The document describes the phylum Arthropoda, including its characteristics and major subgroups. It covers their anatomy, physiology and life cycles. Arthropods have a hard exoskeleton, jointed appendages and undergo molting to grow. They include insects, spiders, crustaceans and others. The phylum contains millions of species and the document delves into the classification, traits and evolution of these diverse animals.
Phylum Echinodermata includes sea stars, sea cucumbers, brittle stars, sea urchins, and sand dollars. They are radially symmetrical with a pentamerous body plan and have a water vascular system and endoskeleton. The phylum contains four classes: Asteroidea (sea stars), Ophiuroidea (brittle stars), Echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars), and Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers). Echinoderms are found on the ocean floor and have tube feet, spines or plates, and can regenerate lost body parts. Their water vascular system is unique and used for movement, structure, and respiration.
1. The document provides an overview of the phylum Cnidaria, which includes jellyfish, corals, and hydroids.
2. Cnidarians are radially or biradially symmetrical and have stinging cells called nematocysts. They exhibit a diploblastic body plan with two tissue layers separated by a gelatinous mesoglea.
3. Many cnidarians alternate between a sessile polyp stage and a motile medusa stage. Reproduction involves external fertilization producing a planula larva.
Insects, spiders, crabs, shrimp, millipedes, and centipedes are all arthropods. Arthropods have jointed feet, a segmented body, and an exoskeleton, a cuticle on the outside of their body. Arthropods have by far the greatest number of species of any animal group, at around 900,000 species
The document discusses the evolution of reptiles from amphibians. Key developments included the evolution of the amniotic egg, which allowed for reproduction on land, as well as various anatomical changes like the development of scales and scutes on the skin. Major groups of reptiles evolved, like turtles, lizards, snakes, and the diapsids which were progenitors of birds and mammals. Reptiles diversified during the Mesozoic era but three mass extinction events occurred. Overall the document traces the major transitions that occurred as tetrapods evolved into land-dwelling reptiles.
Pentaceros is an echinoderm, ie spiny skin organism, It is remarkably known for its five arms and regenerative capabilities, the presentation discusses various aspects of its nomenclature, taxonomy, biology including feeding, reproduction, development, ecological significance. It has direct similarities to the most primitive chordates the hemichordates during their development hence play an integral role in the evolution story as a connecting link.
Class Chondrichthyes includes cartilaginous fish such as sharks, rays, and skates. They have skeletons made of cartilage and possess movable jaws and teeth. Their skin is rough and sandpaper-like, made of scales with the same composition as teeth. Sharks have been largely unchanged for over 100 million years. The largest predatory fish ever was the ancient megalodon shark, which was twice the size of a great white shark.
Rotifers are a phylum of microscopic and small aquatic animals found in both marine and freshwater environments. They possess a rotating crown of cilia used for locomotion, feeding, and gathering food particles. Rotifers exhibit diverse morphologies including globular, elongated, and sac-like shapes. They are primarily omnivorous, filtering small particles from water, but some species are carnivorous, capturing prey using specialized jaws and trapping mechanisms. Rotifers reproduce asexually through parthenogenesis or sexually, producing haploid or diploid eggs depending on the class. There are three main classes that differ in their reproductive strategies and morphology.
Phylum Echinodermata includes sea stars, sea cucumbers, brittle stars, sea urchins, and sand dollars. They are radially symmetrical with a pentamerous body plan and have a water vascular system and endoskeleton. The phylum contains four classes: Asteroidea (sea stars), Ophiuroidea (brittle stars), Echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars), and Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers). Echinoderms are found on the ocean floor and have tube feet, spines or plates, and can regenerate lost body parts. Their water vascular system is unique and used for movement, structure, and respiration.
1. The document provides an overview of the phylum Cnidaria, which includes jellyfish, corals, and hydroids.
2. Cnidarians are radially or biradially symmetrical and have stinging cells called nematocysts. They exhibit a diploblastic body plan with two tissue layers separated by a gelatinous mesoglea.
3. Many cnidarians alternate between a sessile polyp stage and a motile medusa stage. Reproduction involves external fertilization producing a planula larva.
Insects, spiders, crabs, shrimp, millipedes, and centipedes are all arthropods. Arthropods have jointed feet, a segmented body, and an exoskeleton, a cuticle on the outside of their body. Arthropods have by far the greatest number of species of any animal group, at around 900,000 species
The document discusses the evolution of reptiles from amphibians. Key developments included the evolution of the amniotic egg, which allowed for reproduction on land, as well as various anatomical changes like the development of scales and scutes on the skin. Major groups of reptiles evolved, like turtles, lizards, snakes, and the diapsids which were progenitors of birds and mammals. Reptiles diversified during the Mesozoic era but three mass extinction events occurred. Overall the document traces the major transitions that occurred as tetrapods evolved into land-dwelling reptiles.
Pentaceros is an echinoderm, ie spiny skin organism, It is remarkably known for its five arms and regenerative capabilities, the presentation discusses various aspects of its nomenclature, taxonomy, biology including feeding, reproduction, development, ecological significance. It has direct similarities to the most primitive chordates the hemichordates during their development hence play an integral role in the evolution story as a connecting link.
Class Chondrichthyes includes cartilaginous fish such as sharks, rays, and skates. They have skeletons made of cartilage and possess movable jaws and teeth. Their skin is rough and sandpaper-like, made of scales with the same composition as teeth. Sharks have been largely unchanged for over 100 million years. The largest predatory fish ever was the ancient megalodon shark, which was twice the size of a great white shark.
