This document summarizes a research paper that examines user acceptance of e-government services in Malaysia using a structural equation modeling approach. The paper reviews prior literature on technology acceptance models and identifies key factors that may influence user acceptance of e-government services, such as perceived usefulness, ease of use, compatibility, social influences, self-efficacy and facilitating conditions. Hypotheses are developed about the relationships between these factors and users' attitudes, perceived behavioral control and intentions to use e-government services. Data was collected from 200 Malaysian respondents and analyzed using structural equation modeling to test the proposed research model.
Extending UTAUT to explain social media adoption by microbusinessesDebashish Mandal
This paper establishes inadequacies of the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) theory to explain social media adoption by microbusinesses. Literature review confirms the explaining power of UTAUT in variety of technology adoption by businesses. This paper uses UTAUT theory to implement social media technology in microbusinesses. Canonical action research method is adopted to introduce social media in microbusinesses. A post positivist approach is used to report the results based on a predetermined premise. It was found that the major constructs of performance and effort expectancy played insignificant role in establishing behavioural and adoption intention of social media by microbusinesses. Social influence and facilitating condition did not influence the behavioural intentions of the microbusiness owners. Individual characteristics and codification effort dominated the use behaviour. Goal of gaining customers leads to behavioural modification resulting in replacing of behavioural intention with goals as a superior method of predicting adoption behaviour within the context of microbusinesses. This paper extends the UTAUT to explain social media adoption in microbusinesses.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE ADOPTION OF E-GOVERNMENT SERVICES IN PAKISTANMuhammad Ahmad
E-government provides opportunities to deliver various services more effectively and better serve citizens. In developing countries, e-government initiatives provide services that have been previously inaccessible to their citizens. However, e-government initiatives in developing countries are still in their infancy and face a wide range of barriers that restrict wide-spread use. Like many other developing countries, Pakistan has a low level of e-government services adoption. Previous research has investigated e-government services in developing countries from the organizational perspective. However, the research stream suffers from an absence of studies that have investigated e-government from a citizen’s perspective. The success of e-government services depends on government support as well as on citizen’s adoption. This paper aims to fill this gap by exploring the challenges and barriers of e-government services from the user’s perspective. In this study, an amended version of the UTAUT model is used to investigate the factors influencing the uptake of e-government services in Pakistan. The results show that the factors influencing the adoption of e-government services in Pakistan are related to ease of use, usefulness, social influence, technological issues, lack of awareness, data privacy, and trust. Implications for e-businesses and government policy decision makers are also considered in this study.
EXTENSION OF TECHNOLOGY ACCEPTANCE MODEL (TAM): A STUDY ON INDIAN INTERNET BA...IAEME Publication
Internet banking plays significant role in the development of banking business in our country. An application of electronic service brings predominant changes in the way of doing banking transactions. In simpler terms, internet banking refers to banking through bank’s website with the help of internet connection. Internet banking provides lot of benefits to the customers as well as the banks. Internet banking provides different kinds of services to the customers in the form checking balances, account statement, pay utility bills etc
Understanding User’s Acceptance of Personal Cloud Computing: Using the Techno...Maurice Dawson
Personal Cloud Computing (PCC) is a rapidly growing technology, addressing the market demand of individual users for access to available and reliable resources. But like other new technologies, concerns and issues have surfaced with the adoption of PCC. Users deciding whether to adopt PCC may be concerned about the ease of use, usefulness, or security risks in the cloud. Negative attitudes toward using a technology have been found to negatively impact the success of that technology. The purpose of this study was to understand users’ acceptance of PCC. The population sample consisted of individual users within the United States between 18 and 80 years of age. The theoretical framework utilized in this study was based on the technology acceptance model (TAM). A web survey was conducted to assess the measurement and understanding of patterns demonstrated by participants. Our results shows that in spite of the potential benefits of PCC, security and privacy risks are deterring many users from moving towards PCC.
E-GOVERNANCE ADOPTION IN GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION OF INDIAijmpict
India, the growing economic super-power proceeded with lightning speed towards the adoption and successful implementation of e-governance. The Government of West Bengal (federal unit of India) implemented e-governance in pension office i.e. Pension Management System (PMS), for faster and efficient delivery of public services. The success of PMS is dependent on many factors and one among them is the successful adoption by the employee which has been empirically analyzed. The study used the
Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Trust to build a conceptual model. Data collected from 60 employees working on the system and the model is assessed with regression analyses. The findings show that the determinants of the research model are support. The study also shows that the system doesn’t perform completely error free tasks which the Government of West Bengal should address. This is the first study of employee adoption of e-governance in pension office of India.
The advancement of the information and communications technology has helped almost all governments across the world as they have exploited these technologies for delivering services to their citizens. However, this phenomenon may face several challenges and barriers that lead to the failure in its adoption, use, or continuous usage. In the Arab countries, the rate of failure in the use of electronic services is high in the public sector. Therefore, previous studies have concentrated on this critical issue and highlighted on the citizens’ perspective andignored the perspective of employees in the government organizations.In addition, very few previous studies dealt with the quality of the services based on the employees’viewpoint. Thus, based on the arguments that have been stated earlier, this preliminary study strives to identify the factors that may affect the electronic administrative adoption according to the employees’ perspective. With regard to the data collection, the quantitative method, self-administered questionnaires will be distributed among the staff of the Al-Mustansiriyah University, Iraq.With regard to data analysis, a partial least squares structural equation modelling will be used as a technique to analyse the collected data from a key respondent (Employee). In fact, this research strivesto enrich the literature by adding more information about the factors that may hinder theadoption of modern technologies in general and electronic administration in particular. With regard to the Al-Mustansiriyah University, the present study is considered as the first study conducted in this area; therefore the outputs will assist the government to remedy these obstacles before beginning any project in the public sector including the use of ICT instead of the conventional manner.The result of the analysis showed that system quality, service quality, trust of organization, and usefulness were found as significant factors that affect the employees’ adoption of e-administration services in University.
Extending UTAUT to explain social media adoption by microbusinessesDebashish Mandal
This paper establishes inadequacies of the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) theory to explain social media adoption by microbusinesses. Literature review confirms the explaining power of UTAUT in variety of technology adoption by businesses. This paper uses UTAUT theory to implement social media technology in microbusinesses. Canonical action research method is adopted to introduce social media in microbusinesses. A post positivist approach is used to report the results based on a predetermined premise. It was found that the major constructs of performance and effort expectancy played insignificant role in establishing behavioural and adoption intention of social media by microbusinesses. Social influence and facilitating condition did not influence the behavioural intentions of the microbusiness owners. Individual characteristics and codification effort dominated the use behaviour. Goal of gaining customers leads to behavioural modification resulting in replacing of behavioural intention with goals as a superior method of predicting adoption behaviour within the context of microbusinesses. This paper extends the UTAUT to explain social media adoption in microbusinesses.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE ADOPTION OF E-GOVERNMENT SERVICES IN PAKISTANMuhammad Ahmad
E-government provides opportunities to deliver various services more effectively and better serve citizens. In developing countries, e-government initiatives provide services that have been previously inaccessible to their citizens. However, e-government initiatives in developing countries are still in their infancy and face a wide range of barriers that restrict wide-spread use. Like many other developing countries, Pakistan has a low level of e-government services adoption. Previous research has investigated e-government services in developing countries from the organizational perspective. However, the research stream suffers from an absence of studies that have investigated e-government from a citizen’s perspective. The success of e-government services depends on government support as well as on citizen’s adoption. This paper aims to fill this gap by exploring the challenges and barriers of e-government services from the user’s perspective. In this study, an amended version of the UTAUT model is used to investigate the factors influencing the uptake of e-government services in Pakistan. The results show that the factors influencing the adoption of e-government services in Pakistan are related to ease of use, usefulness, social influence, technological issues, lack of awareness, data privacy, and trust. Implications for e-businesses and government policy decision makers are also considered in this study.
EXTENSION OF TECHNOLOGY ACCEPTANCE MODEL (TAM): A STUDY ON INDIAN INTERNET BA...IAEME Publication
Internet banking plays significant role in the development of banking business in our country. An application of electronic service brings predominant changes in the way of doing banking transactions. In simpler terms, internet banking refers to banking through bank’s website with the help of internet connection. Internet banking provides lot of benefits to the customers as well as the banks. Internet banking provides different kinds of services to the customers in the form checking balances, account statement, pay utility bills etc
Understanding User’s Acceptance of Personal Cloud Computing: Using the Techno...Maurice Dawson
Personal Cloud Computing (PCC) is a rapidly growing technology, addressing the market demand of individual users for access to available and reliable resources. But like other new technologies, concerns and issues have surfaced with the adoption of PCC. Users deciding whether to adopt PCC may be concerned about the ease of use, usefulness, or security risks in the cloud. Negative attitudes toward using a technology have been found to negatively impact the success of that technology. The purpose of this study was to understand users’ acceptance of PCC. The population sample consisted of individual users within the United States between 18 and 80 years of age. The theoretical framework utilized in this study was based on the technology acceptance model (TAM). A web survey was conducted to assess the measurement and understanding of patterns demonstrated by participants. Our results shows that in spite of the potential benefits of PCC, security and privacy risks are deterring many users from moving towards PCC.
E-GOVERNANCE ADOPTION IN GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION OF INDIAijmpict
India, the growing economic super-power proceeded with lightning speed towards the adoption and successful implementation of e-governance. The Government of West Bengal (federal unit of India) implemented e-governance in pension office i.e. Pension Management System (PMS), for faster and efficient delivery of public services. The success of PMS is dependent on many factors and one among them is the successful adoption by the employee which has been empirically analyzed. The study used the
Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Trust to build a conceptual model. Data collected from 60 employees working on the system and the model is assessed with regression analyses. The findings show that the determinants of the research model are support. The study also shows that the system doesn’t perform completely error free tasks which the Government of West Bengal should address. This is the first study of employee adoption of e-governance in pension office of India.
