Aspects of culture
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This document discusses several theories of culture and cultural dimensions. It first outlines Gardenswartz, Rowe, Digh, and Bennett's framework of personal, national, and organizational culture. It then examines Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's dimensions of human nature, relationships, and time/activity orientation. Hofstede's cultural dimensions of power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism/collectivism, and masculinity/femininity are presented. Finally, the GLOBE project's additional dimensions of assertiveness, future orientation, performance orientation, humane orientation, and gender differentiation are covered. References are provided.
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- 1. Aspects of Culture Brandelyn Tosolt
- 2. Thoughts on culture • There are many different ways to think about culture • Different theorists have developed a variety of different ways to think about cultures • It is not important to remember each of these ways, but rather to think about how these ways might influence what happens in your own life
- 3. Gardenswartz, Rowe, Digh, & Bennett (2003) • Personal: – individual’s traits, skills, and personality within context of ethnic, racial, familial, and educational environments – Everyone has a different personal culture. • National: – shared understanding from beliefs, values, attitudes, and behaviors that provide the foundation of a nation. – Everyone falls within a range. • Organizational: – widely shared institutional beliefs, values, and the organization’s guiding philosophy – Individuals fall within a range – An individual’s position in the hierarchy of the organization affects their view of organizational culture
- 4. Kluckhohn & Strodtbeck (1961) • Basic nature of human beings – good – evil – mixed • Relationships among people – individualistic – group – hierarchical (classes or castes) • Activity orientation – being (you are who you are) – doing (you are what you do)
- 5. Kluckhohn & Strodtbeck (1961) continued • Relation to nature – subjugation (we use it for our ends) – harmony (we co-exist) – domination (we’re in control) • Time orientation – what’s important is when things happen: – past – present – future
- 6. Hofstede (1984, 1985, 2001) • Power distance – The acceptable amount of inequality in power – Low power distance = expectation of equality • Uncertainty avoidance – Ability to tolerate uncertainty and ambiguity – Low uncertainty avoidance = tolerating ambiguity • Individualism/collectivism – Social framework privileging individual or group needs • Masculinity/femininity (NOT MALE/FEMALE) – Emphasis placed on emotional/social roles or work goals – Masculine = assertive, achievement, material success – Feminine = relationships, cooperation, quality of life
- 7. GLOBE (2001) • Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness Project Team • 170 researchers • 7 years of data • 18,000 managers in 62 countries • 9 cultural dimensions – 4 are Hofstede’s – 5 are new
- 8. GLOBE (2001) continued • Assertiveness – Emphasis on tough, competitive, and confrontational versus modest and tender • Future orientation – Emphasis on delayed gratification • Performance orientation – Amount individuals are recognized and rewarded for individual performance rather than belonging • Humane orientation – The amount of reward for being fair, caring, generous, altruistic, and kind • Gender differentiation – Emphasis on gender role differences
- 9. References Gardenswartz, L., Rowe, A., Digh, P., & Bennett, M. F. (2003). The global diversity desk reference: Managing an international workforce. San Francisco: Pfeiffer. Hofstede, G. (1984). The cultural relativity of the quality of life concept. Academy of Management Behavior, 9, 389-398. Hofstede, G. (1985). The interaction between national and organizational value systems. Journal of Management Studies, 22, 347-357. Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Javidan, M., & House, R. J. (2001). Cultural acumen for the global manager: Lessons from Project GLOBE. Organizational Dynamics, 29(4), 289-305. Kluckhohn, F., & Strodtbeck, F. K. (1961). Variations in value orientation. Evanston, IL: Row.