In the last decade, a lot of countries started to adopt e-government to reduce costs, improve services, save
time and increase effectiveness and efficiency, and improve trust between governments and citizens.
Therefore, it is very important to put e-government adoption in all countries under the light spot. In this
paper, we will discuss the advantages, challenges of e-government as an international approach with a
focused view on the Arabian Gulf countries. We will investigate the advantages of implementing egovernment
systems throughout those countries. In addition, the understanding of these advantages can
help decision-makers recognize the success and risk factors in e-government adoption. Furthermore, we
will discuss the challenges facing the adoption of e-government in the Arabian Gulf countries. We will also
highlight some important points that need to be taken into account in all phases of the engineering process
of the e-government.
M-government Implications For E-Government In Developing Countries: The Case ...Peachy Essay
This paper contributes to the issue of mGovernment implementations by exploring the government’s policy on ICT and e-Government in Saudi Arabia, and sheds light on the role of mGovernment applications for enhancing information and service delivery to citizens. This also describes the results of a survey on the available mGovernment applications, and provides an overall evaluation of them in Saudi Arabia.
Framework for Securing Educational E-Government Serviceijcisjournal
Enhancement in technology is leading to a change in the way governments, individuals, institutions and
business entities provide quality services to the citizen. Today's education system plays crucial role for
developing cognizance in society so e-government service is obliged to integrate with educational system.
In this work we proposed a novel framework for integrating educational service within e-government
services. One of the main tasks of this paper is to explore or propose a Secure Examination Management
System (SEMS). The system has been designed using cryptographic primitives, which enables students to
take the exam from anywhere. The student is allowed to take the exam after he gives his necessary
authentication details. In SEMS, it is important to exclude false students while ensuring the privacy for the
honest students. It allows evaluators to share student examination papers for evaluation with proper
authentication. This is done using digital signatures, authentication and confidentiality provided by public
key cryptographic system.
APPLYING AN ARABIC CONVERSATIONAL AGENT IN THE JORDANIAN E-GOVERNMENTijcsit
This paper discusses a prototype idea of applying a Conversational Agent (CA) to be embedded into the Jordanian E-government websites. The Conversational Agent is a smart system used to handle natural conversations between user and machine. A Jordanian citizen facing struggles when he/she want to apply for a service through the E-government portal.In addition the Jordanians struggling when searched for a
piece of information (for example the needed documents for a specific service) inside the E-government websites. This struggling comes from number of reasons such as the needed knowledge that the user could have to deal with such services and the big number of links that the user must visitto achieve his/her target.In addition, the Jordanian E-Government websites does not meet the users’ requirements in their design.
Instead, this paper proposes the idea of applying a prototype called CA into those websites as a general help desk automated service to save the Jordanians time and effort. Simply, the user will chat with the proposed CA with what he/she coming to do through the targeted website using a text based Arabic conversations. The CA’s responses might be the exact needed link or the targeted information. Such a proposed service will strength the Jordanian E-government platform especially for accessibility and usability factors and as to best of our knowledge, no country has been applied it before.
Misra, D.C. (2009) An E Governance Vision For India By 2020 Gvmitm 23.5.09Dr D.C. Misra
This an e-governance vision for India by 2020 by an e-governance researcher and consultant. India is already Internet nation no.4 in the world and is destined to become Internet nation no. 1 in the world in due course of time. However, if the steps suggested in this presentation are taken, not only will it hasten the process but provide firm foundations to e-government.
M-government Implications For E-Government In Developing Countries: The Case ...Peachy Essay
This paper contributes to the issue of mGovernment implementations by exploring the government’s policy on ICT and e-Government in Saudi Arabia, and sheds light on the role of mGovernment applications for enhancing information and service delivery to citizens. This also describes the results of a survey on the available mGovernment applications, and provides an overall evaluation of them in Saudi Arabia.
Framework for Securing Educational E-Government Serviceijcisjournal
Enhancement in technology is leading to a change in the way governments, individuals, institutions and
business entities provide quality services to the citizen. Today's education system plays crucial role for
developing cognizance in society so e-government service is obliged to integrate with educational system.
In this work we proposed a novel framework for integrating educational service within e-government
services. One of the main tasks of this paper is to explore or propose a Secure Examination Management
System (SEMS). The system has been designed using cryptographic primitives, which enables students to
take the exam from anywhere. The student is allowed to take the exam after he gives his necessary
authentication details. In SEMS, it is important to exclude false students while ensuring the privacy for the
honest students. It allows evaluators to share student examination papers for evaluation with proper
authentication. This is done using digital signatures, authentication and confidentiality provided by public
key cryptographic system.
APPLYING AN ARABIC CONVERSATIONAL AGENT IN THE JORDANIAN E-GOVERNMENTijcsit
This paper discusses a prototype idea of applying a Conversational Agent (CA) to be embedded into the Jordanian E-government websites. The Conversational Agent is a smart system used to handle natural conversations between user and machine. A Jordanian citizen facing struggles when he/she want to apply for a service through the E-government portal.In addition the Jordanians struggling when searched for a
piece of information (for example the needed documents for a specific service) inside the E-government websites. This struggling comes from number of reasons such as the needed knowledge that the user could have to deal with such services and the big number of links that the user must visitto achieve his/her target.In addition, the Jordanian E-Government websites does not meet the users’ requirements in their design.
Instead, this paper proposes the idea of applying a prototype called CA into those websites as a general help desk automated service to save the Jordanians time and effort. Simply, the user will chat with the proposed CA with what he/she coming to do through the targeted website using a text based Arabic conversations. The CA’s responses might be the exact needed link or the targeted information. Such a proposed service will strength the Jordanian E-government platform especially for accessibility and usability factors and as to best of our knowledge, no country has been applied it before.