The advancement of the information and communications technology has helped almost all governments across the world as they have exploited these technologies for delivering services to their citizens. However, this phenomenon may face several challenges and barriers that lead to the failure in its adoption, use, or continuous usage. In the Arab countries, the rate of failure in the use of electronic services is high in the public sector. Therefore, previous studies have concentrated on this critical issue and highlighted on the citizens’ perspective andignored the perspective of employees in the government organizations.In addition, very few previous studies dealt with the quality of the services based on the employees’viewpoint. Thus, based on the arguments that have been stated earlier, this preliminary study strives to identify the factors that may affect the electronic administrative adoption according to the employees’ perspective. With regard to the data collection, the quantitative method, self-administered questionnaires will be distributed among the staff of the Al-Mustansiriyah University, Iraq.With regard to data analysis, a partial least squares structural equation modelling will be used as a technique to analyse the collected data from a key respondent (Employee). In fact, this research strivesto enrich the literature by adding more information about the factors that may hinder theadoption of modern technologies in general and electronic administration in particular. With regard to the Al-Mustansiriyah University, the present study is considered as the first study conducted in this area; therefore the outputs will assist the government to remedy these obstacles before beginning any project in the public sector including the use of ICT instead of the conventional manner.The result of the analysis showed that system quality, service quality, trust of organization, and usefulness were found as significant factors that affect the employees’ adoption of e-administration services in University.
This presentation is about UTAUT and UTAUT 2. In this slide also discuss briefly about UTAUT and changes made in UTAUT 2. It also discuss about how it can be applied in the classroom and the strength and weakness of using it.
Tanzania government has been making efforts to provide its information and services through internet. However, e-government adoption has been quite slow. Few publications explore e-government adoption in Tanzanian context; therefore, the purpose of this paper is to assess factors that influence citizen adoption of e-government in Tanzania.Design/methodology/approach- A survey was administered to elicit factors for egovernment adoption in Tanzania. Findings- The results of multiple linear regressions indicate that social influence and system quality significantly influence e-government adoption in Tanzania.Research limitation/implications- In light of these findings, researchers should conduct a similar study using other different models of e-government adoption, in order to identify more factors that influence e-government adoption in Tanzania.
Practical implications- Policy makers and e-government project teams should consider these factors to facilitate e-government adoption within the country.
Antecedents of Knowledge Management Practices: Case of Malaysian PractitionersjournalBEEI
In this paper, we investigated the knowledge management (KM) behavior of executives in Malaysia who work in different sectors and involved in Information Technology (IT) related fields. We proposed a conceptual framework based on the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA), the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) to study their intention and involvement in KM initiatives. The knowledge creation theory (SECI process) was employed to operationalize KM intention and KM behavior. We proposed six independent variables that represent the social-cultural nature of KM as the antecedence of KM intention. These variables are trust, management support, decentralization, IT support, performance expectancy (PE), and effort expectancy (EE). Seventy-four executives from both private and government-linked organizations responded to our online questionnaire. SmartPLS3 was used to run the analysis. The reliability was ensured with the factor loadings, Cronbach’s alpha, Composite Reliability (CR) that met the fit requirement of above 0.6, 0.7 and 0.7 respectively. The convergent validity was confirmed through average variance extracted (AVE) that met the fit requirement of above 0.5. The discriminant validity was assessed by using Fornell and Larcker’s criterion. Finally, the structural model confirmed that only PE of KM, and EE of KM are the significant predictors of KM intention and the KM intention significantly predicts KM behavior. The implications of the findings are discussed in detail at the end of the paper.
The mobile phone has received global attention primarily as a personal consumer technology. However, we believe that mobile information technology in general will play a significant role in organisational efforts to innovate current practices and have significant economic impact. Enterprise mobility signals new ways of managing how people work together using mobile information technology and will form an integral part of the efforts to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of information work. This belief is, however, not reflected in the current selection of books and collections exploring the issue of enterprise mobility. The aim of this paper is to highlight some of the key challenges in the application of mobile information technology to improve organisational efficiency. This is accomplished through comparing and contrasting findings from a selection of 11 empirical studies of enterprise mobility with information technology conducted between 2001 and 2007. The paper argues that the debate so far has largely failed to embed glowing accounts for technological potential in a sound discussion of organisational realities. In particular, there has been a lack of balanced accounts of the implicit and explicit trade-offs involved in mobilising the interaction between members of the workforce.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
The impact of e politician on the adoption of e-service perceptions from a sa...ijmpict
The purpose of this study is to establish whether the use of information technology (IT) by elected
municipal representatives, for constituency work, emboldens the adoption of e-service in municipals of a
developing country. The research data was obtained through the completion of a questionnaire by a
sample of respondents who serve as authorities of IT in South African municipals. The findings from both
descriptive and inferential data analysis of collected data confirm that the use of IT by elected municipal
representatives for constituency work impacts the adoption of e-service in municipals. Furthermore, the
use of IT by elected municipal representatives for constituency work correlated with both e-service laws
and e-service security. This study contributes to a better understanding of choices needed when planning
for the adoption of e-service initiatives in municipals of developing countries. Given that 87.2% of
respondents are aware of a high access to telephone mobile, a further research is needed to clarify why
most elected municipal representatives of a developing country choose not to exploit IT for their
constituency work, and similarly why municipals of a developing country do not exploit IT to provide
services.
This paper presents a model for information technology (IT) sustainability within government organizations in developing countries. Previous studies indicate that most government IT implementations in developing countries fail to be sustained and to achieve their implementation goals. The causes of sustainability failure include technology, economics and financial, political, cultural, and organizations and their people. However, between those factors, organizations and people are most commonly found to be related to IT sustainability failure as neither organization nor their people are adapted to a new environment when IT is implemented. This causes lack of fit between government organizations, the people and the IT, which then results in failure to sustain the technology within their organizations. This study, therefore, proposes a model of government organizational adaptation to sustain IT implementation. In constructing the model, firstly, we examine how the process of adaptation of organizational and people factors are undertaken within government organizations from a variety of e-government studies. Previous studies show that government organizational bureaucracy, management, structure, hierarchy, culture, and business processes, should be adapted to meet the new IT requirements when government organizations are undertaking IT implementation. Government organizations should also change their missions and visions in response to new work systems resulting from IT implementation. Government employees’ skills, at all levels, need to be improved in order for them to be actively involved in the implementation process. Secondly, using constructs from the literature review we identify two published cases of governments IT sustainability failure in India and Indonesia. Both cases of e-government implementation show that the sustainability failure factors are caused by lack of adaptation of organizational and people factors to the IT. Thirdly, a solution as to how the factors should be adapted is proposed and finally a model is constructed. We conclude that government IT sustainability is critically determined in the adaptation process of government organizations and people to the IT during the implementation process. Limitations and future research are then addressed.
Effects of Relationship Quality on Citizen Intention Use of Egovernment Servi...IJECEIAES
This study aims to explain the concept of relationship quality on citizen intention use of e-Government service. We have built 5 hypotheses. The result of 5 hypotheses is positive and significant impact. In building citizen relationship, we build two antecedent they are perceived e-Government usability and perceived e-Government credibility. The method we use in this research is empirical, with 366 valid respondents.
CITIZENS’ ACCEPTANCE OF E-GOVERNMENT SERVICESijcseit
The rate of computer and internet usage has been increasing rapidly around the world. In parallel with the
technologic developments in computer science, transformation from traditional services to online services
has gained speed. The aim of this study is to predict the factors that affect e-government service usage. A
research model is developed to achieve this aim. The proposed model bases on Technology Acceptance
Model and Theory of Planned Behaviour. A questionnaire is developed to evaluate the model. This
questionnaire composes of two parts: demographics part and item part. In the items part, 32 items
comprising the factors of the proposed model are asked to participants. 100 participants fill the
questionnaire. Reliability analysis of the questionnaire is evaluated with internal consistency reliability
method. Results show that all items satisfies the reliability conditions. The reliability of whole
questionnaire Cronbach Alpha is 0.885. The Cronbach’s alpha for the overall scale of each of the factors
ranges from 0.878 to 0.890. Regression analysis results showed that all hypotheses are supported. This
study provides some valuable references to understand citizens’ acceptance level of e-government services.
Organizational Barriers Influencing Local Electronic Government Adoption and ...IAIN Datokarama Palu
Researches in electronic government have indicated a number of organizational barriers that hinder the adoption and implementation of electronic government. This paper proposes a research framework for analyzing how organizational barriers influence the adoption and implementation of e-government at local levels. The framework is constructed based on four organizational dimensions; adaptability, involvement, mission, and bureaucracy drawn from organizational theories and e-government literature. We found that organizational barriers which are identified in major e-government literature link to the dimensions of organizational culture and effectiveness. Our conclusion is that the framework is relevant to understand organizational barriers influencing adoption and implementation of local e-government. The limitation of this study is that the framework has been developed based on the application of a theoretical lens on the e-government literature. It is now necessary to test this model in different contexts.
At this time, e-governance transformation is considered as one of the most important and biggest challenges among
and within the IT-related sector from the scale and complexity perspective. In this respect, the researches have
reviewed and studied some of the factors that affect implementing the e-governance for Public and private schools in
Governorate of Al Buraimi, Oman. The aim of the study was to determine whether there existed organizational
differences that demanded different approaches and strategies for the implementation of e-governance. The research
considered three organizational factors, which included, the type of the organization (public or private), size of the
organization and the work experience of the employees of the organization. In addition, the research considered the
some of the requirements needed for the implementation of e-governance. These requirements included, physical,
financial, administrative and management requirements. Through the research it was evident that the different types
of requirements needed for the implementation of e-governance varied by the organizational factors. In other words,
the findings indicated that the approaches and strategies that needs to be adopted will differ with the organizational
characteristics. This differences needs to be considered at the time of implementation and should be incorporated
when developing the implementation plans by the implementing organization
Mobile Financial Services – Adoption and Challenges in BangladeshAbu Shadath Shaibal
The introduction of prepaid cards and the fallen prices of mobile handsets have led to a rapid spread of mobile phones in the emerging economies. This has opened up diverse opportunities for them to be used over and above voice communication. One of such uses which have emerged lately is the use of mobile phones in financial services. This paper explored the key factors that affect the consumer’s acceptance and use of mobile money transfer by extending using key determinants from TAM and IDT theory.
And go through opportunities, threats, challenges, risks and how to mitigate the risk.
Keywords: TAM, Adoption, Mobile Money, Mobile Money Transfer, Bangladesh, MFS, MFSP.
