceived
Usefulness was found to be the strongest effect on Attitude. Lastly, Behaviour Intention
explained 47% of variance in Electronic Government Actual Use. All associations can be seen to
be strong to moderate between the constructs indicating the high value of goodness of fit of the
model.
Table 2. Path analysis
Table3. Coefficient of Determination (R2
)
Construct R2
sPU 64.8
PEOU 65.6
ATT 60.4
BI 74.9
EGAU 47.0
6. DISCUSSION
Perceived Ease of Use was confirmed as a variable affecting the adoption process through its
multiple effects on key variables such as Perceived Usefulness and Attitude (H4, H2 tested
previously). As far as citizens perceive that the use of e-government services is free of effort
(easy to use) their Attitude and Perceived Usefulness are increased. It is the responsibility of the
government to elaborate e-services based on users‟ requirements and knowledge, in order to
make them easy to use for the wide-range of citizens that exists in terms of Internet experience.
This finding is also in line with earlier TAM research [8] and e-government adoption research
[28], [29].
Perceived Usefulness is revealed as the most important factor affecting citizens‟ attitude (H1)
(directly) to adopt e-government services. This gives evidence that, similar to other technology
Hypothesis Path
(independent
dependent)
Path Coefficients β P-Value Results
H1 PUATT 0.41*** 0.000 Supported
H2 PEOU ATT 0.14** 0.005 Supported
H3 ATU BI 0.60*** 0.000 Supported
H4 PEOU PU 0.45*** 0.000 Supported
H5 PUBI 0.06 0.156 Not supported
H6 BIEGAU 0.66*** 0.000 Supported
H7 EDUPU 0.64 0.096 Not supported
H8 EDUPEOU 0.54 0.144 Not supported
H9a TG PU 0.13** 0.005 Supported
H9b TGPEOU 0.25** 0.005 Supported
H9c TI PU 0.09* 0.021 Supported
H9d TI PEOU 0.26*** 0.000 Supported
H10 WD PU 0.189** 0.005 Supported
H11 WD PEOU 0.203** 0.003 Supported
H12 PV PU 0.166*** 0.000 Supported
H13 PV PEOU 0.21*** 0.000 Supported
***P<0.001, **P<0.01, *P<0.05
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driven services, the perceived benefits derived from their use are the principal reason for citizens
to adopt e-government services. The users form positive attitudes and strong intentions towards
using the system, if the e-Government system is perceived to be useful. Managers in charge of the
online provision of public services should take into account that potential users have to perceive
the usefulness of the service in order to adopt it. These findings are consistent with previous
TAM research that test and validate the consistent relationships between perceived usefulness,
perceived ease of use and attitude [8], [30], [31], [32].
Attitude had a significant positive effect on Intention to use e-government services (H3). The
findings demonstrated that citizens‟ intention to use e-government service is most dominantly
influenced by their attitude towards using these services and less so by perceived usefulness.
However, prior research has suggested that the inclusion of attitude is not meaningful [8], [31]
but this paper suggests otherwise, due to the voluntary nature of citizens‟ adoption of e-
government services. Voluntary users formed their intentions to use the systems mostly based on
their attitude toward using the system. This result confirms the importance of Attitude in the
TAM model, as this variable was removed from other versions of the TAM model.
Behavioural intention was found to have a significant positive effect on individuals‟ actual use of
e-government portals (H6). TAM originally hypothesises that, actual systems’ use is directly
determined by behavioural intention to re-use. These findings are consistent with [8], [28], [31].
Inconsistent with the proposition of the original TAM [8], this study found that PU did not
directly affect citizens’ intention to use e-government services (H5), but it directly affects their
attitude, which means that Attitude construct fully mediates the effect of perceived usefulness on
behavioural intention. The more useful the e-government website, the more the person feels good
about the idea of using the e-government services, which will increase the intention to use this
service.
In the present study, trust in e-Government comprised of two dimensions, namely trust in
government (H9a, H9b) and trust in Internet technology (H9c, H9d). All these hypotheses were
supported. High levels of Trust in government, and Trust in Internet would directly predict a
higher level of users’ belief in using e-government system, which means if the e-government
services are not trustworthy, there is no reason why the citizens should anticipate getting any
usefulness from using them. The government in Egypt lacks collaboration between its entities to
draft laws and regulations related to ICT Usage, standardizing system use, and sharing
information (according to interview results explained in the consequent chapter). These issues
should be considered by the government in Egypt in order to increase citizens’ trust and have
them more willing to use government websites. These findings are consistent with [34].