Rotifers are a phylum of microscopic and small aquatic animals found in both marine and freshwater environments. They possess a rotating crown of cilia used for locomotion, feeding, and gathering food particles. Rotifers exhibit diverse morphologies including globular, elongated, and sac-like shapes. They are primarily omnivorous, filtering small particles from water, but some species are carnivorous, capturing prey using specialized jaws and trapping mechanisms. Rotifers reproduce asexually through parthenogenesis or sexually, producing haploid or diploid eggs depending on the class. There are three main classes that differ in their reproductive strategies and morphology.
There are main 5 classes of living echinoderms:
crinoids (sea lilies and feather stars); asteroids (STARFISH); ophiuroids (brittle stars); echinoids (SEA URCHINS, etc); and holothuroids (sea cucumbers).
Echinoderms have been well preserved as FOSSILS; all existing classes and several others now extinct were present in the Ordovician (505-438 million years ago). They may have originated in the Precambrian (over 570 million years ago).
Common name : sea lilies, Sea Stars(STARFISH), sea urchins, sea cucumbers, and brittle stars.
Habitat
Echinoderms occupy all habitats including coral reefs, mangroves, seagrass and soft-bottom areas.
Except for a few species which inhabit brackish waters, all echinoderms are benthic organisms found in marine environments. Echinoderms inhabit depths ranging from shallow waters at tide lines to the deep sea.(Barnes, 1987; Brusca and Brusca, 2003; University of Alabama Center for Communication and Educational Technology, 2000; Waggoner, 1999)
Habitat Regions
• temperate
• tropical
• polar
• saltwater or marine
Aquatic Biomes
• brackish water
Other Habitat Features
• intertidal or littoral
GeoGraphy and eco-system
Geographic Range
Mainly a marine group, echinoderms are found in all the oceans. (Brusca and Brusca, 2003)
BIOGEOGRAPHIC REGIONS
• arctic ocean
• indian ocean
• atlantic ocean
• pacific ocean
• mediterranean sea
Eco-system
Sea urchins are among the main herbivores on reefs and there is usually a fine balance between the urchins and the kelp and other algae on which they graze. A diminution of the numbers of predators (otters, lobsters and fish) can result in an increase in urchin numbers causing overgrazing of kelp forests with the result that an alga-denuded "urchin barren" forms.
Work cited:
Lawrence, J. M. (1975). "On the relationships between marine plants and sea urchins". Oceanographic Marine Biological Annual Review 13: 213–286.
Ecosystem Roles
Echinoderms are usually intricate parts of their ecosystems. Many asteroids are keystone species. Sea urchins, if not controlled by predators, may overgraze their habitat. Asteroids have several commensals, including polychaetes that feed on leftovers from the sea star's prey items. (Barnes, 1987; Brusca and Brusca, 2003)
Ecosystem Impact: keystone species
This document discusses different types of locomotion in protozoa, including amoeboid locomotion, flagellar locomotion, and ciliary locomotion. It provides details on the structure and movement of pseudopodia, flagella, and cilia. Several theories are described for the mechanism of amoeboid movement, including the sol-gel theory, molecular folding and unfolding theory, and fountain zone contraction theory. The key differences between flagella and cilia are also outlined.
This document provides information on the phylum Porifera (sponges). It discusses their key characteristics, including being multicellular organisms with cells not organized into tissues. Their bodies have epidermis, mesenchyme, and choanocytes. Sponges come in three basic body forms: asconoid, syconoid, and leuconoid. Their skeletons contain spicules made of silica, calcite or spongin. Specialized cell types perform functions like pinacocytes, choanocytes, amoebocytes and sclerocytes. The document outlines sponge morphology and anatomy in detail across multiple pages.
This document summarizes a presentation about reptile classification given by Deepak Rawal. It discusses the general characteristics of reptiles and provides a classification of living reptiles into four orders: Chelonia (turtles), Rhynchocephalia (tuatara), Crocodilia (crocodiles), and Squamata (lizards and snakes). Within Squamata, lizards are classified under Lacertilia and snakes under Ophidia. Key differences between lizards and snakes are outlined. Information on poisonous and non-poisonous snakes in India is also provided.
ppt on flight adaptation
a well prepared ppt on the topic of bird's flight adaptation.
a good collaboration of knowledge on this topic , hope all of you like this
plz like and share if you like it
Cnidaria is a phylum containing over 9,000 species found only in aquatic and mostly marine environments. All cnidarians have radial symmetrical. There are two major body forms among the Cnidaria - the polyp and the medusa. Sea anemones and corals have the polyp form, while jellyfish are typical medusae.
The document provides information about bivalves, including that they are molluscs with two shells, most live sedentary lives suspended feeding on food particles pulled in by cilia, and they reproduce both sexually with larval stages and externally for many marine species or internally for freshwater species.
Flight adaptation and Mechanism Of Flight in Birds.Manish Dash
This document discusses flight adaptations and the mechanism of flight in birds. It describes the key morphological adaptations birds have developed for flight including their streamlined bodies, lightweight feathers, modified forelimbs that form wings, and other adaptations. It also discusses important anatomical modifications such as their lightweight skeletons, strong breast muscles, and efficient respiratory and circulatory systems. Finally, it explains how birds generate lift through their airfoils and use a downward power stroke and upward recovery stroke of their wings to fly through flapping.
Phylum Annelida includes segmented worms such as earthworms, leeches, and marine worms. They have metameric segmentation with repeating body segments. Annelids have a closed circulatory system, a coelomic body cavity, and organ systems that are consistent throughout the body segments. They exhibit peristalsis locomotion and have a hydrostatic skeleton. Major classes include Polychaeta, with many bristles and parapodia, Oligochaeta including earthworms, and Hirudinea or leeches. Annelids are found in aquatic and terrestrial environments.