Successful factors determining the significant relationship between e-governa...riyaniaes
Every government's major objective is to provide the greatest services in order to establish efficiency and quality of performance. Syria's government has understood how critical it is to go in the direction of information technology. However, there are gaps and poor links across government sectors, which has tainted the image of Syrian e-governance. As a result, one of the main aims of this study is to figure out what factors impact Syrians' acceptance of the e-government system. A total of 600 questionnaires were delivered to Syrian individuals as part of a survey. The data was analysed using the structural equation model (SEM) using AMOS version 21.0. User intention to utilise an e-government system was shown to be influenced by performance expectations, effort expectations, system flexibility, citizens-centricity, and facilitating conditions. Assurance, responsiveness, reliability, tangibles, and empathy are five fundamental factors that have a major impact on government operation excellence. Behavioural Intention is being utilised as a mediator between the government operation excellence (GOE) initiative and the e-government platform.
Panorama Mensal de Abril
Todo mês nossa equipe de análise prepara um Panorama com os destaques do mês que passou e as perspectivas do mês que vai entrar. Além disso, é nesse relatório que divulgamos nossas carteiras recomendadas para o mês que se inicia.
This presentation is about UTAUT and UTAUT 2. In this slide also discuss briefly about UTAUT and changes made in UTAUT 2. It also discuss about how it can be applied in the classroom and the strength and weakness of using it.
Tanzania government has been making efforts to provide its information and services through internet. However, e-government adoption has been quite slow. Few publications explore e-government adoption in Tanzanian context; therefore, the purpose of this paper is to assess factors that influence citizen adoption of e-government in Tanzania.Design/methodology/approach- A survey was administered to elicit factors for egovernment adoption in Tanzania. Findings- The results of multiple linear regressions indicate that social influence and system quality significantly influence e-government adoption in Tanzania.Research limitation/implications- In light of these findings, researchers should conduct a similar study using other different models of e-government adoption, in order to identify more factors that influence e-government adoption in Tanzania.
Practical implications- Policy makers and e-government project teams should consider these factors to facilitate e-government adoption within the country.
Antecedents of Knowledge Management Practices: Case of Malaysian PractitionersjournalBEEI
In this paper, we investigated the knowledge management (KM) behavior of executives in Malaysia who work in different sectors and involved in Information Technology (IT) related fields. We proposed a conceptual framework based on the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA), the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) to study their intention and involvement in KM initiatives. The knowledge creation theory (SECI process) was employed to operationalize KM intention and KM behavior. We proposed six independent variables that represent the social-cultural nature of KM as the antecedence of KM intention. These variables are trust, management support, decentralization, IT support, performance expectancy (PE), and effort expectancy (EE). Seventy-four executives from both private and government-linked organizations responded to our online questionnaire. SmartPLS3 was used to run the analysis. The reliability was ensured with the factor loadings, Cronbach’s alpha, Composite Reliability (CR) that met the fit requirement of above 0.6, 0.7 and 0.7 respectively. The convergent validity was confirmed through average variance extracted (AVE) that met the fit requirement of above 0.5. The discriminant validity was assessed by using Fornell and Larcker’s criterion. Finally, the structural model confirmed that only PE of KM, and EE of KM are the significant predictors of KM intention and the KM intention significantly predicts KM behavior. The implications of the findings are discussed in detail at the end of the paper.
The mobile phone has received global attention primarily as a personal consumer technology. However, we believe that mobile information technology in general will play a significant role in organisational efforts to innovate current practices and have significant economic impact. Enterprise mobility signals new ways of managing how people work together using mobile information technology and will form an integral part of the efforts to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of information work. This belief is, however, not reflected in the current selection of books and collections exploring the issue of enterprise mobility. The aim of this paper is to highlight some of the key challenges in the application of mobile information technology to improve organisational efficiency. This is accomplished through comparing and contrasting findings from a selection of 11 empirical studies of enterprise mobility with information technology conducted between 2001 and 2007. The paper argues that the debate so far has largely failed to embed glowing accounts for technological potential in a sound discussion of organisational realities. In particular, there has been a lack of balanced accounts of the implicit and explicit trade-offs involved in mobilising the interaction between members of the workforce.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
The impact of e politician on the adoption of e-service perceptions from a sa...ijmpict
The purpose of this study is to establish whether the use of information technology (IT) by elected
municipal representatives, for constituency work, emboldens the adoption of e-service in municipals of a
developing country. The research data was obtained through the completion of a questionnaire by a
sample of respondents who serve as authorities of IT in South African municipals. The findings from both
descriptive and inferential data analysis of collected data confirm that the use of IT by elected municipal
representatives for constituency work impacts the adoption of e-service in municipals. Furthermore, the
use of IT by elected municipal representatives for constituency work correlated with both e-service laws
and e-service security. This study contributes to a better understanding of choices needed when planning
for the adoption of e-service initiatives in municipals of developing countries. Given that 87.2% of
respondents are aware of a high access to telephone mobile, a further research is needed to clarify why
most elected municipal representatives of a developing country choose not to exploit IT for their
constituency work, and similarly why municipals of a developing country do not exploit IT to provide
services.
This paper presents a model for information technology (IT) sustainability within government organizations in developing countries. Previous studies indicate that most government IT implementations in developing countries fail to be sustained and to achieve their implementation goals. The causes of sustainability failure include technology, economics and financial, political, cultural, and organizations and their people. However, between those factors, organizations and people are most commonly found to be related to IT sustainability failure as neither organization nor their people are adapted to a new environment when IT is implemented. This causes lack of fit between government organizations, the people and the IT, which then results in failure to sustain the technology within their organizations. This study, therefore, proposes a model of government organizational adaptation to sustain IT implementation. In constructing the model, firstly, we examine how the process of adaptation of organizational and people factors are undertaken within government organizations from a variety of e-government studies. Previous studies show that government organizational bureaucracy, management, structure, hierarchy, culture, and business processes, should be adapted to meet the new IT requirements when government organizations are undertaking IT implementation. Government organizations should also change their missions and visions in response to new work systems resulting from IT implementation. Government employees’ skills, at all levels, need to be improved in order for them to be actively involved in the implementation process. Secondly, using constructs from the literature review we identify two published cases of governments IT sustainability failure in India and Indonesia. Both cases of e-government implementation show that the sustainability failure factors are caused by lack of adaptation of organizational and people factors to the IT. Thirdly, a solution as to how the factors should be adapted is proposed and finally a model is constructed. We conclude that government IT sustainability is critically determined in the adaptation process of government organizations and people to the IT during the implementation process. Limitations and future research are then addressed.
Effects of Relationship Quality on Citizen Intention Use of Egovernment Servi...IJECEIAES
This study aims to explain the concept of relationship quality on citizen intention use of e-Government service. We have built 5 hypotheses. The result of 5 hypotheses is positive and significant impact. In building citizen relationship, we build two antecedent they are perceived e-Government usability and perceived e-Government credibility. The method we use in this research is empirical, with 366 valid respondents.
CITIZENS’ ACCEPTANCE OF E-GOVERNMENT SERVICESijcseit
The rate of computer and internet usage has been increasing rapidly around the world. In parallel with the
technologic developments in computer science, transformation from traditional services to online services
has gained speed. The aim of this study is to predict the factors that affect e-government service usage. A
research model is developed to achieve this aim. The proposed model bases on Technology Acceptance
Model and Theory of Planned Behaviour. A questionnaire is developed to evaluate the model. This
questionnaire composes of two parts: demographics part and item part. In the items part, 32 items
comprising the factors of the proposed model are asked to participants. 100 participants fill the
questionnaire. Reliability analysis of the questionnaire is evaluated with internal consistency reliability
method. Results show that all items satisfies the reliability conditions. The reliability of whole
questionnaire Cronbach Alpha is 0.885. The Cronbach’s alpha for the overall scale of each of the factors
ranges from 0.878 to 0.890. Regression analysis results showed that all hypotheses are supported. This
study provides some valuable references to understand citizens’ acceptance level of e-government services.
Organizational Barriers Influencing Local Electronic Government Adoption and ...IAIN Datokarama Palu
Researches in electronic government have indicated a number of organizational barriers that hinder the adoption and implementation of electronic government. This paper proposes a research framework for analyzing how organizational barriers influence the adoption and implementation of e-government at local levels. The framework is constructed based on four organizational dimensions; adaptability, involvement, mission, and bureaucracy drawn from organizational theories and e-government literature. We found that organizational barriers which are identified in major e-government literature link to the dimensions of organizational culture and effectiveness. Our conclusion is that the framework is relevant to understand organizational barriers influencing adoption and implementation of local e-government. The limitation of this study is that the framework has been developed based on the application of a theoretical lens on the e-government literature. It is now necessary to test this model in different contexts.
At this time, e-governance transformation is considered as one of the most important and biggest challenges among
and within the IT-related sector from the scale and complexity perspective. In this respect, the researches have
reviewed and studied some of the factors that affect implementing the e-governance for Public and private schools in
Governorate of Al Buraimi, Oman. The aim of the study was to determine whether there existed organizational
differences that demanded different approaches and strategies for the implementation of e-governance. The research
considered three organizational factors, which included, the type of the organization (public or private), size of the
organization and the work experience of the employees of the organization. In addition, the research considered the
some of the requirements needed for the implementation of e-governance. These requirements included, physical,
financial, administrative and management requirements. Through the research it was evident that the different types
of requirements needed for the implementation of e-governance varied by the organizational factors. In other words,
the findings indicated that the approaches and strategies that needs to be adopted will differ with the organizational
characteristics. This differences needs to be considered at the time of implementation and should be incorporated
when developing the implementation plans by the implementing organization
Mobile Financial Services – Adoption and Challenges in BangladeshAbu Shadath Shaibal
The introduction of prepaid cards and the fallen prices of mobile handsets have led to a rapid spread of mobile phones in the emerging economies. This has opened up diverse opportunities for them to be used over and above voice communication. One of such uses which have emerged lately is the use of mobile phones in financial services. This paper explored the key factors that affect the consumer’s acceptance and use of mobile money transfer by extending using key determinants from TAM and IDT theory.
And go through opportunities, threats, challenges, risks and how to mitigate the risk.
Keywords: TAM, Adoption, Mobile Money, Mobile Money Transfer, Bangladesh, MFS, MFSP.