Perceived Public Value (H12, H13) which is considered the consumer’s overall assessment of the
utility of a product based on the perceptions of what is received, and what is given, had a
significant effect on users beliefs (Perceived usefulness, and Perceived Ease of Use). Higher level
of Perceived Public Value, would predict a higher level of users’ beliefs about using e-
government system. Government must concentrate on how to increase the value for the public
from using e-government services in order to attract more people to use their online services; also
e-government strategy must pay more attention to the requirements and expectations of users in
developing e-government services. These findings are consistent with [35].
Website Design (H10, H11) was proved to be a significant predictor to the users’ beliefs
(Perceived Usefulness and Perceived Ease of Use. These findings are consistent with [36].
Citizens’ adoption of e-government increases if e-government websites are available with
adequate, attractive and well-organised design and content. Government agencies in Egypt should
11. International Journal of Managing Information Technology (IJMIT) Vol.12, No.1, February 2020
11
ensure that their websites are accessible to different users. The government in Egypt therefore
should ensure that their websites are available with consistent and attractive screen layout. Also,
the links on the websites should be updated as they should not lead to deleted or re-directed pages
and to ensuring that people are comfortable in interacting with the government via the web-based
channel.
7. CONCLUSION
This paper answered the following questions: What are the factors that influence the citizens'
acceptance and adoption of e- government services in Egypt? And what is the relative importance
of these factors and the relationship between them? By supporting predictions of the TAM model
that Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, and Attitude positively influence the
Behavioural intention regarding the use of e-government. Five external factors were included in
the model: Trust in government, Trust in Internet, Website design, Perceived public value, and
education level which four of them (Trust in government, Trust in Internet, Website design, and
Perceived public value) were evidenced to be positively influential on e-government adoption.
Also the results of this study revealed that the research model explained 93% of the variance in
citizens’ intention to use e-government services according to the goodness of fit index. The
hypothesised relationships between variables were moderately or significantly supported.
From a practical angle, this paper has contributed to better understanding e-government efforts
particularly in an Egypt context by creating new adoption model, which is the extension of TAM
model, to include social, political, and design influences; specifically, government and Internet
trust, perceived public value, and website design dimensions and to identify the relationship
between them.
The contribution of this model was that it demonstrated that Behavioural intention to use e-
government system was significantly affected by attitude, which in turns significantly influenced
by users believes (perceived usefulness, and perceived ease of use). The external variables
(government and Internet trust, perceived public value, and website design) significantly affect
user’s beliefs.
The empirical validation of the significant role of Attitude as a predictor of the citizen
behavioural intention to use e-government services. Prior research had omitted this construct
from TAM, usually in workplace settings, where the use of the technology most of the time is
mandatory. The contribution of this study was providing evidence for the significant role of this
construct in voluntary settings such as e-government adoption.
8. LIMITATION AND FURTHER RESEARCH DIRECTIONS
This study adopted cross-sectional design. This cross sectional study represents a slice of time,
and does not show how the citizen’s attitude and behaviour may change over time. Further study
employing a longitudinal design would ascertain whether or not the citizen’s attitude toward
using e-government services has changed over time.
This research surveyed people who are Internet literate. This highlights the necessity to conduct a
study with illiterate citizens. A qualitative method of data collection, such as interviews or focus
groups, may be more suitable for people who struggle with the literacy required to complete
written surveys. This would help to include all Egyptian citizens in the study of e-government
adoption and increase the generalizability of the results. Furthermore, this may be helpful in
12. International Journal of Managing Information Technology (IJMIT) Vol.12, No.1, February 2020
12
generating useful comparisons between the different perceptions of e-government adoption of
internet-literate and – illiterate people.
The last limitation is derived from the geographical location of the current research. Although, the
study findings are believed to be applicable to other Arab countries that share the same
demographic characteristics with Egypt and provide their citizens with the same level of e-
government services, these findings are not necessarily applicable to other Arab countries that
have lagged behind Egypt in terms of e-government. Therefore, further study in different
countries would most likely strengthen and validate the findings on some of the hypotheses.
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AUTHORS
Sara ElKheshin, PHD She is an Assistant professor in Arab Academy for Science, Technology and
Maritime Transport, Alexandria, Egypt. She has 20 years working experience in Business Information
System department, her research interest is e-government and database
Noha Saleeb, PHD, MSC, BArch, FHEA She is an Associate Professor in Creative Technologies in
Design Engineering & Maths department at Science & Technology School in Middlesex University,
London, UK