Sponges can reproduce sexually as either male or female, though not at the same time. The male sponge releases sperm that are picked up by choanocytes in the female sponge. These cells then carry the sperm to fertilize eggs, creating larvae. The larvae are released into the water and eventually settle down to grow into adult sponges, with the potential to switch gender roles upon future reproduction.
This document classifies arthropods into three subphyla: Trilobitomorpha, Chelicerata, and Mandibulata. Trilobites were diverse marine invertebrates that lived 500-250 million years ago. Chelicerates include spiders, scorpions, ticks, and sea spiders and have two body segments, pedipalps for holding prey, and book lungs. Mandibulatans include insects, centipedes, millipedes, and crustaceans and have mandibles for chewing and three body segments in insects.
The class Osteichthyes includes all fish that have bones in their skeletons. It is the largest class of vertebrates currently existing. Osteichthyes have skeletons made of bone, scales, bony opercula covering the gills, and lungs or swim bladders. They are primarily cold-blooded. The class is divided into two subclasses: Actinopterygii, which includes the ray-finned fishes that have fins without muscles lobes; and Sarcopterygii, which includes the lobe-finned fishes that have muscular lobes associated with their fins and usually use lungs for gas exchange.
Chaetognaths, echinoderms, and hemichordatesC Ebeling
This document describes the phyla Chaetognatha, Echinodermata, and Hemichordata. It provides details on their body forms, characteristics, classes, and examples. Some key points include: Chaetognaths are small marine arrow worms that are predators of plankton. Echinoderms have a calcareous endoskeleton and pentaradial symmetry, and include sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, and sea lilies. Hemichordates are small marine bottom dwellers that possess gill slits and a rudimentary notochord, and include acorn worms and colonial pterobranchs.
Porifera is a phylum of primitive invertebrate animals comprising the sponges and having a cellular grade of construction without true tissue or organ formation but with the body permeated by canals and chambers through which a current of water flows and passes in its course through one or more cavities lined with choanocytes.
The horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus is an ancient genus that has changed little in over 250 million years. It is more closely related to chelicerates than crustaceans. Its body consists of a prosoma with six pairs of legs and two types of eyes, and an opisthosoma with six pairs of appendages that aid in respiration, reproduction, and locomotion. The first pair forms a genital operculum and the remaining five pairs are modified into gills. Horseshoe crabs are long-lived for invertebrates, with males maturing between 9-11 years and females between 10-12 years.
Pila is an amphibian that can perform both branchial and pulmonary respiration. When in water, it breathes through gills called ctenidia located in the branchial chamber. On land, it breathes through a pulmonary sac located in the pulmonary chamber. The pulmonary sac allows for gas exchange between air and blood. Pila can also respire underwater using a respiratory tube formed by its nuchal lobe to bring air into the pulmonary sac. Its osphradium organ helps detect chemicals in the water.
Phylum Arthropoda includes insects, crustaceans, arachnids and makes up over 82% of all living things. They are characterized by having a segmented body, jointed appendages, and an exoskeleton made of chitin. Arthropods have a head with sensory organs and mouthparts, a thorax for appendage attachment, and some have an abdomen. Their exoskeleton provides protection but limits growth, requiring molting. They are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, and have open circulatory, digestive and nervous systems adapted for their habitat.
- Urochordata, also known as tunicates, are marine chordates characterized by having a notochord only in their larval stage. They belong to the subphylum Urochordata within the phylum Chordata.
- Sea squirts have a free-swimming larval stage with a notochord and tail, but undergo metamorphosis where the notochord is resorbed and they attach themselves permanently to surfaces as sessile filter-feeding adults encased in a tunic.
- The largest class of urochordates is the Ascidiacea, which have a larval stage that transforms into solitary or colonial sessile adults that feed by
1. Arthropods are a phylum of joint-legged invertebrate animals including insects, arachnids, crustaceans and others.
2. They have segmented bodies, jointed appendages, a hard exoskeleton and molt to grow.
3. Major groups include insects, arachnids like spiders and scorpions, crustaceans like crabs and lobsters, and extinct trilobites.
4 chap 10 (kingdom animalia) f.sc 1st year biology helping notesMary Smith
The document provides information about various topics related to the Kingdom Animalia including:
- How insects can damage crops and how some insects like honey bees and silk worms are beneficial to humans.
- Details about the radula, classes of Phylum Mollusca (Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Cephalopoda), and examples like snails and mussels.
- Characteristics of flatworms (Platyhelminthes) like tapeworms and flukes, and adaptations for their parasitic lifestyle.
- Key features of arthropods like their jointed appendages, tracheal respiratory system, and exoskeleton.
- Annelids like earthworms are segmented
The document describes characteristics of the chordate phylum including:
- Possessing a notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and post-anal tail during embryonic development.
- The notochord provides skeletal support and develops into the vertebral column in vertebrates. The nerve cord develops into the central nervous system. Pharyngeal slits develop into gills or jaws.
- Major chordate groups are Urochordata, Cephalaochordata, and Vertebrata. Amphioxus/lancelets are described as possessing chordate characteristics throughout their life.
There are main 5 classes of living echinoderms:
crinoids (sea lilies and feather stars); asteroids (STARFISH); ophiuroids (brittle stars); echinoids (SEA URCHINS, etc); and holothuroids (sea cucumbers).