Successful factors determining the significant relationship between e-governa...riyaniaes
Every government's major objective is to provide the greatest services in order to establish efficiency and quality of performance. Syria's government has understood how critical it is to go in the direction of information technology. However, there are gaps and poor links across government sectors, which has tainted the image of Syrian e-governance. As a result, one of the main aims of this study is to figure out what factors impact Syrians' acceptance of the e-government system. A total of 600 questionnaires were delivered to Syrian individuals as part of a survey. The data was analysed using the structural equation model (SEM) using AMOS version 21.0. User intention to utilise an e-government system was shown to be influenced by performance expectations, effort expectations, system flexibility, citizens-centricity, and facilitating conditions. Assurance, responsiveness, reliability, tangibles, and empathy are five fundamental factors that have a major impact on government operation excellence. Behavioural Intention is being utilised as a mediator between the government operation excellence (GOE) initiative and the e-government platform.
Panorama Mensal de Abril
Todo mês nossa equipe de análise prepara um Panorama com os destaques do mês que passou e as perspectivas do mês que vai entrar. Além disso, é nesse relatório que divulgamos nossas carteiras recomendadas para o mês que se inicia.
Keynote I did at JAX2013 with the topic basically being "the JVM is over - enter the Polyglot Runtime". It is about the work that Oracle and the community is doing to facilitate multiple languages (non Java) on the Java Virtual Machine. This is both relevant for dynamic languages as well as "non dynamic" ones.
View the brand new range of industrial and commercial LED lighting solutions from HADAR Lighting from LED high bays to street lights and office lighting.
GigaTera is the brand of LED lighting launched by KMW Inc. - The world’s best telecommunication company.
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we are pushing the limits of research and development to be at the forefront of the LED lighting industry.
For more information, please visit our website www.GigaTeraled.com or contact us at +1 (314) 809-5506.
ASSESSING THE ADOPTION OF E-GOVERNMENT USING TAM MODEL: CASE OF EGYPTIJMIT JOURNAL
Electronic government (e-government) was known as an efficient method for government expertness and proficiency as a vital facilitator for citizen-oriented services. Since their initiation over a decade ago, Egovernment services are recognised as a vehicle for accessing online public services. Both governments and academic researchers understand the difficulty of low-level adoption of e-government services among citizens; a common problem between both developing and developed countries. This paper investigates determinants and factors necessary to enhance adoption of citizens for e-government services in developing countries, with particular focus on Egypt, by extending the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) using a set of political, social, and design constructs that were developed from different sources of research literature.
Assessing the adoption of e government using tam model case of egyptIJMIT JOURNAL
Electronic government (e-government) was known as an efficient method for government expertness and proficiency as a vital facilitator for citizen-oriented services. Since their initiation over a decade ago, Egovernment services are recognised as a vehicle for accessing online public services. Both governments and academic researchers understand the difficulty of low-level adoption of e-government services among citizens; a common problem between both developing and developed countries. This paper investigates determinants and factors necessary to enhance adoption of citizens for e-government services in developing countries, with particular focus on Egypt, by extending the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) using a set of political, social, and design constructs that were developed from different sources of research literature.
Analysis of the User Acceptance for Implementing ISO/IEC 27001:2005 in Turkis...IJMIT JOURNAL
This study aims to develop a model for the user acceptance for implementing the information security standard (i.e. ISO 27001) in Turkish public organizations. The results of the surveys performed in Turkey reveal that the legislation on information security public which organizations have to obey is significantly related with the user acceptance during ISO 27001 implementation process. The fundamental components of our user acceptance model are perceived usefulness, attitude towards use, social norms, and performance expectancy.
The Contribution of Information Technology Infrastructure in the Information ...IJRES Journal
There are some great innovations in e-government during the past decade. And there is intense competition between some governments and leaders in the supply of services on the Internet. Some countries do not want to stay behind in this area, where many governments have developed detailed strategies to realize the e-government programs. Despite differences in goals behind these programs from one country to another, but there are still many points of convergence between them particularly in information technology infrastructure field. However, Problems associated with the process of application and adoption of e-government due to poor systems and infrastructure construction, which negatively affects the adoption of the public services through the e-government portal, in particular in developing countries. This study argued contribution the information technology Infrastructure in Information Systems success in e-government agencies. Where there are weaknesses in the understanding of this contribution and its importance in many developing countries, so the researcher proposed a model to clarify this contribution, and expected a positive relationship between the information technology infrastructure factors and information systems success, and this affects positively or negatively the adoption of e-government.
CITIZENS’ ACCEPTANCE OF E-GOVERNMENT SERVICESijcseit
The rate of computer and internet usage has been increasing rapidly around the world. In parallel with the
technologic developments in computer science, transformation from traditional services to online services
has gained speed. The aim of this study is to predict the factors that affect e-government service usage. A
research model is developed to achieve this aim. The proposed model bases on Technology Acceptance
Model and Theory of Planned Behaviour. A questionnaire is developed to evaluate the model. This
questionnaire composes of two parts: demographics part and item part. In the items part, 32 items
comprising the factors of the proposed model are asked to participants. 100 participants fill the
questionnaire. Reliability analysis of the questionnaire is evaluated with internal consistency reliability
method. Results show that all items satisfies the reliability conditions. The reliability of whole
questionnaire Cronbach Alpha is 0.885. The Cronbach’s alpha for the overall scale of each of the factors
ranges from 0.878 to 0.890. Regression analysis results showed that all hypotheses are supported. This
study provides some valuable references to understand citizens’ acceptance level of e-government services.
Framework for Securing Educational E-Government Serviceijcisjournal
Enhancement in technology is leading to a change in the way governments, individuals, institutions and
business entities provide quality services to the citizen. Today's education system plays crucial role for
developing cognizance in society so e-government service is obliged to integrate with educational system.
In this work we proposed a novel framework for integrating educational service within e-government
services. One of the main tasks of this paper is to explore or propose a Secure Examination Management
System (SEMS). The system has been designed using cryptographic primitives, which enables students to
take the exam from anywhere. The student is allowed to take the exam after he gives his necessary
authentication details. In SEMS, it is important to exclude false students while ensuring the privacy for the
honest students. It allows evaluators to share student examination papers for evaluation with proper
authentication. This is done using digital signatures, authentication and confidentiality provided by public
key cryptographic system.
Financial Management Information System within Government Institution and Sup...sececonf
The provision of comprehensive financial
information by the government institution is needed by
the wider community to boost the effectiveness of the
information to the society and government, and
decision-making. This system produces information that
is able to encourage the realization of a clean,
transparent, and able government to respond to
changing demands effectively. Therefore, the success of
the information system if the users are successful in the
model of acceptance of the systems and information
technology and it would be improving their
performance. This research aims to examine the
acceptance of regional financial information systems in
government using the Technology Acceptance Model
(TAM) and evidence of its influence on the
performance. The study found 556 respondents who are
civil servants in Lampung Province. The finding using
SEM analysis shows that all constructs have an effect in
conformity with the concept of TAM in a government
institution. This study reveals that all variables which
include the model of TAM theory have a positive impact
on the user's performance. It also improvesthe
effectiveness of the information system within the
government institution, especially the implementation of
the financial management information system.
Keywords-Financial Management Information System,
supply chain strategy, Technology Acceptance Model
(TAM), User’s Performance
In China, a mobile education app is one of the top-three most popular apps, and its market size is
continually growing. As the age of the largest group of mobile app users in China is between 26 and 30 years
old, college students will become the largest potential group to use mobile education apps in the future.
Therefore, understanding the Chinese potential consumers’ attitude and behavior intention to use mobile
education apps is a good way for marketers to set up competitive strategies during promotions. Based on the
TAM model, this study used perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and perceived enjoyment to measure
students’ attitude and behavior intention to use mobile education apps in China. Based on the research of 125
Chinese college students, the result indicated that perceived usefulness and perceived enjoyment were positively
influencing users’ attitude and intention to use mobile education apps. However, the perceived ease of use didn’t
affect participants’ behavior intention to use education apps. It confirms that the perceptions of usefulness and
enjoyment are indicators of attitude and intention to use mobile education apps among Chinese college students.
Moreover, the perceived ease of use has a positive impact on the Chinese college students’ attitude toward
education apps but not the individual intention to use the apps. Therefore, in order to target Chinese college
students, marketers can focus on the usefulness and enjoyment of using education apps.
INVESTIGATING TANZANIA GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES’ ACCEPTANCE AND USE OF SOCIAL MED...IJMIT JOURNAL
The aim of this paper was to present factors which influence work-related adoption of social media among
government employees. The study adapted the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology
(UTAUT) and integrated it with three constructs namely Hedonic Motivation (HM), Perceived Personal
Image (PI) and Attitude (AT). The sample of study consisted of 600 usable responses collected using survey
questionnaire from employees based in Tanzania Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) employing
convenience sampling technique. The data was analyzed using Structural Equation Modelling. The results
showed that, PI and HM influence attitude (AT), while PI, Social Influence (SI) and AT influence Behavior
Intention (BI). Moreover, SI, PI, AT and BI showed significant effect on actual Use Behavior. Furthermore,
the results showed that PI is affected positively by HM and SI. The added constructs proved to be important
modifications to the UTAUT model as suggested by the increase in explained variance by UTAUT from
70% to 73% on BI and from 53% to 73% on actual use behavior.
Improving Technological Services and Its Effect on the Police’s PerformanceEditor IJCATR
The role of police department in any country is critical. It is obvious that improving the technology in police department can
be done with safety and contributes to improve its economy. This paper, first tries to recognize the existed weaknesses in used
technologies. Then, it will suggest the best approach. The proposed framework of this study points out to two different moderating
roles that can be considered as technical contributions. Moreover, the combination of this proposed framework is new for current
study. This framework is concentrated on technology improvement, knowledge management system, technology acceptance, police
performance, and ministry performance
FirstReview these assigned readings; they will serve as your .docxclydes2
First:
Review these assigned readings; they will serve as your scientific sources of accurate information:
http://www.closerlookatstemcells.org/Top_10_Stem_Cell_Treatment_Facts.html
http://www.closerlookatstemcells.org/How_Science_Becomes_Medicine.html
http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/649266-fighting-ageing-using-stem-cell-therapy.html
http://www.nature.com/news/stem-cells-in-texas-cowboy-culture-1.12404
http://www.cbc.ca/radio/whitecoat/blog/stem-cell-hype-and-risk-1.3654515
http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/7/278/278ps4.full
Next:
Use a standard Google search for this phrase: “stem cell therapy.” Do not go to Google Scholar. Select one of the websites, blogs, or other locations that offer stem cell therapies.
