This document provides information about Indian Railways, including its history, organizational structure, and technical details about Linke-Hofman & Busch (LHB) coaches. It discusses how the railways were introduced in India and later nationalized in 1951. It also outlines the hierarchical organizational structure with the ministry of railways at the top. Finally, it describes various technical components of LHB coaches such as the alternator, rectifier, batteries, switchboard cabinet, and air conditioning system.

1. 321

2.  ASHWANI KUMAR (04413304912)
 ANAND PRAKASH GAUTAM (00313304912)
 BHARAT GAUTAM (04913304912)
 NIKHIL KUMAR RATHI (0501304912)
 RAHUL RANJAN (04713304912)

3.  History
 Organizational Structure
 Linke-Hofman & Busch (LHB) Coaches
CONTENTS

4. • Railways were first introduced to India in
1853 from Bombay to Thane.
• In 1951 the systems were nationalized as one
unit
• Indian state-owned enterprise, owned and
operated by the Government of India through
the Ministry of Railways.
HISTORY

5.  It is one of the world's largest railway networks comprising 115,000 km (71,000 mi)
of track over a route of 65,000 km (40,000 mi) and 7,500 stations.
 As of December 2012, it transported over 25 million passengers daily (over 9 billion
on an annual basis).
 2011, IR carried over 8,900 million passengers annually or more than 24 million
passengers daily (roughly half of which were suburban passengers) and 2.8 million
tons of freight daily.
 2011–2012 Indian Railways had revenues of
Total revenue 1119848.9 million (Us$17 billion)
Freight 696759.7 million (US$11 billion)
Passengers tickets 286455.2 million (US$4.4 billion)

6. Top
• Ministry of railway
• Railway board
Middle
• 16 zones headed by general manager
• 68 divisions headed by division railway manager
Bottom
• Station masters who control individual station
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

8. LHB COACHES
IV COUPLER
EXT.
SUPPLY
SOCKET
BATTERIES
BATTERY FUSE BOX
AC PACKAGE UNIT
FRESH AIR
INTAKE
EXHAUST
FANS

9. GENERAL FEATURES OF LHB COACH
 MICRO-PROCESSOR BASED AC PACKAGE
 INTEGRATED SWITCH BOARD CABINET
 INTERVEHICULAR COUPLER (IVC)
 PANTRY EQUIPMENTS
 IGBT BASED BATTERY CHARGER
 EPOXY COATED TRANSFORMER
 VARIOUS LIGHT FITTINGS
 MICRO-PROCESSOR BASED PUMP UNIT
 WHEEL SET EARTHING DEVICE
 SMF BATTERIES
 FEEDER JUNCTION BOX
 DC-DC CONVERTERS

10. Connection Star
Generated voltage 97V AC
Rating 4.5kW
No. Of V grooves 4
The alternator is mounted between two wheels. The V
belts are attached in the V grooves on the pulley
attached to the shaft and the axis of the wheel.

12. RECTIFIER CUM REGULATOR UNIT (RRU)
Speed Range 550 RPM to 2500 RPM
Voltage 124V
Rating 4.5kW
Full Load Current 38A
 RRU is connected just beside the alternator to
rectify the output of the generator.
 The RRU has following functions:
1. To rectify the 3-phase AC output of the
alternator through DC full wave bridge rectifier.
2. Regulator the voltage generated by the
alternator at the set value.
3. Regulating the output current.

13.  The output of the RRU is given to battery box to
charge the battery .
 In a non AC coaches a battery box consist of 18
cells(6V/120Ah each) ,In AC coaches 2 battery
box 56 cells(2V/1100Ah each) used.
 BCT is provided for external charging of the
batteries at stations or maintenance lines.
 Used Battery in train is VRLA (Valve Regulated
Lead Acid) types advantages -
1. Topping up with water is not required.
2. Periodical checking of specific gravity is not
required.
3. Regular maintenance to avoid sulphation of
terminals and connections not required.
Battery and Battery Charging Terminals: -

14. 110 V , 70 Ah , VRLA BATTERY MAIN FEATURES
CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES
• PURE LEAD -TIN PLATE ( THIN )
• 12 VOLTS BATTERY MODULE
• UL 94 V-O NORYL PLASTIC CONTAINER WITH METAL JACKET
• M6 (F) NO MAINTENANCE TERMINALS
• CAN BE MOUNTED IN ANY ORIENTATION
PERFORMANCE FEATURES
• WIDE TEMPERATURE RANGE : -40 Deg.C to +55 Degree C
• 400 + FULL DEPTH OF DISCHARGE CYCLES
• 8+ YEARS FLOAT LIFE @ 25 Degree C
• 2 YEARS SHELF LIFE
• HIGH DISCHARGE RATE @ 25Degree C
• RAPID RECHARGE
• DEEP DISCHARGE RECOVERY

15. 110V,70AH VRLA LIGHT WEIGHT BATTERIES
9 MODULES OF 12 VOLTS EACH
TOTAL WEIGHT 235 Kgs

16.  Rotary Junction Box is provided inside the coaches.
 It is used to arrange and control the power supply to various circuit of the
coaches (e.g. light, fan) with the help of rotary switches and HRC fuses.
 4 Rotary switches are connected in Rotary Junction Box:
1. The first switch is used to supply 70% light load in coach.
2. The second switch is used to supply 30% light load in coach.
3. . The third switch is used to supply fan load in coach.
4. The fourth switch is known as EFT switch.
ROTARY JUNCTION BOX

17.  It is provided at the both end of the coach to feed the
additional supply to the adjacent coach in case of emergency.
 Supply from the healthy coach may be extended to him/dark
coach by connecting wire(1.5x2 meter) for supply to the
positive and negative terminals of the EFT.
Emergency Feed Terminals (EFT)