Echinoderms have been well preserved as FOSSILS; all existing classes and several others now extinct were present in the Ordovician (505-438 million years ago). They may have originated in the Precambrian (over 570 million years ago).
Common name : sea lilies, Sea Stars(STARFISH), sea urchins, sea cucumbers, and brittle stars.
Habitat
Echinoderms occupy all habitats including coral reefs, mangroves, seagrass and soft-bottom areas.
Except for a few species which inhabit brackish waters, all echinoderms are benthic organisms found in marine environments. Echinoderms inhabit depths ranging from shallow waters at tide lines to the deep sea.(Barnes, 1987; Brusca and Brusca, 2003; University of Alabama Center for Communication and Educational Technology, 2000; Waggoner, 1999)
Habitat Regions
• temperate
• tropical
• polar
• saltwater or marine
Aquatic Biomes
• brackish water
Other Habitat Features
• intertidal or littoral
GeoGraphy and eco-system
Geographic Range
Mainly a marine group, echinoderms are found in all the oceans. (Brusca and Brusca, 2003)
BIOGEOGRAPHIC REGIONS
• arctic ocean
• indian ocean
• atlantic ocean
• pacific ocean
• mediterranean sea
Eco-system
Sea urchins are among the main herbivores on reefs and there is usually a fine balance between the urchins and the kelp and other algae on which they graze. A diminution of the numbers of predators (otters, lobsters and fish) can result in an increase in urchin numbers causing overgrazing of kelp forests with the result that an alga-denuded "urchin barren" forms.
Work cited:
Lawrence, J. M. (1975). "On the relationships between marine plants and sea urchins". Oceanographic Marine Biological Annual Review 13: 213–286.
Ecosystem Roles
Echinoderms are usually intricate parts of their ecosystems. Many asteroids are keystone species. Sea urchins, if not controlled by predators, may overgraze their habitat. Asteroids have several commensals, including polychaetes that feed on leftovers from the sea star's prey items. (Barnes, 1987; Brusca and Brusca, 2003)
Ecosystem Impact: keystone species
This document discusses different types of locomotion in protozoa, including amoeboid locomotion, flagellar locomotion, and ciliary locomotion. It provides details on the structure and movement of pseudopodia, flagella, and cilia. Several theories are described for the mechanism of amoeboid movement, including the sol-gel theory, molecular folding and unfolding theory, and fountain zone contraction theory. The key differences between flagella and cilia are also outlined.
This document provides information on the phylum Porifera (sponges). It discusses their key characteristics, including being multicellular organisms with cells not organized into tissues. Their bodies have epidermis, mesenchyme, and choanocytes. Sponges come in three basic body forms: asconoid, syconoid, and leuconoid. Their skeletons contain spicules made of silica, calcite or spongin. Specialized cell types perform functions like pinacocytes, choanocytes, amoebocytes and sclerocytes. The document outlines sponge morphology and anatomy in detail across multiple pages.
This document summarizes a presentation about reptile classification given by Deepak Rawal. It discusses the general characteristics of reptiles and provides a classification of living reptiles into four orders: Chelonia (turtles), Rhynchocephalia (tuatara), Crocodilia (crocodiles), and Squamata (lizards and snakes). Within Squamata, lizards are classified under Lacertilia and snakes under Ophidia. Key differences between lizards and snakes are outlined. Information on poisonous and non-poisonous snakes in India is also provided.
ppt on flight adaptation
a well prepared ppt on the topic of bird's flight adaptation.
a good collaboration of knowledge on this topic , hope all of you like this
plz like and share if you like it
Cnidaria is a phylum containing over 9,000 species found only in aquatic and mostly marine environments. All cnidarians have radial symmetrical. There are two major body forms among the Cnidaria - the polyp and the medusa. Sea anemones and corals have the polyp form, while jellyfish are typical medusae.
The document provides information about bivalves, including that they are molluscs with two shells, most live sedentary lives suspended feeding on food particles pulled in by cilia, and they reproduce both sexually with larval stages and externally for many marine species or internally for freshwater species.
Flight adaptation and Mechanism Of Flight in Birds.Manish Dash
This document discusses flight adaptations and the mechanism of flight in birds. It describes the key morphological adaptations birds have developed for flight including their streamlined bodies, lightweight feathers, modified forelimbs that form wings, and other adaptations. It also discusses important anatomical modifications such as their lightweight skeletons, strong breast muscles, and efficient respiratory and circulatory systems. Finally, it explains how birds generate lift through their airfoils and use a downward power stroke and upward recovery stroke of their wings to fly through flapping.
Phylum Annelida includes segmented worms such as earthworms, leeches, and marine worms. They have metameric segmentation with repeating body segments. Annelids have a closed circulatory system, a coelomic body cavity, and organ systems that are consistent throughout the body segments. They exhibit peristalsis locomotion and have a hydrostatic skeleton. Major classes include Polychaeta, with many bristles and parapodia, Oligochaeta including earthworms, and Hirudinea or leeches. Annelids are found in aquatic and terrestrial environments.
Sponges can reproduce sexually as either male or female, though not at the same time. The male sponge releases sperm that are picked up by choanocytes in the female sponge. These cells then carry the sperm to fertilize eggs, creating larvae. The larvae are released into the water and eventually settle down to grow into adult sponges, with the potential to switch gender roles upon future reproduction.
This document classifies arthropods into three subphyla: Trilobitomorpha, Chelicerata, and Mandibulata. Trilobites were diverse marine invertebrates that lived 500-250 million years ago. Chelicerates include spiders, scorpions, ticks, and sea spiders and have two body segments, pedipalps for holding prey, and book lungs. Mandibulatans include insects, centipedes, millipedes, and crustaceans and have mandibles for chewing and three body segments in insects.