Misra, D.C. (2009) An E Governance Vision For India By 2020 Gvmitm 23.5.09Dr D.C. Misra
This an e-governance vision for India by 2020 by an e-governance researcher and consultant. India is already Internet nation no.4 in the world and is destined to become Internet nation no. 1 in the world in due course of time. However, if the steps suggested in this presentation are taken, not only will it hasten the process but provide firm foundations to e-government.
Successful factors determining the significant relationship between e-governa...riyaniaes
Every government's major objective is to provide the greatest services in order to establish efficiency and quality of performance. Syria's government has understood how critical it is to go in the direction of information technology. However, there are gaps and poor links across government sectors, which has tainted the image of Syrian e-governance. As a result, one of the main aims of this study is to figure out what factors impact Syrians' acceptance of the e-government system. A total of 600 questionnaires were delivered to Syrian individuals as part of a survey. The data was analysed using the structural equation model (SEM) using AMOS version 21.0. User intention to utilise an e-government system was shown to be influenced by performance expectations, effort expectations, system flexibility, citizens-centricity, and facilitating conditions. Assurance, responsiveness, reliability, tangibles, and empathy are five fundamental factors that have a major impact on government operation excellence. Behavioural Intention is being utilised as a mediator between the government operation excellence (GOE) initiative and the e-government platform.
The concept of local e-Government has become a key factor for delivering services in an efficient, cost
effective, transparent and convenient way, in circumstances where a) citizens do not have enough time
available to communicate with local authorities in order to perform their responsibilities and needs, and
b) information and communication technologies significantly facilitate administrative procedures and
citizens-government interaction. This paper aims to identify e-services that local authorities provide, and
to investigate their readiness for delivering these services. A pilot research has been conducted to identify
the offer of e-services by local authorities, along with e-readiness in municipalities of the Pelagonia
region in the Republic of Macedonia. The survey was carried out by means of structured interview
questions based on a modified model proposed by Partnership on Measuring ICT for Development – web
analysis of municipal websites in the region has been conducted, as well. The study reveals uneven
distribution according to the age group of users, lack of reliability and confidence for processing the needs
and requests electronically by a large part of the population, and improperly developed set of ICT tools by
local governments for providing a variety of services that can be fully processed electronically.
Comparative review on information and communication technology issues in educ...riyaniaes
The use of information and communication technology is very beneficial in the education sector because it can enhance the quality of education. However, the implementation of ICT in the education sector of developed and developing countries is a challenging task. This paper explains the comparative study of ICT issues in the education sector of developed and developing countries. In particular, we compare issues between Pakistan and high-tech countries. Our study reveals the fact that the education sector is facing numerous ICT problems that are based on culture, finance, management, infrastructure, lack of training, lack of equipment, teacher’s refusal, and ethical issues. At the end of this paper, various issues faced by the implementation of ICT in the education sector of Pakistan have been categorized into various types, namely, infrastructure, lack of IT professionals, lack of high-speed internet and equipment. Our research is based on five key research questions related to ICT issues. We used a mixed approach where the results of this study can be used as a set of guidelines to help make the learning environment technology-oriented, fast, planned, and productive. Future directions are also given at the end of this paper.
Political and Legal Factors affecting Electronic Government in Kurdistan EECJOURNAL
Legal factors affecting electronic government include all regulatory and law determinants that can negatively or positively affect results of market actions and decisions of management of company functioning in particular country. Electronic government (e-Government) in its simplest form can mean using information and communication technology (ICT) tools to provide services to citizens. Still with the huge benefits and synergies that e-Government grants to governments and societies, it faces many obstacles and challenges. Therefore, there are always a number of critical success factors and risks associated with e-Government. The aim of this study is to analyze the critical political and legal factors effecting on the implementation of implementing electronic government in Kurdistan. The study adopted six political and legal factors to measure the influence on implementing electronic government, these factors were; transparency of government, power distance indicator, regulations and standard, employment law, political commitment, and privacy. By using quantitative research method via applying a structure survey for the citizens in Kurdistan region of Iraq, however the findings showed that transparency of government will have significant and positive influence on implementing electronic government, power distance indicator will have significant and positive influence on implementing electronic government, regulations and standard will have significant and positive influence on implementing electronic government, employment law will have significant and positive influence on implementing electronic government and political commitment will have significant and positive influence on implementing electronic government.
A Proposed Transformation Model for Integration Between E-justice Application...Eswar Publications
The electronic services become an important integral part of the Information Systems which supported by the term e-government. Many traditional business systems are now shifting to electronic systems and that in the midst of tremendous information, which is stored inside these systems. There are many researches in business information systems and their importance and advantages. Transforming business information systems to gain profit especially in government services is more difficult. This paper discusses the factors effects on the transformation of business information system represented in the State Council of Egypt information systems as a case study to an electronic inquiries system.
E-governance Culture in Institutions of Higher EducationRamesh C. Sharma
National Seminar on Promoting E-governance Culture in Institutions of Higher Education (March 20-21, 2013), Organized by
Department of B.Ed./M.Ed., Faculty of Education & Allied Sciences, MJP Rohilkhand University, Bareilly (U.P.)-243006 (India)
THE BARRIERS OF E-GOVERNMENT SUCCESS:AN EMPIRICAL STUDY FROM JORDANijmpict
This paper discussed the E-governmentsuccess barriers and how could these barriers affect in users' dissatisfaction as measure ofE-governmentsuccess. The model explained more embedded relations of Information System (IS) success model in a negative context. E-governmentquality model encompasses information quality, system quality, service quality and IT infrastructures readiness, which are the predecessors of user satisfaction as measure of E-government success. The research model has been empirically tested using 93 IT managers and IT specialists of Jordanian government agencies. PLSstructural equation modeling (SEM)has been used because his superior statistical power in dealing with complex causal model and small sample size. The results clearly articulated that provisionede-services are less than expectationsof stakeholders.We found that lack of IT infrastructures readiness is the strongest factor to affect in E-governmentperformance negatively and the most important factor to provoke users’ dissatisfaction. Along with the other factors were found significantly correlated with users' dissatisfaction.The relation of system quality with services quality only the difference between female and male group, where male group found its insignificant while females found thatlow system quality led to low service quality directly.