18. CAPACITY
COOLING - 22.5KW ( 6.4 TON )
HEATING - 6.1KW
•POWER INPUT - 17KVA
•OPERATING VOLTAGE - 3 PHASE,415V,50HZ
•WEIGHT - 630KG
•DIMENSIONS - 2330X2000X500
•COMPRESSOR - BRISTOL MAKE TYPE H23A 563 DBE
SALIENT FEATURES
•NTC TYPE TEMP. SENSORS
•SERVO MOTOR CONTROLLED FRESH AIR DAMPERS
• MICRO-PROCESSOR CONTROL ( WITH RS232 PORT )
•HARTING CONNNECTORS
•HUMIDITY CONTROL
•CAPACITY CONTROL THROUGH BYPASS SOLENOID VALVE
•MOTORS ARE PROTECTED WITH THERMAL SWITCHES
•ANALOGUE LP/HP DATA DISPLAY

19. ROOF MOUNTED AC PACKAGE UNIT
CONDENSOR FANS
AIR INTAKE FOR
THE CONDENSOR FANS

20. MCB’S
ANTI-SKID DEVICE
DISCONNECTING AND
EARTHING DEVICE
BATTERY CAHRGER
SPACE FOR THE
MAIN CONTACTORS
DC DC CONVERTERS
SWITCH BOARD CABINET

21. SALIENT FEATURES
• CAPABLE OF SWITCHNING , CONTROLLING , ADJUSTING AND
MONITORING OF AIR CONDITIONING , PANTRY , LIGHTING ,
PUMP , SANITARY & ANTI-SKID PROTECTION .
• DIMENSIONS : 1850 ( H ) x 1280 ( W ) x 1040 ( D )
• EASY FRONT ACCESS FOR MAINTENANCE WITH SEPARATE
HOUSING FOR BATTERY CHARGER , DISCONNECTING AND
EARTHING DEVICES
• SEGREGATION FOR DIFFERENT VOLTAGE LEVELS
• EXTERNALLY VENTILATED
SWITCH BOARD CABINET

22. 400 AMPS INTERVEHICLE COUPLER

23. IVC PLUG
IVC PLUG
HOUSING
( AL. DIE CAST )
MAIN
CONTACTS
( 400 AMPS )
CONTROL PINS
( 25 AMPS )

24. TERMINALS
MAIN CABLES
FEEDER JUNCTION BOX

25. CARBON BRUSH
( 20 x 42 x 52 )
COPPER
BRAIDED CABLE
BRUSH HOLDER
DETAILED VIEW OF THE CARBON BRUSH

26. 60 KVA TRANSFORMER WITH EPOXY ENCAPSULATION
TERMINAL
BOARD
PERFORATED
SS HOUSING
MOUNTING
ARRGT. WITH
AVM’S

27. • TYPE - EPOXY COATED ENCAPSULATED , WATER PROOF
WINDING
• RATING- 3ø , 50Hz , 60KVA, 750/415V
• INSULATION - CLASS H
• NATURAL AIR COOLED
• WEIGHT - 335KG ( Max.)
• DIMENSIONS - 600X530X626
• DEGREE OF PROTECTION -
IP-21 HOUSING
IP-65 TERMINAL BOX & WINDING
60 KVA TRANSFORMER

28. WATER PUMP WITH CONTROLLER
WATER LEVEL SENSOR
PUMP BOX

29. • SELF PRIMING MONO BLOCK TYPE MICR-CONTROLLER BASED
WITH INFRA-RED SENSOR FOR DRY RUN PROTECTION
PUMP
• OPERATING VOLTAGE : 3 PHASE,415V+/-5%,50HZ
• POWER RATING : 200W (MAX.)
• RPM : 2700
• DISCHARGE CAPACITY : 10 LPM
• WEIGHT : 6.5 KG
• PROTECTION : IP-54
MICRO-CONTROLLER
• INPUT SUPPLY : 24V DC +/-10%
WATER LEVEL SENSOR
TYPE OPTICAL LEVEL SENSOR WITH UNMODULATED INFRA-
RED TYPE, 24V DC 20 mA HOUSED IN POLYSULPHANE
ENCUMBENT
OTHER DETAILS OPERATING AT 0-100 LUX AT 30HZ WITH PRESSURE
WITHSTANDING AT 10 BAR AT 60ºC ,INTERFACE PIPE
THREADING 3/8”
WATER PUMP WITH MICRO-CONTROLLER AND SENSOR

30. AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM
Principle of Operation of the AC System:
LATENT
PRINCIPLE
EXPANSION
PRINCIPLE

31. THE REFRIGERATION CYCLE

32. TYPES
• FLOURESCENT TUBES 18 WATTS
• INCANDESCENT LAMPS 10 WATTS ( FOR NIGHT LIGHT AND PANTRY)
• HALOGEN LAMPS 10 WATTS ( READING LIGHTS )
FLOURESCENT TUBES USED AS GENERAL LIGHTING , VESTIBULE , TOILET , PANTRY AND EMERGENCY
WORKING AT 110 VOLTS AC/DC WITH INVERTER
AND WITH POLYCARBONATE DIFFUSERS
TECHNICAL DATA OF THE INVERTER FOR FL. LAMP ( SIZE - 48x36x252 )
NOMINAL INPUT VOLTAGE 110 V AC/ 50 Hz ( 88 -138 V RANGE )
TECHNICAL DATA OF THE INVERTER FOR READING LIGHTS ( SIZE - 36x31x296 )
NOMINAL INPUT /OUTPUT VOLTAGE 110 V DC / 12 V DC
POWER 0 - 60 W / 12 V
COACH LIGHTING