Save the link for your selected site.
Read the materials provided on your selected site and find out who the authors and sponsors of the site are by going to their “home” or “about us” pages.
Finally, submit your responses to the following in an essay of 500-750 words (2-3 pages of text—use a separate page for a title and for your references):
You are going to prepare a critique of the site you located and compare it to the scientific information available on this therapy.
Give the full title of the website, web blog, or other site that you selected, along with the link.
Describe the therapy that is being offered and what conditions it is designed to treat.
Who are the authors and sponsors of the site you selected?
Compare the claims about the therapy offered to what is said in the assigned readings about this type of therapy. You may have to use our library, as well, to determine what scientists and researchers have to say about the use of stem cells to treat this condition.
Would you say that the therapy you found is a well-established, proven technique for humans, or more of an experimental, unproven approach?
What about the type of language discussed in the Goldman article? Is the therapy you found using sensationalist claims and terminology that are not supported by the scientific research?
Would you recommend that a patient with this condition go ahead and participate in this treatment? Why or why not?
Literature review on how Information Technology has impacted governing bodies’ ability to align public policy with stakeholder needs
Nowadays, the governing bodies both in public and private sectors are dealing with complex systems on a day to day operations. These systems are made up of different components which present varying interactions and interrelationships with and/or among each other; therefore, making their management to be difficult or challenging. Indeed, Ruiz, Zabaleta & Elorza (2016), highlighted that public policymakers have to deal with complex systems which involve heterogeneous agents that act in non-linear behaviors making their management difficult. Neziraj & Shaqiri (2018) also stated that the policymakers are faced with problems which are complex and non-uniform due to a lot of uncertainties and risk situ.
A Mediating Role of Knowledge Management System in the Relationship between I...Editor IJCATR
This paper as a qualitative paper attempts to review extant research in term of e-government performance, knowledge
management system, and information technology infrastructure. Nowadays, various countries are trying to improve their performance
by using information technology. In this regard, knowledge management can be considered an influential factor which plays a vital
role in the relationship between IT infrastructure and e-government performance. In the sequel, this paper proposes a framework which
can be applied for future study
A Mediating Role of Knowledge Management System in the Relationship between I...Editor IJCATR
This paper as a qualitative paper attempts to review extant research in term of e-government performance, knowledge
management system, and information technology infrastructure. Nowadays, various countries are trying to improve their performance
by using information technology. In this regard, knowledge management can be considered an influential factor which plays a vital
role in the relationship between IT infrastructure and e-government performance. In the sequel, this paper proposes a framework which
can be applied for future study.
13 kebijakan pembangunan wilayah pesisirAchmad Ridha
pembangunan wilayah pesisir merupakan salah satu alternatif pembangunan di sektor ekonomi. dengan luas wilayah perairan darat dan laut yang lebih luas dari daratan seharusnya sektor ini dapat menyumbang devisa yang relatif besar bagi negara.
1. Interdisciplinary Journal of Information, Knowledge, and Management Volume 5, 2010
Editor: Zlatko Kovacic
User Acceptance of the E-Government Services in
Malaysia: Structural Equation Modelling Approach
Norazah Mohd Suki
Universiti Malaysia Sabah,
Labuan, Malaysia
azahsuki@yahoo.com
T. Ramayah
Universiti Sains Malaysia,
Penang, Malaysia
ramayah@gmail.com
Abstract
This paper identifies the factors that determine users’ acceptance of e-Government services and
its causal relationships using a theoretical model based on the Technology Acceptance Model.
Data relating to the constructs were collected from 200 respondents in Malaysia and subjected to
Structural Equation Modeling analysis. The proposed model fits the data well. Results indicate
that the important determinants of user acceptance of the e-Government services are perceived
usefulness, ease of use, compatibility, interpersonal influence, external influence, self efficacy,
facilitating conditions, attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and intention to
use e-Government services/system. Finally, implications and recommendations of these finding
are discussed.
Keywords: e-Government, Usefulness, Ease of Use, Attitude, Intention to Use, Technology Ac-
ceptance Model
Introduction
Brown and Brudney (2001, p. 1) define Electronic Government (e-Government) as the use of
technology, especially Web-based applications, to enhance access to and efficiently deliver gov-
ernment information and services. They categorize e-Government efforts into three broad catego-
ries of Government-to-Government (G2G), Government-to-Citizen (G2C), and Government-to-
Business (G2B). One may include two additional categories in this list: Government-to-Civil So-
cietal Organizations (G2CS) and Citizen-to-Citizen (C2C), if the interaction among citizens is
related to the other three categories of e-Government. By virtue of being a new mode of opera-
tion, e-Government has the potential to change the way that a governing body interacts with citi-
zens and businesses. The realization of e-Government affects everyone because the role of gov-
ernment is all-encompassing and very complex.
In 1997, the Malaysian Government launched the e-Government initiative, generally known as e-
Government, to reinvent itself to lead
the country into the Information Age. As
far as Malaysia is concerned, the im-
plementation of e-Government was ini-
tiated with the introduction of the Mul-
timedia Super Corridor (MSC) in 1996.
The implementation of e-Government in
Malaysia heralds the beginning of a
journey of reinventing the government
by transforming the way it operates,
modernizing and enhancing its service
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2. User Acceptance of the E-Government Services in Malaysia: SEM Approach
396
delivery. e-Government seeks to enhance the convenience, accessibility, and quality of interac-
tions with the public and businesses at large. Simultaneously, it was expected to improve infor-
mation flow and processes within the government, improve the speed and quality of policy devel-
opment, and improve coordination and enforcement. This would enable the government to be
more responsive to the needs of its citizens (The Multimedia Super Corridor, n.d.).
e-Government is one of the seven flagship applications introduced in MSC. Under the e-
Government flagship, seven main projects were identified to be the core of the e-Government
applications. The e-Government projects are Electronic Procurement (eP), Project Monitoring
System (PMS), Electronic Services Delivery (eServices), Human Resource Management Infor-
mation System (HRMIS), Generic Office Environment (GOE), E-Syariah and Electronic Labour
Exchange (ELX). Besides these seven main projects under e-Government flagships, several gov-
ernment agencies have taken initiatives to introduce online services for the public projects, aim-
ing to increase the ease and efficiency of public service to the people. Among others were Public
Services Portal (myGovernment), e-Tanah, e-Consent, e-Filing, e-Local Government (e-PBT), e-
Kehakiman, Custom Information System (SMK), Pensions Online Workflow Environment
(POWER), and Training Information System (e-SILA).
Previous research identified determinants of potential users’ adoption of e-Government services
in a developing country using an amended version of the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use
of Technology (UTAUT) model (AlAwadhi & Morris, 2008). The research described in this pa-
per extends those findings and identifies other factors that could exert an influence. In view of the
fact that there is a dearth of empirical studies on determinants of user acceptance in relation to e-
Government services in Malaysia, and in order to understand where Malaysia is in terms of public
organizational support for e-Government, it was decided that a preliminary exploratory investiga-
tion of this issue in more detail was worthwhile. Hence, this research represents an initial attempt
to address user acceptance of e-Government services in Malaysia. This research provides useful
insights into the motivations underlying the intentions to use e-Government services in develop-
ing countries such as Malaysia.
Literature Review
A number of studies have investigated the adoption of e-Government services using technology
acceptance theories and models, such as the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) (Fishbein & Aj-
zen, 1975), the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) (Ajzen, 1991), the Technology Acceptance
Model (TAM) (Davis, 1989), the Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) (Rogers, 1995), and the Unified
Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) (Venkatesh, Morris, Davis, & Davis,
2003). These studies provide useful insights and implications for understanding an individual’s
intention of using e-Government services. They also have identified a number of factors that de-
termine the adoption of e-Government services, such as usefulness, ease of use, perceived risk,
trustworthiness, compatibility, external influence, Internet safety, interpersonal influence, relative
advantage, image, and facilitating conditions (See for example Carter & Belanger, 2003; Huang,
D’Ambra, & Bhalla, 2002; Hung, Chang, & Yu; 2006).
Theory of Technology Acceptance Model
The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) is an influential extension of Ajzen and Fishbein’s
(1980) Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA). It was introduced and developed by Fred Davis in
1986 (refer to Figure 1). TAM is a model derived from a theory that addresses the issue of how
users come to accept and use specific technology. The model suggests that when users are pre-
sented with, for instance, a new software package, a number of variables influence their decisions
about how and when they will use it. There are two specific variables, perceived usefulness and
3. Norazah & Ramayah
397
perceived ease of use, which are hypothesized to be fundamental determinants of user acceptance
(Davis & Arbor, 1989).
Figure 1: Technology acceptance model
TAM uses TRA as a theoretical basis for specifying the causal linkages between the two key fea-
tures (perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use) and users’ attitudes, intentions, and actual
computer adoption behavior. TAM is considerably less general than TRA and is designed to ap-
ply only to computer usage behavior (Davis, 1989). But it can be readily extended to apply to any
type of technology, and consequently it could be applied to the study of users’ acceptance of e-
Government.
Perceived Usefulness
Perceived usefulness in the TAM model originally referred to job related productivity, perform-
ance, and effectiveness (Davis, 1989). This is an important belief identified as providing diagnos-
tic insight into how user attitudes toward using (and intention to use) are influenced; perceived
usefulness has a direct effect on intentions to use over and above its influence via attitude (Davis,
1989; Taylor & Todd, 1995). Incorporating concepts used in Expectancy Theory, Triandis (1980)
proposed that an important factor influencing behavior is the expected consequences of the be-
havior. Perceived usefulness was found to be significant constructs in the e-Government adoption
literature (e.g. Carter & Belanger, 2004, 2005). Past research was inconsistent on whether per-
ceived usefulness was the stronger determinant. Fu, Farn, and Chao (2006) and Norazah, Rama-
yah, and Norbayah (2008) found that behavioral intention was largely driven by perceived use-
fulness. In regards to e-Government acceptance, we test the following hypothesis:
H1: Perceived usefulness will have a significant positive effect on Attitude towards e-
Government Services.
Perceived Ease of Use
Perceived ease of use is another major determinant of attitude toward use in the TAM model.