The class Osteichthyes includes all fish that have bones in their skeletons. It is the largest class of vertebrates currently existing. Osteichthyes have skeletons made of bone, scales, bony opercula covering the gills, and lungs or swim bladders. They are primarily cold-blooded. The class is divided into two subclasses: Actinopterygii, which includes the ray-finned fishes that have fins without muscles lobes; and Sarcopterygii, which includes the lobe-finned fishes that have muscular lobes associated with their fins and usually use lungs for gas exchange.
Chaetognaths, echinoderms, and hemichordatesC Ebeling
This document describes the phyla Chaetognatha, Echinodermata, and Hemichordata. It provides details on their body forms, characteristics, classes, and examples. Some key points include: Chaetognaths are small marine arrow worms that are predators of plankton. Echinoderms have a calcareous endoskeleton and pentaradial symmetry, and include sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, and sea lilies. Hemichordates are small marine bottom dwellers that possess gill slits and a rudimentary notochord, and include acorn worms and colonial pterobranchs.
Porifera is a phylum of primitive invertebrate animals comprising the sponges and having a cellular grade of construction without true tissue or organ formation but with the body permeated by canals and chambers through which a current of water flows and passes in its course through one or more cavities lined with choanocytes.
The horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus is an ancient genus that has changed little in over 250 million years. It is more closely related to chelicerates than crustaceans. Its body consists of a prosoma with six pairs of legs and two types of eyes, and an opisthosoma with six pairs of appendages that aid in respiration, reproduction, and locomotion. The first pair forms a genital operculum and the remaining five pairs are modified into gills. Horseshoe crabs are long-lived for invertebrates, with males maturing between 9-11 years and females between 10-12 years.
Pila is an amphibian that can perform both branchial and pulmonary respiration. When in water, it breathes through gills called ctenidia located in the branchial chamber. On land, it breathes through a pulmonary sac located in the pulmonary chamber. The pulmonary sac allows for gas exchange between air and blood. Pila can also respire underwater using a respiratory tube formed by its nuchal lobe to bring air into the pulmonary sac. Its osphradium organ helps detect chemicals in the water.
Phylum Arthropoda includes insects, crustaceans, arachnids and makes up over 82% of all living things. They are characterized by having a segmented body, jointed appendages, and an exoskeleton made of chitin. Arthropods have a head with sensory organs and mouthparts, a thorax for appendage attachment, and some have an abdomen. Their exoskeleton provides protection but limits growth, requiring molting. They are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, and have open circulatory, digestive and nervous systems adapted for their habitat.
- Urochordata, also known as tunicates, are marine chordates characterized by having a notochord only in their larval stage. They belong to the subphylum Urochordata within the phylum Chordata.
- Sea squirts have a free-swimming larval stage with a notochord and tail, but undergo metamorphosis where the notochord is resorbed and they attach themselves permanently to surfaces as sessile filter-feeding adults encased in a tunic.
- The largest class of urochordates is the Ascidiacea, which have a larval stage that transforms into solitary or colonial sessile adults that feed by
1. Arthropods are a phylum of joint-legged invertebrate animals including insects, arachnids, crustaceans and others.
2. They have segmented bodies, jointed appendages, a hard exoskeleton and molt to grow.
3. Major groups include insects, arachnids like spiders and scorpions, crustaceans like crabs and lobsters, and extinct trilobites.
4 chap 10 (kingdom animalia) f.sc 1st year biology helping notesMary Smith
The document provides information about various topics related to the Kingdom Animalia including:
- How insects can damage crops and how some insects like honey bees and silk worms are beneficial to humans.
- Details about the radula, classes of Phylum Mollusca (Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Cephalopoda), and examples like snails and mussels.
- Characteristics of flatworms (Platyhelminthes) like tapeworms and flukes, and adaptations for their parasitic lifestyle.
- Key features of arthropods like their jointed appendages, tracheal respiratory system, and exoskeleton.
- Annelids like earthworms are segmented
The document describes characteristics of the chordate phylum including:
- Possessing a notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and post-anal tail during embryonic development.
- The notochord provides skeletal support and develops into the vertebral column in vertebrates. The nerve cord develops into the central nervous system. Pharyngeal slits develop into gills or jaws.
- Major chordate groups are Urochordata, Cephalaochordata, and Vertebrata. Amphioxus/lancelets are described as possessing chordate characteristics throughout their life.
The document summarizes key characteristics of the phylum Echinodermata. It describes that they are marine animals with spiny skin and a water vascular system used for locomotion and feeding. They display pentaradial symmetry as adults but are biradial as larvae. The phylum includes sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, brittle stars, and sea cucumbers which show morphological diversity but share characteristics like a calcite endoskeleton and collagenous connective tissue.
This study guide covers topics in animal diversity, invertebrates, vertebrates, and fungi. For animal diversity, it defines characteristics that distinguish animals, types of symmetry, and coelomic conditions. It describes the four classes of Cnidaria and characteristics of Nemertea. It also covers advantages and disadvantages of exoskeletons. For invertebrates, it defines lophophores and lists lophophorate phyla. For vertebrates, it defines key terms like craniates and describes adaptations of reptiles and birds. Finally, for fungi, it covers characteristics, modes of nutrition, dispersal without motility, body structures, and sexual/asexual reproduction among major ph
The document discusses the phylum Annelida, which includes segmented worms. It describes three main classes within the phylum - Polychaeta (including marine bristle worms), Oligochaeta (including terrestrial earthworms), and Hirudinea (including leeches). Key characteristics of annelids include a segmented body, closed circulatory system, and sexual reproduction, though some can reproduce asexually. They play an important ecological role in soil and sediment reworking.