THE CRITICAL ORGANIZATIONAL FACTORS OF E-GOVERNMENT IN KENYA Editor IJCATR
eGovernment focusses on the use of technology to achieve levels of improvement in various areas of government, transforming the nature of politics and relations between the government and citizens. However, in Kenya, just like in other developing nations, many eGovernment projects have either stalled or failed to meet their objectives due to some key organizational factors. This study therefore highlights critical organizational factors affecting eGovernment projects and the nature of their relationships with eGovernment performance. The study employed cross-sectional survey design. Targeting the entire 18 eGovernment projects implemented through the Information Communications Authority of Kenya since 2005. Both primary and secondary data was collected and analyzed based on response from 217 respondents out of the 300 who participated (72% response rate). At the end, it emerged that out of the various organizational factors hypothesized to predict eGovernment projects Performance, only organizational structure, prioritization of deliverables, and organizational culture are critical in Kenyan context. Others identified in previous studies such as future needs of the organization, power distribution, structure, information system strategy alignment, prioritization of deliverables, and training were also important but not critical.
The development and implementation of an android-based saving and loan cooper...riyaniaes
The savings and loans cooperative are a cooperative that has an important purpose in its reach and services, such as the Permata Ngijo Savings and Loans Cooperative. Activities within the cooperative itself include managing member data as well as savings and loan transactions. In systems that are still manual, such as Microsoft Excel, there is a risk of inaccurate data and takes a long time. This manual system is still less effective because the number of members and transactions continues to grow. Therefore, an application is needed as a more effective data processing and information system for members that is easier to access. This study aims to build an android-based savings and loan application using the hypertext preprocessor (PHP) programming language and my structured query language (MySQL) as data storage. Based on the android application that has been made, it shows that the black box functionality of the application runs as planned, the success rate for users reaches 90%.
Cloud computing technology for egovernment architectureijfcstjournal
The evolution of
cloud computing
has had a significant
effect on our lives and it has brought many benefits.
Cloud computing is a style of computing which is formed from the aggregation and development of
technologies such as grid computing distributed computing, parallel computing and service
-
oriented
archit
ecture
and it
s exciting for governments and private companies, and it has eager them to take
advantage of this technology. Because in this model no needed to additional costs for equipment and
resources to respond to the request of customers, however in t
erms of demand and workload, company
lease and take possession of the required resources, such as servers and virtual sources. In this pa
per, we
studied how to use cloud computing in e
-
government and tried to identify the benefits of the cloud to use in
th
e e
-
government and offer proposals to overcome its shortcomings, encourage and partnership of
governments and people to use this economical
, green
and new technology.
Successful factors determining the significant relationship between e-governa...riyaniaes
Every government's major objective is to provide the greatest services in order to establish efficiency and quality of performance. Syria's government has understood how critical it is to go in the direction of information technology. However, there are gaps and poor links across government sectors, which has tainted the image of Syrian e-governance. As a result, one of the main aims of this study is to figure out what factors impact Syrians' acceptance of the e-government system. A total of 600 questionnaires were delivered to Syrian individuals as part of a survey. The data was analysed using the structural equation model (SEM) using AMOS version 21.0. User intention to utilise an e-government system was shown to be influenced by performance expectations, effort expectations, system flexibility, citizens-centricity, and facilitating conditions. Assurance, responsiveness, reliability, tangibles, and empathy are five fundamental factors that have a major impact on government operation excellence. Behavioural Intention is being utilised as a mediator between the government operation excellence (GOE) initiative and the e-government platform.
The concept of local e-Government has become a key factor for delivering services in an efficient, cost
effective, transparent and convenient way, in circumstances where a) citizens do not have enough time
available to communicate with local authorities in order to perform their responsibilities and needs, and
b) information and communication technologies significantly facilitate administrative procedures and
citizens-government interaction. This paper aims to identify e-services that local authorities provide, and
to investigate their readiness for delivering these services. A pilot research has been conducted to identify
the offer of e-services by local authorities, along with e-readiness in municipalities of the Pelagonia
region in the Republic of Macedonia. The survey was carried out by means of structured interview
questions based on a modified model proposed by Partnership on Measuring ICT for Development – web
analysis of municipal websites in the region has been conducted, as well. The study reveals uneven
distribution according to the age group of users, lack of reliability and confidence for processing the needs
and requests electronically by a large part of the population, and improperly developed set of ICT tools by
local governments for providing a variety of services that can be fully processed electronically.
Comparative review on information and communication technology issues in educ...riyaniaes
The use of information and communication technology is very beneficial in the education sector because it can enhance the quality of education. However, the implementation of ICT in the education sector of developed and developing countries is a challenging task. This paper explains the comparative study of ICT issues in the education sector of developed and developing countries. In particular, we compare issues between Pakistan and high-tech countries. Our study reveals the fact that the education sector is facing numerous ICT problems that are based on culture, finance, management, infrastructure, lack of training, lack of equipment, teacher’s refusal, and ethical issues. At the end of this paper, various issues faced by the implementation of ICT in the education sector of Pakistan have been categorized into various types, namely, infrastructure, lack of IT professionals, lack of high-speed internet and equipment. Our research is based on five key research questions related to ICT issues. We used a mixed approach where the results of this study can be used as a set of guidelines to help make the learning environment technology-oriented, fast, planned, and productive. Future directions are also given at the end of this paper.