This internal belief ties to an individual’s assessment of the mental effort involved in using a sys-
tem (Davis, 1989). Perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use are distinct but related con-
structs. Improvements in perceived ease of use may contribute to improved performance. Since
improved performance defines perceived usefulness that is equivalent to near-term usefulness,
perceived ease of use would have a direct, positive effect on perceived near-term usefulness. Da-
vis (1989) once proposed to test the generality of the observed usefulness and ease of use tradeoff
and to assess the impact of external interventions on these internal behavioral determinants. The
empirical research findings are, however, mixed (Chau, 1996; Davis, 1989).
Perceived ease of use was found to be significant constructs in the e-Government adoption litera-
ture (e.g. Carter & Belanger, 2004, 2005). Wang (2002) found that perceived ease of use was a
External Va-
riables
Perceived
Usefulness
Perceived
Ease of Use
Attitude to-
wards Use
Intention to
Use
Actual
System
Usage
4. User Acceptance of the E-Government Services in Malaysia: SEM Approach
398
stronger predictor of people’s intention to e-file than perceived usefulness. Perceived ease of use
was found to have positively influenced the behavioural intention to use a system (Fagan,
Wooldridge, & Neill, 2008; Hsu, Wang, & Chiu, 2009; Ramayah, Chin, Norazah, & Amlus,
2005). These results suggest the following hypothesis:
H2: Perceived ease of use will have a significant positive effect on Attitude towards e-
Government Services.
Compatibility
Compatibility is another important dimension of the innovation diffusion theory. In Tornatzky
and Klein’s (1982) meta-analysis of innovation, they found that an innovation was more likely to
be adopted when it was compatible with the individual’s job responsibilities and value system.
Agarwal and Prasad (1999) found that the degree to which potential adopters are prepared to ac-
cept an Information Technology is affected by the way they are accustomed to work. Compatibil-
ity was found to be a significant determinant in citizen’s intention to use an e-Government service
(Carter & Belanger, 2005; Hung et al., 2006). The setup of the e-Government services will be
compatible with the way users work. Hence, we posit that:
H3: Compatibility will have a significant positive effect on Attitude towards e-
Government Services.
Social Influences
In Taylor and Todd’s (1995) study, social influences were equated with subjective norms and de-
fined as other people’s opinions, the influence of superiors, and peer influence. Venkatesh and
Davis (2000) later expanded social influences to include image as well as subjective norms. The
notion of image is derived from the research on diffusion of innovations. Moore and Benbasat
(1991) defined it as the extent to which use of an innovation is perceived as enhancing one’s sta-
tus in a social system. Davis and Arbor (1989) believed that in some cases people might use a
system to comply with the mandates of others rather than their own feelings and beliefs. Empiri-
cal support for the relationship between social norms and behavior can be found in many studies
(e.g. Tornatsky & Klein, 1982; Venkatesh & Davis, 2000). A critical consideration for e-
Government users (who usually perform in the public domain) is their sense of social image and
other related factors such as speed of operation. Therefore, we posited that:
H4: External influence will have a significant positive effect on Subjective norms.
H5: Interpersonal influence will have a significant positive effect on Subjective norms.
Self-efficacy
Computer self-efficacy is defined as “an individual’s perception of his or her own ability to use
computer in the accomplishment of a task, rather than reflecting simple component skill” (Com-
peau & Higgins, 1995). According to Bandura (1986), self efficacy is defined as the belief that
one has about the capability to perform a particular behavior. Computer self efficacy can be op-
erationalized at both the general computing behavior level and at the specific computer applica-
tion level (Marakas, Yi, & Johnson, 1998). The computer self efficacy construct is defined as “an
individual’s perception of efficacy in performing specific computer-related tasks within the do-
main of general computing” whereas application specific self-efficacy is defined as “an individual
perception of self-efficacy in using a specific application or system within the domain of general
computing” (Marakas et al., 1998).
Several studies have found that computer self-efficacy is positively related to perceived useful-
ness and perceived ease of use (Guriting & Ndubisi, 2006; Wang, 2002). According to Hsu et al.
5. Norazah & Ramayah
399
(2009), there is a positive influence of computer self-efficacy on perceived usefulness and no sig-
nificant influence on perceived ease of use. Individual’s self-efficacy is a possible barrier to user
acceptance of e-Government services. Individual’s knowledge does influence e-Government ser-
vices acceptance. Thus, it is hypothesized that:
H6: Self-efficacy will have a significant positive effect on Perceived Behavior Control.
Facilitating Conditions
Facilitating conditions was originally perceived as having two dimensions: resource factors (such
as time and money needed) and technology factors regarding compatibility issues that may con-
strain usage. The argument was that when all other things are equal, behavioral intention and IT
usage would be expected to be less likely as less time and money are available and as technical
compatibility decreases (Taylor & Todd, 1995). In the context of workplace technology use, fa-
cilitating conditions are now believed to include the availability of training and provision of sup-
port. This variable was tested in a number of technology acceptance studies, and empirical sup-
port was found for the proposed effect on perceived usefulness or perceived ease of use (Taylor &
Todd, 1995; Thompson, 2001; Venkatesh & Davis, 2000).
From another perspective, Triandis (1980) viewed facilitating conditions as external controls re-
lated to the environment. Behavior cannot occur if objective conditions in the environment pre-
vent it (Triandis, 1980) or if the facilitating conditions make the behavior difficult (Thompson,
2001). Policies, regulations, and legal environment are therefore all conditions critical to technol-
ogy acceptance. These have been identified as the greatest limitations at present (Burnett, 2000).
Standardization of protocols and other regulations will inevitably hasten the development of e-
Governments around the world. Individual’s facilitating resources are possible barriers to user
acceptance of e-Government services. Thereby, we propose the following:
H7: Facilitating conditions will have a significant positive effect on Perceived Behaviour
Control.
Attitude
Attitude has long been identified as a cause of intention. Psychologists have discussed the theo-
retical construct of attitude for decades. Attitude in Fishbein and Ajzen’s (1975) paradigm is clas-
sified into two constructs: attitude toward the object and attitude toward the behavior. The latter
refers to a person’s evaluation of a specified behavior. This evaluation of a specified behavior
leads to certain behavioral intention that further results in certain behavioral action. Adapting this
general principle, attitude toward use in the TAM model is defined as the mediating affective re-
sponse between usefulness and ease of use beliefs and intentions to use a target system. In other
words, a prospective user’s overall attitude toward using a given system is an antecedent to inten-
tions to adopt (Davis, 1989). In user participation research, it is also believed that, prior to system
development, users are likely to have vaguely formed beliefs and attitudes concerning the system
to be developed (Hartwick & Barki, 1994). For the same reason, in consumer research, attitude is
the construct that receives most attention and is used most widely for predicting consumers’ like-
lihood to adopt a new technology (Erevelles, 1998).
Pragmatically, consumers today have been exposed to a number of technology innovations. They
are likely to have formed a favorable or unfavorable attitude about them irrespective of whether
they have actually used the product in question. As an innovative system, e-Government is still in
its infancy. Large numbers of users simply do not exist in many countries and regions. An inves-
tigation of attitudes toward using e-Government and identification of its relationship with inten-
tion to use is more appropriate and practically valuable for predicting usage behavior. Thus, it is
hypothesized that:
6. User Acceptance of the E-Government Services in Malaysia: SEM Approach
400
H8: Attitude will have a significant positive effect on Intention to Use e-Government
Services.
Subjective Norms
The Subjective norm is a person’s belief that most of the others who are important to him think he
should (or should not) perform the behavior in question (Ajzen & Fishbein, 1980). Subjective
norms are internalization and identification. Internalization (Warshaw, 1980) can be explained
thus: when a technology user perceives that an important person, such as the user’s manager or
father, thinks that the user should use this new technology, the user will incorporate that person’s
beliefs into his/her own belief structure. Internalization is equivalent to what Deutsch and Gerard
(1995) refer to as informational (in contrast to normative) social influences, defined as influence
to accept information from another as evidence about reality (cited in Venkatesh & Davis, 2000).
Acceptance of ICT by managerial, professional, and operating level users is deemed a necessary
condition for its success: however, resistance to computer systems from managers and profes-
sionals is a widespread problem (Attewell & Rule, 1984; Davis & Arbor, 1989; Igbaria & Chak-
rabarti, 1990). Davis (1993) argues that lack of user acceptance has long been an impediment to
the success of information systems which, if avoided, would improve performance on the job -
the goal of most organizationally based information systems. In accepting e-Government ser-
vices, citizens tend to be affected by external and interpersonal influences. Social influence is an
important determinant of behavior. The next hypothesis states therefore:
H9: Subjective norms will have a significant positive effect on Intention to Use e-
Government Services.
Perceived Behavioral Control
According to Ajzen (1991), perceived behavioral control reflects belief regarding access to the
resources and opportunities needed to effect a behavior. Perceived behavioral control appears to
encompass two components. The first is “facilitating conditions” (Triandis, 1980), which reflects
the availability of resources needed to perform a particular behavior. This might include access to
the time, money, and other specialized resources. In fact, as supporting technological infrastruc-
tures become easily and readily available, Internet commerce applications such as banking ser-
vices will also become more feasible. Accordingly, the government can play an intervention and
leadership role in the diffusion of innovation. The second component is self-efficacy (Ajzen,
1991), that is, being confident of the ability to behave successfully in the situation (Bandura,
1986). An individual with the self-assured skill to use a computer and the Internet is more in-
clined to adopt Internet banking. This component then refers to comfort with using the innova-
tion. The acceptance of e-Government services is not entirely under citizens’ control. Hence, we
posit that:
H10: Perceived behavioral control will have a significant positive effect on Intention to
Use e-Government Services.
All in all, the proposed research model is presented in Figure 2.
7. Norazah & Ramayah
401
INTENTION
INTERPERSONAL
PBC
EXTERNAL
ATTITUDE
SN
PU
PEOU
COM
FACILITATING
SELFEFFICACY
Figure 2: Research model
Methodology
Employees who work in Bayan Baru, Bayan Lepas, Sg. Dua, and Universiti Sains Malaysia staff,
all located in Penang, Malaysia, were selected as the target sample using simple random sampling
methods. 250 questionnaires were distributed and 200 respondents replied, i.e., the response rate
was 80%. More details about the instrument used are provided in Appendix A. The research
model was tested using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) techniques using AMOS 5.0 com-
puter software. SEM is a comprehensive approach to testing hypotheses about relations among
observed and latent variables (Hoyle, 1995). The statistical approach incorporates path analysis,
factor analysis, and linear regression into a theoretical causal model for analysis of latent con-
structs and measurable variables, allowing simultaneous estimation of both measurement and
structural sub-models (Anderson & Gerbing, 1988).