1. The phylum Annelida includes segmented worms like earthworms and leeches. They vary greatly in size, from less than 1 mm to over 3 meters long.
2. Annelids are classified into 3 main groups: Polychaetes, which show the most variation; Oligochaetes like earthworms, which are simpler in structure; and Hirudinea or leeches, which are uniform in appearance and lack appendages.
3. Annelids display a range of reproductive strategies, most commonly hermaphroditism. They play important ecological roles in nutrient cycling and as food sources.
This document provides information about the phylum Arthropoda. It discusses the general characteristics of arthropods such as segmented bodies, exoskeletons made of chitin, and open circulatory and nervous systems. It then describes the key classes within the phylum - Crustacea, Myriapoda, Arachnida, and Insecta. For each class, it highlights differences in body structure, number and placement of appendages, and respiratory systems. Examples of species from each class are also provided. The document concludes with sample evaluation questions to test comprehension.
Lecture on arthropods and echinoderms.pptEsayDawit
The document discusses the phylum Arthropoda, which includes insects, arachnids, crustaceans, and others. It describes their key characteristics such as a jointed exoskeleton made of chitin, jointed limbs, and growth through molting. Arthropods are the largest and most diverse phylum, making up over 75% of animal species, mostly insects. Their success is attributed to traits like metamerism, tagmatization, their exoskeleton, hemocoel circulatory system, and ability to undergo metamorphosis. The phylum contains five subphyla characterized by their body plans, appendages, and habitats.
This document provides information about the subphylum Chelicerata. It belongs to the phylum Arthropoda and includes arachnids like spiders and scorpions. Chelicerata have a segmented body with jointed limbs covered in a cuticle of chitin and protein. They have poison glands containing fangs or claws used to kill prey. Classifications within Chelicerata include Pygnogonids (sea spiders), Merostomata, and Arachnids. Pygnogonids are small marine arthropods with long thin legs that feed by sucking juices from cnidarians.
The document summarizes characteristics of the phylum Annelida, or segmented worms. It discusses that Annelids have segmented bodies with repeated sets of organs in each segment. They can live in marine, freshwater, and moist terrestrial environments. A study on the leech is then presented, describing its external morphology such as 33 body segments, two suckers for attachment and feeding, and sensory receptors along the body. Locomotion occurs through looping or swimming movements.
This document provides an overview of the animal kingdom, including the basis for classification. It discusses the 11 phyla of animals and provides the key characteristics of each phylum, including Porifera, Cnidaria, Ctenophora, Platyhelminthes, Aschelminthes, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, Hemichordata, and Chordata. Examples are given for representative species from each phylum. Classification is based on levels of organization, symmetry, germ layers, coelom, segmentation, and presence of a notochord. Key terms are defined, such as asexual and sexual reproduction, indirect and direct development, and closed
This document provides a summary of the classification of major animal phyla based on their key characteristics and evolutionary relationships. It discusses the levels of biological organization and describes the distinguishing features of major phyla including porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminthes, annelida, arthropoda, mollusca, echinodermata, chordata, and vertebrata. Key characteristics like symmetry, presence of tissues, body cavities, segmentation, and notochord are used to classify animals into different phyla and subphyla.
Arthropods are characterized by their jointed exoskeleton and limbs, and segmented bodies. They include insects, arachnids, crustaceans, and extinct groups like trilobites. The largest phylum of animals, arthropods have adapted to nearly all environments. Their success is due to traits like their tough exoskeleton, segmented body, and jointed legs adapted to many modes of life.
1) Kingdom Animalia includes multicellular, eukaryotic organisms that are heterotrophs and have a nervous system and locomotion abilities to obtain food.
2) Animals develop from a zygote into a gastrula with three germ layers - ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm - that form the skin/nervous system, digestive tract and muscles/circulatory system, respectively.
3) Invertebrates make up 95% of animal species and include sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, roundworms, mollusks, annelids, echinoderms and arthropods like insects, spiders and crustaceans
The document discusses the physiology of arthropods, focusing on insects. It describes the external anatomy including the exoskeleton, head, thorax, abdomen and legs. The exoskeleton is made of cuticle layers and provides protection. The head contains sensory organs and mouthparts. The thorax contains wings, if present, and legs adapted for various functions. The abdomen contains reproductive and excretory structures. Internally, insects have digestive, circulatory, nervous and endocrine systems to support their life functions. The exoskeleton, digestive system and other internal structures allow insects to survive on land.
1. The document discusses the classification of animals based on their level of organization, symmetry, germ layers, body cavity, segmentation, and presence of a notochord.
2. It describes the key characteristics of 14 animal phyla: Porifera, Coelenterata, Ctenophora, Platyhelminthes, Aschelminthes, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, Hemichordata, Chordata, Urochordata, Cephalochordata, and Vertebrata.
3. The phyla are classified and compared based on features such as body plan, tissue/organ level organization, symmetry,
The document discusses the phylum Arthropoda, which includes insects, arachnids, crustaceans, and others. It describes their key characteristics, including a jointed exoskeleton, bilateral symmetry, and bodies divided into segments. Arthropods live in many habitats and have adaptations for respiration, circulation, reproduction, and other functions. The largest class is Insecta, including over 750,000 species, while other classes include crustaceans, centipedes, millipedes, and arachnids. Common examples of arthropods from each class are also provided.