Political and Legal Factors affecting Electronic Government in Kurdistan EECJOURNAL
Legal factors affecting electronic government include all regulatory and law determinants that can negatively or positively affect results of market actions and decisions of management of company functioning in particular country. Electronic government (e-Government) in its simplest form can mean using information and communication technology (ICT) tools to provide services to citizens. Still with the huge benefits and synergies that e-Government grants to governments and societies, it faces many obstacles and challenges. Therefore, there are always a number of critical success factors and risks associated with e-Government. The aim of this study is to analyze the critical political and legal factors effecting on the implementation of implementing electronic government in Kurdistan. The study adopted six political and legal factors to measure the influence on implementing electronic government, these factors were; transparency of government, power distance indicator, regulations and standard, employment law, political commitment, and privacy. By using quantitative research method via applying a structure survey for the citizens in Kurdistan region of Iraq, however the findings showed that transparency of government will have significant and positive influence on implementing electronic government, power distance indicator will have significant and positive influence on implementing electronic government, regulations and standard will have significant and positive influence on implementing electronic government, employment law will have significant and positive influence on implementing electronic government and political commitment will have significant and positive influence on implementing electronic government.
A Proposed Transformation Model for Integration Between E-justice Application...Eswar Publications
The electronic services become an important integral part of the Information Systems which supported by the term e-government. Many traditional business systems are now shifting to electronic systems and that in the midst of tremendous information, which is stored inside these systems. There are many researches in business information systems and their importance and advantages. Transforming business information systems to gain profit especially in government services is more difficult. This paper discusses the factors effects on the transformation of business information system represented in the State Council of Egypt information systems as a case study to an electronic inquiries system.
E-governance Culture in Institutions of Higher EducationRamesh C. Sharma
National Seminar on Promoting E-governance Culture in Institutions of Higher Education (March 20-21, 2013), Organized by
Department of B.Ed./M.Ed., Faculty of Education & Allied Sciences, MJP Rohilkhand University, Bareilly (U.P.)-243006 (India)
THE BARRIERS OF E-GOVERNMENT SUCCESS:AN EMPIRICAL STUDY FROM JORDANijmpict
This paper discussed the E-governmentsuccess barriers and how could these barriers affect in users' dissatisfaction as measure ofE-governmentsuccess. The model explained more embedded relations of Information System (IS) success model in a negative context. E-governmentquality model encompasses information quality, system quality, service quality and IT infrastructures readiness, which are the predecessors of user satisfaction as measure of E-government success. The research model has been empirically tested using 93 IT managers and IT specialists of Jordanian government agencies. PLSstructural equation modeling (SEM)has been used because his superior statistical power in dealing with complex causal model and small sample size. The results clearly articulated that provisionede-services are less than expectationsof stakeholders.We found that lack of IT infrastructures readiness is the strongest factor to affect in E-governmentperformance negatively and the most important factor to provoke users’ dissatisfaction. Along with the other factors were found significantly correlated with users' dissatisfaction.The relation of system quality with services quality only the difference between female and male group, where male group found its insignificant while females found thatlow system quality led to low service quality directly.
THE CRITICAL ORGANIZATIONAL FACTORS OF E-GOVERNMENT IN KENYA Editor IJCATR
eGovernment focusses on the use of technology to achieve levels of improvement in various areas of government, transforming the nature of politics and relations between the government and citizens. However, in Kenya, just like in other developing nations, many eGovernment projects have either stalled or failed to meet their objectives due to some key organizational factors. This study therefore highlights critical organizational factors affecting eGovernment projects and the nature of their relationships with eGovernment performance. The study employed cross-sectional survey design. Targeting the entire 18 eGovernment projects implemented through the Information Communications Authority of Kenya since 2005. Both primary and secondary data was collected and analyzed based on response from 217 respondents out of the 300 who participated (72% response rate). At the end, it emerged that out of the various organizational factors hypothesized to predict eGovernment projects Performance, only organizational structure, prioritization of deliverables, and organizational culture are critical in Kenyan context. Others identified in previous studies such as future needs of the organization, power distribution, structure, information system strategy alignment, prioritization of deliverables, and training were also important but not critical.
The development and implementation of an android-based saving and loan cooper...riyaniaes
The savings and loans cooperative are a cooperative that has an important purpose in its reach and services, such as the Permata Ngijo Savings and Loans Cooperative. Activities within the cooperative itself include managing member data as well as savings and loan transactions. In systems that are still manual, such as Microsoft Excel, there is a risk of inaccurate data and takes a long time. This manual system is still less effective because the number of members and transactions continues to grow. Therefore, an application is needed as a more effective data processing and information system for members that is easier to access. This study aims to build an android-based savings and loan application using the hypertext preprocessor (PHP) programming language and my structured query language (MySQL) as data storage. Based on the android application that has been made, it shows that the black box functionality of the application runs as planned, the success rate for users reaches 90%.
Cloud computing technology for egovernment architectureijfcstjournal
The evolution of
cloud computing
has had a significant
effect on our lives and it has brought many benefits.
Cloud computing is a style of computing which is formed from the aggregation and development of
technologies such as grid computing distributed computing, parallel computing and service
-
oriented
archit
ecture
and it
s exciting for governments and private companies, and it has eager them to take
advantage of this technology. Because in this model no needed to additional costs for equipment and
resources to respond to the request of customers, however in t
erms of demand and workload, company
lease and take possession of the required resources, such as servers and virtual sources. In this pa
per, we
studied how to use cloud computing in e
-
government and tried to identify the benefits of the cloud to use in
th
e e
-
government and offer proposals to overcome its shortcomings, encourage and partnership of
governments and people to use this economical
, green
and new technology.