Findings and Discussions
Demographic Profile of Respondents
The demographic profile of the surveyed respondents is presented in Table 1. The total sample for
the survey consists of 200 respondents. The gender distribution of the survey respondents is
53.5% males and 46.5% females. The results also reveal that the respondents are predominantly
aged between 30 and 55 years, which is 63.5% of the sample. More than 60% of the respondents
are married. The majority of the respondents have been educated to college or higher education
level: 41.5% are diploma holders, while 47% have Bachelor degrees or professional qualifica-
tions. In addition, 73.5% of the respondents used the Internet a few times a week; 35.5% of the
β1
β2
β3
β5
β4
β6
β7
β8
β9
β10
8. User Acceptance of the E-Government Services in Malaysia: SEM Approach
402
respondents have dial-up connections at home; 52.5% of the respondents have broadband at
work; and only 4.5% have no computer in their homes.
Table 1: Demographic profile of respondents
Frequency Percentage
Gender
Male
Female
Age
18 - 29 years old
30 - 55 years old
Marital status
Single
Married
Have any children
No
Yes
Race
Malay
Chinese
Indian
Level of education
Secondary school
Diploma
Professional
Bachelor degree
Masters degree
Sector of occupation
Government
Non-government
Not applicable
Salary range
Not applicable
> RM 1000
RM 1000 to RM 2000
RM 2001 to RM 3000
RM 3001 to RM 4000
< RM 4000
107
93
73
127
66
134
70
130
95
49
56
21
83
53
41
2
69
125
6
6
20
115
52
4
3
53.5
46.5
36.5
63.5
33.0
67.0
35.0
65.0
47.5
24.5
28.0
10.5
41.5
26.5
20.5
1.0
34.5
62.5
3.0
3.0
10.0
57.5
26.0
2.0
1.5
Internet usage
Never
Less than per month
Once a month
Once a week
Few times a week
Network facilities at home
No computer
Have / cannot connect to Internet
Dial up
Broadband
Network facilities at work
No computer
Have / cannot connect to Internet
Dial up
LAN
Broadband
15
10
10
18
147
39
44
71
46
9
19
39
28
105
7.5
5.0
5.0
9.0
73.5
19.5
22.0
35.5
23.0
4.5
9.5
19.5
14.0
52.5
Reliability Analysis
Based on the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) results, we analyzed convergent validity, dis-
criminant validity, and reliability of all the multiple-item scales, following the guidelines from
9. Norazah & Ramayah
403
previous literature (e.g., Fornell & Larcker, 1981; Gefen & Straub, 2005). The measurement
properties are reported in Tables 2 and 3. Reliability was assessed in terms of composite reliabil-
ity (CR), which measures the degree to which items are free from random error and therefore
yield consistent results. Composite reliabilities in the measurement model ranged from 0.8783 to
Table 2: Reliability and factor loadings
Constructs /Measurement Items Standardized Loadings CR AVE
Perceived Usefulness 0.960 0.822
use4 0.842
use1 0.979
use2 0.93
use3 0.87
Perceived Ease of Use 0.892 0.776
ease3 0.679
ease2 0.603
ease1 0.973
ease4 0.849
Compatibility 0.952 0.933
com3 0.956
com2 0.919
com1 0.924
External Influence 0.873 0.821
exter3 0.784
exter2 0.773
exter1 0.905
Interpersonal Influence 0.865 0.84
peer3 0.786
peer2 0.903
peer1 0.831
Self-efficacy 0.920 0.889
self3 0.833
self2 0.915
self1 0.92
Facilitating Condition 0.672 0.648
facility3 0.362
facility2 0.779
facility1 0.804
Attitude 0.829 0.668
attitude3 0.95
attitude2 0.184
attitude1 0.754
attitude4 0.782
Perceived Behavioral Control 0.902 0.855
pbc3 0.926
pbc2 0.766
pbc1 0.874
Subjective Norm 0.896 0.847
norm3 0.811
norm2 0.856
norm1 0.874
Intention to Use 0.883 0.755
intention3 0.591
intention2 0.775
intention1 0.898
10. User Acceptance of the E-Government Services in Malaysia: SEM Approach
404
0.9606 (see Table 2), above the recommended cutoff of 0.70 (Fornell & Larcker, 1981; Nunnally
& Bernstein, 1994) except for facilitating condition construct (CR = 0.672), but its value is close
to 0.70.
Convergent validity was assessed in terms of factor loadings and average variance extracted
(AVE). According to the prior study, convergent validity requires a factor loading greater than
0.50 and an AVE no less than 0.50. Facility3 loading = 0.352 is retained as it is one of the impor-
tant statements related to facilitating condition. As shown in Table 2, all items had significant
factor loadings higher than 0.50. To evaluate discriminant validity, the AVE is used. All con-
structs have an AVE of at least 0.5 (Fornell & Larcker, 1981) and all the square roots of each
AVE value are higher than the off-diagonal correlation elements (Fornell & Larcker, 1981).
Table 3: Correlation matrix and roots of the AVEs (shown as diagonal elements)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
(1) EXTERNAL .906
(2) PU .423 .907
(3)INTEERPERSONAL .737 .625 .917
(4) COM .660 .718 .757 .966
(5) SELF EFFICACY .610 .626 .689 .750 .943
(6) FACILIATING .475 .635 .538 .695 .768 .805
(7) PEOU .416 .533 .522 .644 .743 .595 .881
(8) PBC -.550 -.620 -.681 -.788 -.832 -.765 -.673 .925
(9) ATTITUDE .579 .505 .532 .634 .541 .508 .319 -.555 .817
(10) SN .658 .658 .800 .777 .711 .640 .518 -.770 .663 .920
(11) INTENTION .540 .450 .557 .551 .464 .470 .181 -.533 .684 .747 .869
The Structural Model
SEM is a model analysis technique encompassing methods such as covariance structure analysis,
latent variable analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, path analysis, and linear structural relation
analysis (Hair, Black, Babin, Anderson & Tatham, 2006). SEM is also particularly useful in this
paper because it can estimate “a series of separate, but interdependent, multiple regression equa-
tions simultaneously” in a specified structural model (Hair et al., 2006). Therefore, SEM is the
most suitable analysis to estimate the strength of casual relationship of these constructs. Bagozzi
and Yi (1988) suggested a set of fit indices used to examine the structural model (refer to Table
4).
Table 4: Results of the best fitting model
Fit Indices Benchmark Value
Absolute fit measures
CMIN (χ2
) 36.411
DF 26
CMIN (χ2
)/DF 3 1.400
GFI (Goodness of Fit Index) 0.9 .968
RMSEA (Root Mean Square Error of Ap-
proximation)
0.08 .045
Incremental fit measures
AGFI (Adjusted Goodness of Fit Index) 0.80 .919
NFI (Normed Fit Index) 0.90 .982
CFI (Comparative Fit Index) 0.90 .995
IFI (Incremental Fit Index) 0.90 .995
RFI (Relative Fit Index) 0.90 .962
Parsimony fit measures
PCFI (Parsimony Comparative of Fit Index) 0.50 .470
PNFI (Parsimony Normed Fit Index) 0.50 .464
11. Norazah & Ramayah
405
The Comparative Fit Index (CFI), Goodness of Fit Index (GFI) (Hair et al., 2006), Normed Fit
Index (NFI), and Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) (Steiger, 1990) were used
to judge the model fit. The Comparative Fit Index is a recommended index of overall fit (Gerbing
& Anderson, 1993), Goodness of Fit Index measures the fitness of a model compared to another
model (Hair et al., 2006), Normed Fit Index measures the proportion by which a model is im-
proved in terms of fit compared to base model (Hair et al., 2006), and the last (RMSEA) provides
information in terms of discrepancy per degree of freedom for a model (Steiger, 1990). As sug-
gested in the literature (Bollen & Curran, 2006; Joreskog & Sorbom, 1996; Kline, 1998) model fit
was assessed by several indices. The accepted thresholds for these indices χ2
/df ratio should be
less than 3; the values of GFI, NFI, CFI, and IFI should be greater than 0.9; and RMSEA is rec-
ommended to be up to 0.05 and acceptable up to 0.08 (Gefen & Straub, 2005). As shown in Table
4, all of the model-fit indices exceed the respective common acceptance levels suggested by pre-
vious research, demonstrating that the model exhibited a good fit with the data collected. Thus,
we could proceed to examine the path coefficients of the structural model.
Analysis of Paths
The test of structural model was performed using SEM. The test of the structural model includes:
(a) estimating the path coefficients, which indicate the strengths of the relationships between the
dependent variables and independent variables, and (b) the R-square value, which represents the
amount of variance explained by the independent variables. The path coefficients in the SEM
model represent standardized regression coefficients. The structural model reflecting the assumed
linear, causal relationships among the constructs was tested with the data collected from the vali-
dated measures. Figure 3 shows the results of analysis. The square multiple correlation for the
INTENTION
INTERPERSONAL
PBC
EXTERNAL
ATTITUDE
SN
PU
PEOU
COM
FACILITATING
SELFEFFICACY
β1 = .158
β2 = -.166
β3 = .429
β5 = .436
β4 = .018
β6 = -.430
β7 = -.216
β8 = .322
β9 = .637
β10 = -.059
R2 = .067
INTENTION
INTERPERSONAL
PBC
EXTERNAL
ATTITUDE
SN
PU
PEOU
COM
FACILITATING
SELFEFFICACY
β1 = .158
β2 = -.166
β3 = .429
β5 = .436
β4 = .018
β6 = -.430
β7 = -.216
β8 = .322
β9 = .637
β10 = -.059
R2 = .067
Figure 3: Estimated research model
12. User Acceptance of the E-Government Services in Malaysia: SEM Approach
406
structural equations index indicates that 67% of the variation in the dependent variable is ex-
plained by the variation in the independent variables. Properties of the causal paths (standardized
path coefficients (β), standard error, p-value and hypotheses result) are shown in Table 5.