1. The abdomen of insects is segmented, with the basic number being 11 segments plus a telson bearing the anus. The 8th and 9th abdominal segments in females and the 9th in males contain external reproductive organs or genitalia.
2. Abdominal segments contain structures like spiracles, tympanums, and appendages that vary between insect groups. Appendages include styli, collophores, retinacula, furculae, gills, dolichasters, and prolegs.
3. Winged adults have appendages like cornicles, caudal breathing tubes, cerci, median caudal filaments, pygostyles, anal styli,
Porifera are sponges that live in aquatic environments and have pores that allow water flow through their bodies for filter feeding, respiration, and waste removal. Cnidarians like jellyfish, sea anemones, and corals have stinging tentacles used to capture prey which is then brought to the mouth. Platyhelminths are flatworms that have no skeleton and use cilia and muscles to move; they have a combined digestive/excretory system and reproduce asexually.
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The document provides an overview of the Civil Rights Movement in the United States, including key events and figures. It discusses the Harlem Renaissance, which was an African American cultural movement in the 1920s and 1930s centered in Harlem, New York. It then covers segregation laws in the South known as Jim Crow that separated public facilities for blacks and whites. Important events discussed include the Montgomery Bus Boycott sparked by Rosa Parks' arrest, sit-ins to desegregate facilities, and the landmark 1954 Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education that ruled racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional.
President Kennedy continued the Cold War policy of resisting the spread of communism through both military and non-military means. He offered economic and development aid to other nations through initiatives like the Alliance for Progress and Peace Corps while also threatening military force if needed to defend against threats like those in Cuba and Berlin. Kennedy believed in pursuing peace without relying solely on weapons and sought to ease tensions with the Soviet Union through agreements like the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty.
Francisco Jimenez immigrated from Mexico to California as a child and worked picking crops in the fields. He details his experiences adapting to life as a migrant worker and student in his autobiographical novel The Circuit. The story follows Francisco and his family as they travel between farms for work and Francisco's efforts to learn English and succeed in school despite facing challenges like racism, balancing his education with helping his family in the fields, and more.
The document provides an overview of the novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee. It summarizes the key characters, setting, themes and symbols. The story is set in 1930s Maycomb, Alabama and narrated by Scout Finch as an adult, reflecting on her childhood. Some of the main themes explored are racial prejudice and the mockingbird symbolizing innocence.
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This document provides an overview of postmodernism and contemporary literature from the 1950s to present. It discusses that postmodernism began after World War II and overlaps with modernism, celebrating a lack of universal truths. Some key characteristics include fragmentation, ambiguous endings, and questioning of authority figures. Influential postmodern works include Catch-22, Slaughterhouse Five, and White Noise. Contemporary literature embraces both traditional and postmodern styles, featuring cultural diversity and crossing boundaries between fiction and nonfiction.
The Harlem Renaissance was an African American cultural movement that took place in Harlem, New York from the 1920s to the 1930s. During this period, Harlem became the center of African American cultural, social, and political life. The Harlem Renaissance saw an explosion of African American art, literature, music, theater, and politics that celebrated African American life and promoted racial pride and equality. Some of the notable figures of this movement included Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, Claude McKay, and Countee Cullen in literature as well as jazz musicians like Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington.
Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal redefined democracy by providing political rights as well as economic security and social justice. The Great Depression was caused by agricultural and industrial overproduction, unequal wealth distribution, overextended credit, and international economic factors. Herbert Hoover's ineffective response as president led to FDR's landslide election in 1932 on a platform of bold action. The New Deal had three main goals - relief for the unemployed, recovery of the economy, and reform of the financial system. It established major programs and agencies that helped rehabilitate the country physically and socially while also strengthening the presidency and democratic system.
The Jazz Age of the 1920s saw major cultural and social changes in American society. Young people embraced new styles of dress, music, and greater personal freedom than previous generations. At the same time, religious fundamentalism opposed these changes and sought to preserve traditional values. Economically, lower taxes and new industries like automobiles spurred widespread prosperity, though some groups faced exclusion and hardship. Mass production using assembly lines boosted supplies and reduced costs of goods, fueling a new consumer society.
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F. Scott Fitzgerald was an American author born in 1896 in Minnesota. He is best known for chronicling the Jazz Age in the 1920s and his most famous work, The Great Gatsby. Fitzgerald grew up in a declining family but was able to attend private schools with help from relatives. He dropped out of Princeton to join the army during WWI. After the war, he moved to New York to pursue writing full-time while also working an advertising job. His first novel, This Side of Paradise, was a success in 1920. Fitzgerald married Zelda Sayre later that year. They lived lavishly but struggled with debt and alcoholism for the rest of their lives. Fitzgerald's later works including The Great G
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Modernism emerged in the early 20th century as a rejection of realism and a call for experimental styles in literature and art. Modernist works emphasized subjective experience over objective reality and fragmented structures over traditional forms. This movement arose in response to the disillusionment caused by World War I and the increasing chaos, loss of faith, and confusion of identity that characterized life in the modern world. Notable modernist American authors included F. Scott Fitzgerald, capturing the jazz-era excess of the 1920s, and John Steinbeck, chronicling the hardship of the Great Depression in the 1930s.
This document provides historical context for Mark Twain's Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, including the time period in which it is set and cultural movements of the late 19th century. It explores slavery and racism in America at the time as well as literary realism. Additionally, it examines how photography emerged to document social changes and compare viewpoints on slavery between the novel and photographs of the era. Realism and regionalism in art and literature aimed to depict everyday American life honestly through subjects, dialects and settings.