We briefly discuss about the e-government which is about the finishing transactions between the government and the public through internet. First, we wrote about the three sectors of e-government which are between government and (government, citizens, business). Second, we wrote about benefits that users can get from using e-government. Third, we wrote about the challenges that e-government fac
This article provides an overview of current international e-Government practices and the role of the national identity management infrastructure program in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) in supporting e-Government development. It describes the benefits of e-Government that various governments worldwide have identified, sheds light on some recent surveys on the delivery of e-Government by some countries, highlights some examples and puts the position of the United Arab Emirates into context. It then discusses the program's use of Identity Management in the strategic initiatives, explains their purpose in the facilitation of e-Government within the United Arab Emirates and describes a general roadmap for implementation.
This article provides an overview of eGovernment and its role in revolutionising existing governmental systems. It argues that in order for eGovernment initiatives to truly succeed, we need to develop public trust and confidence to promote diffusion and participation. The article relates this to the recently announced UAE eGovernment Strategic Framework 2011-2013. The framework attempts to promote the electronic transformation of all government services within a period of three years. An important component of the strategic framework in question is the use of the existing national identity management infrastructure and the development of a government-owned federated identity management system to support Government-to-Citizen (G2C) eGovernment transactions and promote trust and confidence on the Internet.
Electronic government (e-government) has been attracting the attention of the world for the past two decades, and specifically, upon the advent of the internet. Governments worldwide have spent billions of dollars to date to transform themselves into e-government. However, their efforts and large investments resulted mainly in online portals and scattered electronic services. Various studies indicate that e-government initiatives are failing to meet citizens' expectations for convenient service delivery systems. Nonetheless, the rapid pace at which technology is innovatively evolving and its disruptive nature is forcing new realities to be accepted in e-government domain. The new forms of mobility made possible by the transforming technologies are not only changing how people live their lives today, but also redefining business models, employee productivity, customer relationship, and even how governments are structured. The growing usage of smartphones and tablets have significant impact on all industries, but at large how government services are delivered. This study attempts to provide some qualitative input to the existing body of knowledge. It sheds light on some trends that have high impact to disrupt existing technological-based channels of interaction between governments and citizens, and ultimately on service delivery. It also sheds light on the role of modern identity management infrastructure in enabling higher levels of trust and confidence in mobile transactions.
The Role of Technology Acceptance Model in Explaining Effect on E-Commerce Ap...IJMIT JOURNAL
Today e-commerce has become crucial element to transform some of the world countries into an information society. Business to consumer (B2C) in the developing countries is not yet a normalcy as compared to the developed countries. Consumer behaviour research has shown disappointing results regarding the overall use of the Web for online shopping, despite its considerable promise as a channel for commerce. As the use of the Internet continues to grow in all aspects of daily life, there is an increasing need to better understand what trends of internet usage and to study the barriers and problem of ecommerce adoption. Hence, the purpose of this research is to define how far Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) contributed in e-commerce adoption. Data for this study was collected by the means of a survey conducted in Malaysia in 2010. A total of 611 questionnaire forms were delivered to respondents. The location of respondents was within Penang state. By studying this sample, conclusions would be drawn to generalize the interests of the population.
e-governance and District Administration in Bangladesh: An Overview of Recent...Ahasan Uddin Bhuiyan
eGovernment is the utilization of IT, ICTs, and other web-based telecommunication technologies to improve and/or enhance on the efficiency and effectiveness of service delivery in the public sector.’ (Jeong, 2007). Bangladesh is divided into 64 districts. Citizens must apply at District Headquarters for various licenses and certificates. This had been burdensome with middlemen benefitting from a lack of transparency and district offices overwhelmed with the paper-based system. With the introduction of e-governance , it becomes easy for people to get their desired service from DC offices with a single click. This paper described the e-service system provided by zilla offices in Bangladesh citing the example of Cox’s Bazar district in Bangladesh.
Despite the immeasurable investment in e-government initiatives throughout the world, such initiatives have yet to succeed in fully meeting expectations and desired outcomes. A key objective of this research article is to support the government of the UAE in realizing its vision of e-government transformation. It presents an innovative framework to support e-government implementation, which was developed from a practitioner's perspective and based on learnings from numerous e-government practices around the globe. The framework presents an approach to guide governments worldwide, and UAE in particular, to develop a top down strategy and leverage technology in order realize its long term goal of e-government transformation. The study also outlines the potential role of modern national identity schemes in enabling the transformation of traditional identities into digital identities. The work presented in this study is envisaged to help bridge the gap between policy makers and implementers, by providing greater clarity and reducing misalignment on key elements of e-government transformation. In the hands of leaders that have a strong will to invest in e-government transformation, the work presented in this study is envisaged to become a powerful tool to communicate and coordinate initiatives, and provide a clear visualization of an integrated approach to e-government transformation.
The study investigated the practices of organisations in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries with regards to G2C egovernment maturity. It reveals that e-government G2C initiatives in the surveyed countries in particular, and arguably around the world in general, are progressing slowly because of the lack of a trusted and secure medium to authenticate the identities of online users. The authors conclude that national ID schemes will play a major role in helping governments reap the benefits of e-government if the three advanced technologies of smart card, biometrics and public key infrastructure (PKI) are utilised to provide a reliable and trusted authentication medium for e-government services.