Attitude
The effect of Perceived Usefulness on Attitude was significant at 0.05 level (β1 = 0.158), as pre-
sented in Table 5 and Figure 3. Thus, H1 was supported. Using e-Government system would im-
prove users’ performance and productivity. To the users, the degree to which the e-Government
system is perceived to be useful strongly influences their attitude. If the e-Government system is
perceived to be useful, the users form positive attitudes and strong intentions towards using the
system. They would find that the e-Government system is very useful as it would enhance their
effectiveness. As expected, Perceived Ease of Use had a significant positive influence on Attitude
(β2 = -0.166). Thus, H2 was supported. Learning to use e-Government system would be easy for
the users to use as they would find it easy to get better service via the system. Moreover, it would
be easy for the users to become skillful at using e-Government system. Consistent with the theo-
retical expectation, Compatibility had a significant positive influence on Attitude (β3 = 0.429) at
0.05 level, suggesting support for H3. Using the e-Government system will fit well with the way
users work and also fit into their work style. The setup of the e-Government system will be com-
patible with the way they work.
Table 5: Results of hypotheses tests
Path β S.E. p Result
H1 ATTITUDE <--- PU .158 .064 .033 Supported
H2 ATTITUDE <--- PEOU -.166 .058 .012 Supported
H3 ATTITUDE <--- COM .429 .071 .000 Supported
H4 SN <--- EXTERNAL .018 .055 .735 Not Supported
H5 SN <--- INTERPERSONAL .436 .050 .000 Supported
H6 PBC <--- SELF EFFICACY -.430 .056 .000 Supported
H7 PBC <--- FACILITATING -.216 .051 .000 Supported
H8 INTENTION <--- ATTITUDE .322 .051 .000 Supported
H9 INTENTION <--- SN .637 .056 .000 Supported
H10INTENTION <--- PBC -.059 .053 .391 Not Supported
Notes: Path = Relationship between independent variable on dependent variable;
β = Standardized regression coefficient; S.E. = Standard error; p = Level of significance
Subjective Norms
External Influence had insignificant influence on Subjective Norms at 0.05 level (β4 = 0.018), not
supporting H4 (refer to Table 5 and Figure 3). External Influence has no significant positive ef-
fect on the relative importance of the Subjective Norms predictors. In contrast to our expecta-
tions, users that had privacy concerns were not more strongly affected by the TAM-related pre-
dictors than people with confidence in the e-Government services. The expectation was that us-
ers’ with privacy concerns would be less likely to be influenced by external factors in accepting
the system. Mass media reports have minimal influence on them to try out the e-Government ser-
vices. Interpersonal influence had a significant positive influence on Subjective Norms at 0.05
level (β5 = 0.436), supporting H5. Users mainly noticed that influence from peers / colleagues /
friend was strongly affected by the TAM-related predictors. They have the perception that they
should use the e-Government services for quality delivery service. People they know think that
13. Norazah & Ramayah
407
using the e-Government services is a good idea and strongly influence them to try out the e-
Government system.
Perceived Behavioral Control
Table 5 and Figure 3 depict that it is worth noting that the effects of Self-efficacy on Perceived
Behavioral Control was significant at 0.05 level (β6 = -0.430) but the influence is negative.
Hence, H6 was also supported. Users would feel comfortable using the e-Government system on
their own. They would also be able to use the e-Government system even if there was no one
around to help them. Likewise, the effect of Facilitating Condition on Perceived Behavioral Con-
trol was significant at 0.05 level with a negative influence (β7 = -0.216). Thus, H7 was supported.
Resources required to use the e-Government system is available to the users. They have access to
hardware, software, and services needed to use the system. However, they are constrained by the
lack of resources needed to use e-Government system.
Intention to Use e-Government Services
H8 was also supported as p<0.05. Attitude had a significant positive effect on Intention to use e-
Government services (β8 = 0.322). Encouragingly, users found that using the e-Government sys-
tem would be a pleasant experience to them as it is a good idea. The second to last proposed hy-
pothesis (H9) is about relationship between Subjective Norms on Intention to use e-Government
services (β9 = 0.637; p <0.01). Subjective Norms was found to exert a significant positive effect
on Intention to use e-Government services, supporting H9. Influence from peers/colleagues/friend
offers great support to the users to use the e-Government system instead of any other alternative
means.
The final hypothesis is about the relationship between Perceived Behavioral Control on Intention
to use e-Government services. As shown in Table 5 (β10 = -0.059; p = 0.391), hypothesis H10 was
not supported. In this respect, users are more likely not to be influenced by Perceived Behavioral
Control. However, users with high intention to use e-Government rely stronger on the Perceived
Behavioral Control; for them an increase in the level of Perceived Behavioral Control strongly
increases future usage intentions on e-Government, seeing that using the e-Government system is
entirely within their control. They would be able to use the e-Government system well because
they have the resources, knowledge, and ability to use it successfully.
Implications and Conclusion
An empirical study was conducted to identify determinants of user acceptance for e-Government
services in Malaysia. The results demonstrated that e-Government services acceptance can be
explained in terms of perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, compatibility, external influ-
ence, interpersonal/peers influence, self-efficacy, facilitating condition, and subjective norm.
These findings confirm the results of AlAwadhi and Morris (2008, 2009), Carter and Belanger
(2004, 2005), Dimitrova and Chen (2006), and Phang, Li, Sutanto and Kankanhalli (2005). Bhat-
tacherjee (2000) indicated that user continuance intentions are determined by satisfaction with
past use experience.
Managerial implications for government policy makers, government agencies, and system devel-
opers are also discussed. The findings can provide useful recommendation to development of
practice and policy making, which are customer oriented and evidence based. In order to retain e-
Government service users’ loyalty and retention, policy makers in their marketing strategies for e-
Government services should focus on these points: improving user interface of e-Government
services, enhancing services security mechanisms, employing mass media marketing, and in-
creasing the availability of necessary hardware and software for e-Government service use. Fur-
14. User Acceptance of the E-Government Services in Malaysia: SEM Approach
408
thermore, for supporting and marketing e-Government service adoption, policy makers should
emphasize the advertising of users’ successful experience to attract non-users.
Next, to successfully implement e-Government services given constraints in resources, it is rec-
ommended that governmental agencies can set priorities based on the relative importance of the
factors. To increase positive attitudes towards e-Government services, governmental agencies
should develop implementation strategies that emphasize the usefulness of e-Government ser-
vices, work style compatibility, and user trust. They should also seek to produce peer impact and
external impact in outlining the marketing strategy in order to manipulate subjective norms. For
example, encouraging e-Government service users to enhance their peer influence through vari-
ous channels or endorsing e-Government service by well-known stars. In terms of reducing per-
ceived behavioral control in using e-Government services, governmental agencies should focus
on low self-efficacy users as they have lower perceived behavioral control than other users. Rela-
tively, their perceived behavioral control has a weak suppressive effect on e-Government service
adoption. Thus, immediate action to train and educate citizens is imperative in order to increase
users’ self-efficacy.
For system developers responsible for e-Government services design, it is worth taking note that
perceived ease of use and compatibility are key factors influencing user acceptance of the e-
Government services. Therefore, system developers should provide a user-friendly interface, rein-
force security mechanisms for e-Government services, and design a suitable information system
flow more compatible with user’s work style. Furthermore, to support e-Government service
adoption, system developers could focus on developing effective user guidance, continuously im-
proving security mechanisms, and using community of practice on Internet for promoting the e-
Government services and sharing use experience.
Future Research
Future studies should be based on more than the ten variables used here. This is because these ten
variables cannot fully explain the factors influencing user acceptance of e-Government services.
Consequently, future findings might be inconclusive. Future researchers should also increase the
sample size and ensure that their respondents constitute a balanced demographic. A longitudinal
approach could also be employed to study the factors that determine users’ acceptance of e-
Government services.
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Appendix A: Measuring instruments
Usefulness
Using E- government system would improve my performance
Using E- government system would improve my productivity
Using E- government system would enhance my effectiveness
I would find E- government system useful
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
Ease-Of-Use
Learning to use E- government system would be easy for me
I would find it easy to get better service using E- government system
It would be easy for me to become skill full at using E- government sys-
tem
I would find E- government system easy to use
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
Compatibility
Using the E- government system will fit well with the way I work
Using the E- government system will fit into my work style
The setup of the E- government system will be compatible with the way
I work
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
Peer influence
My peers/colleagues/ friend think that I should use the E- government
system
People I know think that using the E- government system is a good idea
People I know influence me to try out the E- government system
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
External influence
I read/ saw news reports that using E- government system was a good 1 2 3 4 5
18. User Acceptance of the E-Government Services in Malaysia: SEM Approach
412
way to interact with government agencies.
The popular press depicted a positive sentiment for using the E- gov-
ernment system
Mass media reports influenced me to try out the E- government system
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
Self efficacy
I would feel comfortable using the E- government system on my own
I would be able to use the E- government system reasonably well on my
own
I would be able to use the E- government system even if there was no
one around to help me.
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
Facilitating conditions
Resources required to use the E- government system is available to me
I have access to hardware, software and services needed to use the E-
government system
I am constrained by the lack of resources needed to use E- government
system
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
Attitude
Using the E- government system would be a good idea
Using the E- government system would be a foolish idea
I like the idea of using the E- government system
Using the E- government system would be a pleasant experience
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
Subjective norms
People (peers and expert) important to me support my use of the E- gov-
ernment system
People who influence my behaviour want me to use the E- government
system instead of any other alternative means.
People whose opinions I value prefer that I use the E- government sys-
tem
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
Perceived behavioral control
I would be able to use the E-government system well
Using the E- government system is entirely within my control
I have the resources, knowledge and ability to use the E- government
system
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
Intention
I intend to use the E-government system
It is likely that I will use the E- government system
I expect to use the E- government system in the future
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
19. Norazah & Ramayah
413
Biographies
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Norazah Mohd Suki is currently an Associate Pro-
fessor at the Labuan School of International Business & Finance, Uni-
versiti Malaysia Sabah, Labuan International Campus. She has super-
vised several postgraduate students at MBA and PhD level. Her re-
search interests include Electronic Marketing, E-Commerce, M-
Commerce, Consumer Behaviour, Mobile Learning and areas related
to Marketing.
Assoc. Prof. T. Ramayah is an Associate Professor at the School of
Management in USM. He teaches mainly courses in Research Method-
ology and Business Statistics and has also conducted training courses
for the local government (Research Methods for candidates departing
overseas for higher degree, Jabatan Perkhidmatan Awam).