Research=e governance / Impact of E-governance / Role of E-governance in Indi...PRABHAT PANDEY
Abstract
E-governance is nothing but a mediator between government and citizens, it is the use of a range of modern information and technologies by government to improve efficiency, services etc. Or E-governance = Transparency+Accountabilty+Efficiency- (Monopoly + Discretion). which make Government more accountable by increasing the opportunity for citizens participation in the governance process & bringing citizens closer to elected officials , as the result is positively related to improved government citizens relationship & corruption reduction , and also playing an important role against corruption in modern governance, which opens up the door to vast opportunities for transforming governance, to solve the social as well as economic problems exit in the developing countries like India.The need of E-governance is to take cautious step to ensure better reach and access otherwise dispatches in access & only increase problems of corruption and social & economic injustice. CARD is one of the major success stories of E-governance in Andhra Pradesh. This paper reveals the performance of E-governance to increase, efficiency, responsiveness, accountability and bring transparency in the working of the government system & reduction corruption and then the Impact of E-governance is faster Processing, & promoting social welfare.
Key Words: Accountability, E-Governance, Transparency.
ASSESSING THE ADOPTION OF E-GOVERNMENT USING TAM MODEL: CASE OF EGYPTIJMIT JOURNAL
Electronic government (e-government) was known as an efficient method for government expertness and proficiency as a vital facilitator for citizen-oriented services. Since their initiation over a decade ago, Egovernment services are recognised as a vehicle for accessing online public services. Both governments and academic researchers understand the difficulty of low-level adoption of e-government services among citizens; a common problem between both developing and developed countries. This paper investigates determinants and factors necessary to enhance adoption of citizens for e-government services in developing countries, with particular focus on Egypt, by extending the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) using a set of political, social, and design constructs that were developed from different sources of research literature.
Assessing the adoption of e government using tam model case of egyptIJMIT JOURNAL
Electronic government (e-government) was known as an efficient method for government expertness and proficiency as a vital facilitator for citizen-oriented services. Since their initiation over a decade ago, Egovernment services are recognised as a vehicle for accessing online public services. Both governments and academic researchers understand the difficulty of low-level adoption of e-government services among citizens; a common problem between both developing and developed countries. This paper investigates determinants and factors necessary to enhance adoption of citizens for e-government services in developing countries, with particular focus on Egypt, by extending the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) using a set of political, social, and design constructs that were developed from different sources of research literature.
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International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology (IJCSEIT)
1. International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology (IJCSEIT), Vol.3,No.3,June 2013
DOI : 10.5121/ijcseit.2013.3301 1
TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION IN THE ARABIAN GULF
COUNTRIES: THE CASE OF E-GOVERNMENT
Asem Omari
Assistant Professor
College of Computer Science and Engineering
Hail University, Hail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
a.omari@uoh.edu.sa
ABSTRACT
In the last decade, a lot of countries started to adopt e-government to reduce costs, improve services, save
time and increase effectiveness and efficiency, and improve trust between governments and citizens.
Therefore, it is very important to put e-government adoption in all countries under the light spot. In this
paper, we will discuss the advantages, challenges of e-government as an international approach with a
focused view on the Arabian Gulf countries. We will investigate the advantages of implementing e-
government systems throughout those countries. In addition, the understanding of these advantages can
help decision-makers recognize the success and risk factors in e-government adoption. Furthermore, we
will discuss the challenges facing the adoption of e-government in the Arabian Gulf countries. We will also
highlight some important points that need to be taken into account in all phases of the engineering process
of the e-government.
KEYWORDS
E-government, GCC countries, Advantages, Challenges, E-government websites
1. INTRODUCTION
E-government is the digital interaction between governments, from one side, and citizens,
businesses, employees, and other governments from the other side. Just like other parts of the
world, the Arabian Gulf countries, or the so called Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries
which are: United Arab Emirates , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Kingdom of Bahrain,
Sultanate of Oman, and Qatar are also interested in technology transformation by adopting e-
government strategies.
Some of the Arabian Gulf countries started since more than a decade to implement and build their
own governments online. The current state of e-government approaches in the Arabian Gulf
countries will be explored by navigating through different success and failure case studies to
figure out strength and weakness points in order to invest them to come out with some guidelines
for a successful e-government implementation strategy.
2. International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology (IJCSEIT), Vol.3,No.3,June 2013
2
A lot of challenges and drawbacks face the adoption of e-government in the Arabian Gulf
countries. Those challenges have to be taken into account in the process of implementing the e-
government technology. This paper discusses some main challenges the adoption of e-
government in the GCC countries. It also introduces some of the website design strategies that
can be applied to come out with well-designed e-government websites in terms of online
information, foreign language access, communication, services provided, and use of
advertisements on e-government websites.
In this paper, we will discuss the advantages of e-government as an international approach with
more details on the Arabian Gulf countries. We will investigate the advantages of implementing
e-government systems throughout those countries. In addition, the understanding of these
advantages can help decision-makers recognize the success and risk factors in e-government
adoption. Furthermore, some recommendations and best practices on how to build a well-
structured e-government websites are introduced.
2. E-GOVERNMENT DEFINITION
Based on [1], e-government enables the integration of Information and Communication
Technology (IT) into the world of the public sector to deliver services and information easily to
citizens and other parties online. The e-Government involves the interaction between citizens,
businesses, governments and employees. The e-Government consists of the following types:
1. Government to Citizens (G2C): The relationship between the government and citizens
allows the citizens to access government services easily and quickly [2].
2. Government to Business (G2B): This allows the interactions between governments and
businesses which will simplify processes and reduce costs [3].
3. Government to Government (G2G): refers to the relationship between governmental
organizations, as for example national, regional and local governmental organizations, or
with other foreign government organizations [2]. Online communication and cooperation
allows government agencies and departments to share databases, resources, skills and
capabilities, enhancing the efficiency and affectivity of processes [4].
4. Government to Employees (G2E): Government to Employees is the interaction between
government and its employees. Employees can access specific information, can explore
get training and e-learning offers, and other tools that may assist them in accomplishing
their jobs [2] [5].
The e-government as all technologies has advantages and disadvantages. The next section will
explore some advantages and challenges of e-government implementation in the world and more
specifically, in the Arabian Gulf Countries.
3. ADVANTAGES AND CHALLENGES
3.1. Advantages
Benefits gained by use and application of e-government in developing countries are the same as
those in developed countries and more specifically in the GCC countries. Those advantages can
be summarized as follows:
3. International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology (IJCSEIT), Vol.3,No.3,June 2013
3
3.1.1 Cost Reduction and Efficiency: Cost of services and activities will certainly be
reduced and be more effecient when using online interaction between different e-government
parties.
3.1.2 Improved Quality of Service: The traditional way for service delivery varies from
filling paper application forms, and visiting different governmental offices in different places or
cities. This results in high costs and citizen and business dissatisfaction. This can be overcome by
implementing an e-government approach which will reduce cost and accelerate services and
transactions accomplishment. For example, In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia a lot of
governmental applications is done only in Riyadh (The capital of Saudi Arabia), and the citizens
or the residents have to travel there and spend a lot of time waiting for their turn in order to
complete a simple transaction.
3.1.3 Improve the Quality of Decision Making: The existence of onile medium of
interaction between citizens, employees, businesses and governments such as forums, discussion
rooms will build trust between different parties in government and improving the relationships
between the government and its citizens. The authors in [6], argues that strengthening relationship
between government and citizens could improve the quality of services by allowing government
to tap wider sources of information, perspectives and solutions to meet the challenges of policy
making under conditions of increased complexity.
3.2 Challenges
The adoption of e-Government implies the existence of a wide variety of challenges to its
implementation and management. In this section, we briefly introduce some main challenges of
implementing e-governments. The Challenges of implementing e-governments can be
summarized as follows:
3.2.1 Infrastructure: when building the e-government, the infrastructure should take into
account different technological advances and connection medium, like mobile phones access
method. Furthermore, the e-government infrastructure needs to be designed to serve special
sectors of the society such as handicapped or blind citizens. According to [4], the higher the level
of human development, the more likely citizens will be inclined to accept and use e-Government
services.
3.2.2 Policy issues: The availability of laws and regulations that control the the relationship
between different e-government parties is essential. Therefore, some countries started early in
putting such laws and others like some GCC countries issued such laws in the past 6 years. For
example, The Electronic Transactions Law of the Sultanate of Oman has been issued by sultan
Qaboos Royal Decree in 2008 [7].
3.2.3 Human development continuous learning: the availability of trained and skilled
employees who can handle e-government transaction and control their flow is very essential.
Therefore, the governments should make a wide range of training programs and strategies to
overcome this problem. Furthermore, the governments should also adopt continuous learning
strategies to keep the employees updated of the recent technological tools and advancements
related to their jobs.
4. International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology (IJCSEIT), Vol.3,No.3,June 2013
4
3.2.4 Change management: according to [4]. "Employee resistance to change is still the
biggest resistant factor to successful change. Employees fear changes in general and ICT
applications in particular as they believe that ICT would replace them and so cause job losses".
This can be overcome by encouraging employees and convincing them that this transformation
will not affect them negatively but also they will get benefit from it by learning new technologies
and reduce their efforts and time spent to finish particular transactions.
3.2.5 Strategy: The governments must have a precise strategies to overcome the disadvantages
resulted from the change to e-government. This can be done through doing different studies and
research related to different fields of e-government adoption including cost, infrastructure,
training, etc.
3.2.6 Cultural differences: if the cultural heterogeneity found within borders, gender, age,
profession, education, ethnicity, religion and social class, are not considered in the design of e-
government services, their adoption will be limited to certain groups in society and thus will slow
and confuse e-government adoption and functionality. These issues are consistent with works in
[8], [9] and [10], who found that e-government, should respect and consider various cultural
differences within society. Those factors should be taken in the implementation of the e-
government project and are supportive of any activity from any country. Therefore, The GCC
people, living with large numbers of foreigners, are more prepared to interact with others and are
more open to other societies and cultures than people in many other Arab nations. But in the same
time cultural and language diversity as for example United Arab Emirates should be considered in
the implementation process.
3.2.7 Ease of use: The work in [11] studied the ease of use of e-government services on a
group of people, based on participants’ ability to use the Internet. The findings suggest that the
greater one’s Internet experience, the easier it would be to learn and use e-government services.
3.2.8 E-Bureaucracy: The fear of e-government bureaucracy by forcing the user to follow
unnecessary and complicated procedures when completing government transactions.
4. THE STATE OF E-GOVERNMENT IN THE GCC
The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) is made up of six countries, namely Saudi Arabia, the
United Arab Emirates, Oman, Kuwait, Bahrain, and Qatar. In the UN report February, 2012 the
rank of some GCC countries has increased significantly for example, as shown in table 1, based
on the United Nations E-Government Survey which was released in February 2012. The UAE has
leaped to rank 7 on "online service index"; up from rank 99 in the 2010 version of the biennial
report. This giant progress was reflected in the overall rank of the UAE in the e-Government
development index. The UAE has advanced from rank 49 in 2010 to rank 28 in 2012 [12].
5. International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology (IJCSEIT), Vol.3,No.3,June 2013
5
Table1.UN ranking of GCC countries e-governments
Country
E-Government
2012
Rank
2012
Rank
2010
Rank
Change
United Arab Emirates 0.7344 28 49 +21
Bahrain 0.6946 36 13 -23
Saudi Arabia 0.6658 41 58 +17
Qatar 0.6405 48 62 +14
Oman 0.5944 64 82 +18
Kuwait 0.5960 63 50 -13
In the following subsections we will go with more details through the experience of e-government
within the GCC countries:
4.1 Bahrain
The Kingdom of Bahrain followed in the development of its strategy for government E-2016
methodology consists of 6 main stages. The strategy has been confirmed to include all
dimensions and factors related to the E-government development program through the application
of an integrated framework. That set ambitious goals and design to form e-government target and
operational business model to implement major projects and determine the required funding and
possibilities. The study took into account the status of e-government, experiences of other e-
governments and best practices in other [13]. It also took into account the latest study of global
reports on e-governments such as the 2012 United Nations E-Government report in which
Bahrain was ranked 36 with a dramatic decrease of 23 points in comparison to 2010 report.
4.2 Kuwait
The Kuwait government made a lot of success in e-government through different projects and
activities [6][15]. From 2010 to 2012, the rank of Kuwait decreased 13 points less. This means
that Kuwait need to reconsider an review their e-government strategies and services.
4.3 Oman
The Sultanate of Oman is currently implementing a holistic approach to the e-Oman (strategy),
which consists of e-government, e-commerce, e-learning and other e-services. The taskforce
wants to “… remove the stupid rules and regulations and put the whole process on the Internet.”
[17]. Addressing the issue of cyber illiteracy and digital divide, Oman has initiated numerous
programs on computer and Internet literacy, especially for the Omani women, hoping to at least
partially bridge the gap. The 2012 UN report shows the positive increase in the ranking of Omani
e-government as shown in table 1.
4.4 Qatar
Qatar has launched a lot of efforts to transform to e-government [16]. The first step was a service
to renew of the residents permits that was later expanded to other services for residents and
cetizens like passport renewal. This expansion strategy kept getting wider and wider with the time
6. International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology (IJCSEIT), Vol.3,No.3,June 2013
6
progress to include all government services. This can be notices through the rank positive
increase of 14 points in 2012 in comparison to 2010 as shown in table 1.
4.5 Saudi Arabia
"YESSER" is the Saudi Arabia's e-government program. As the Saudi government realized the
importance of e-government, they started to learn from the experiences of other countries projects
[18]. As the Saudi government proceed to as World Trade Organization member, it has to fulfill
certain conditions. One is the e-government matter. In the 2005 UN E-Government Readiness
Report 2005, Saudi Arabia rank was 80. From that point Sadi Arabia started to enhance its
services offered by different Saudi Ministries such as Hajj Ministry to facilitate the applications
for both Hajj and Omra and worked hardly to get benefit from the technological innovations in
the last few of years. As a result, in the 2010 UN report Saudi Arabia was ranked 85, and then in
2012 its rank was raised to 41.
4.6 United Arab Emirates
The United Arab Emirates, especially the Emirate of Dubai, stand as the leader in e-government
[19]. It provides a wide variety of online governmental services such as the services provided by
Dubai police department including updated traffic reports and car profile [20]. It is clear that the
UAE e-government initiative is one of the most citizen centric regional efforts serving as an
example not only in the GCC countries but also all over the world. As mentioned before, the
UAE has increased its rank in the UN 2012 report to 21 positive points. Over this short period,
Emirates e-Government has succeeded in regaining the leading position of the UAE in the field of
e-Readiness in the region and the world [12].
5. WEBSITE DESIGN STRATEGIES
The authors in [22] showed that the government websites in two GCC countries (Saudi Arabia
and Oman) still need considerable efforts to become accessible websites at all. Governments in
GCC countries need to review their accessibility related policies to accelerate the transition to
accessible e-Government websites. Also it should take into account that websites must serve all
kinds of citizens, including disabled visitors to websites. Website development requires different
IT expertise in terms of accessibility, usability, security, user interface design, etc. Therefore, the
governments need to focus on the investment of such skills.
Government should either adapt the existing web accessibility guidelines or develop its own
guidelines that are appropriate for their context. The authors in [22] argue that governments
should set a policy for web accessibility together with an enforcement or encouragement
procedure e.g. make the accessibility of government websites a compulsory requirement or give a
reward for those who accommodate website accessibility may increase web accessibility.
Furthermore, e-Government websites should be accessible and usable for disabled people as they
are a non-neglected group in any country and they have the right in getting services and
participate in decision making.
7. International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology (IJCSEIT), Vol.3,No.3,June 2013
7
5.1 Recommendations for Online Service Website Designers
Providing government services via the internet has become a worldwide practice and is routinely
described as e-Government. There are many examples of poor websites and many problems have
emerged for users of e- Government services. Understanding the drawbacks and disadvantages of
such websites is the key point to built effective and successful e-government websites. The
effective use of evaluative techniques can increase the efficiency of these sites and hence
encourage people to use them. In addition, Web designers should also focus on website's content
including information, graphics and its appearance, fonts, colors, number of graphics and links,
use of audio and video files, and the structure of the home page [23][24]. This will lead to a
comfortable navigation and will increase the user trust and satisfaction in the website which will
consequently improve the positive interaction between the government and its employees [26].
For the case of the GCC countries, it is recommended that web designers develop online service
websites in Arabic and English languages to insure that website is understandable for those who
have difficulty of dealing with Arabic Language from visitors or residents.
6. CONCLUSION
E-government can be a very useful tool in improving quality of services provided to citizens. It
also facilitates interaction between different government agencies and different governments
among countries. It has the advantage of reducing cost, time, efforts, bureaucracy, etc. In order
for the e-governments to be successful, the governments need to learn from the experience of
other similar countries and get benefit from their success and failure stories. Furthermore, a user-
centered approach is recommended to be the core point during the process of e-government
establishment. This can be accomplished by understanding the requirements and culture of people
and taking them into account in the design process. The GCC countries are following the right
path in the process of adopting and transformation to the e-government approach. Finally, e-
government website design strategies and best practices need to be considered while designing
the e-government website.
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