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The document provides an introduction to Mark Twain's novel Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. It summarizes the background and story, which follows the journey of the young Huck Finn and escaped slave Jim traveling down the Mississippi River on a raft. The introduction discusses how Huck is torn between his civilized life with Widow Douglas and his freedom-seeking adventures with Tom Sawyer. After escaping from his abusive father, Huck meets Jim and the two embark on a journey down the river together.
13. Phylum Arthropoda
Subphylum Trilobitomorpha
Subphylum Cheliceriformes
Subphylum Myriapoda
Subphylum Hexapoda
Subphylum Crustacea
Class Branchipoda
Class Maxillopoda
Class Malacostraca
Order Decapoda (crabs, lobsters, shrimp)
14. Phylum Arthropoda
Subphylum Trilobitomorpha
Subphylum Cheliceriformes
Subphylum Myriapoda
Subphylum Hexapoda
Subphylum Crustacea
Class Branchipoda
Class Maxillopoda
Class Malacostraca
Order Decapoda
Order Isopoda (isopods)
15. What do Arthropods look like?
Triploblastic, bilateral protostomes
Hard exoskeleton
Specialization of appendages
Jointed appendages
Coelom that acts as an open
circulatory system (heomcoel)
Excretory and gas exchange organs
Sense organs that extend out of cuticle
Growth through molting (ecdysis)
Fig. 15.15
16. How do Arthropods support themselves and move?
Cuticle
Secreted by epidermis
Waxes, lipoproteins, proteins.
Sclerotized - tanning process that hardens
Fig. 15.16
17. How do Arthropods support themselves and move?
Each segment bound by four plates - dorsal tergite, ventral sternite,
and two lateral pleurites.
Muscle bands attach to apodemes.
Appendages segmented with extrinsic or intrinsic muscles.
Fig. 15.15
18. How do Arthropods support themselves and move?
Appendages:
Uniramous or biramous.
Parts are specialized for
different tasks.
Fig. 15.17
19. How do Arthropods support themselves and move?
Joints have thin flexible membrane.
Antagonistic muscles: flexors and
extensors.
Joints in one plane or ball-and-socket.
Exoskeleton has condyles that act as
fulcrums.
Fig. 15.18
20. How do Arthropods support themselves and move?
Walking
Walking involves the coordinated
movement of uniramous
appendages in different planes.
Fig. 15.20
21. How do Arthropods support themselves and move?
Walking
Subphylum Myriapoda Millipedes (Class
Diplopoda) have
two legs per
segment on each
side. Slow but
powerful.
Fig. 18.3
Centipedes (Class
Chilopoda) have
one leg per
segment on each
side. Fast but not
as powerful.
22. How do Arthropods support themselves and move?
Swimming
Flapping phyllopodia
Fig. 15.19
Tail flexion
23. How do Arthropods support themselves and move?
Flying
Hemipterans (flies)
Indirect flight muscles allow wings to beat faster than neural
transmission.
Dorsoventral and longitudinal muscles.
Flexible thorax.
Fig. 17.16
24. How do Arthropods support themselves and move?
“Brain” is 2-3 ganglia with specific
functions.
Ganglionated ventral nerve cord.
Sense organs (sensilla) protrude
out of cuticle.
Can be slit in cuticle.
Membranous drums.
Chemoreceptors with thin cuticle.
Fig. 15. 28
25. How do Arthropods support themselves and move?
Simple ocelli.
Complex lensed ocelli.
Compound eyes made of ommatidia.
Fig. 15.29
26. How do Arthropods grow?
Instars have tissue growth but
no increase in external size.
Proecdysis - old endocuticle
digested by enzymes from
epidermis. Begin secreting
new endocuticle.
Ecdysis - old cuticle splits and
animal wiggles out. Body
swells.
Postecdysis - cuticle hardens.
27. How do Arthropods grow?
Timing of molting. Fig. 17.35
Throughout life - crustaceans.
Periodically until certain size - copepods.
During metamorphosis - insects.
Hemimetabolous - insects hatch looking much like
adults. Nymphs gradually attain adult form.
Holometabolous - young very different from
adults. Pupal stage metamorhosis into adult.
Fig. 17.36
28. How do Arthropods feed and digest?
Complete gut with regional
specialization.
Foregut - food intake, transport,
storage, mechanical digestion
(jaws, pharynx, gizzard).
Midgut - extracellular digestion, Fig. 15.24
nutrient uptake (cecae, digestive
gland, hepatopancreas).
Hindgut - excretion of undigested
material, water reabsorption.
29. How do Arthropods feed and digest? Fig. 19.5
Spider silk
Complex fibrous
protein.
Spinning
apparatus in
opithosome.
Liquid silk produced by glands,
secreted into duct, pass to
spinneret with tubes to outside.
Fig. 19.7
30. How do Arthropods feed and digest?
Threads made of different thicknesses and
combined in different ways for different
functions.
31. How do Arthropods maintain homeostasis?
Fig. 15.25
Circulation and respiration
Open hemocoel as a result of
hard exoskeleton and lack of
internal segmentation.
Muscular heart required since
body movements can’t move
blood.
Hemolymph has amebocytes,
pigments, and some have
clotting factors.
32. How do Arthropods maintain homeostasis?
Circulation and respiration Fig. 15.26
Respiratory structures depend on habitat.
Trachea in Gills in aquatic animals.
terrestrial
insects.
Arachnid book lung.
Fig. 19.18
33. Respiration
Gills
a. General
• gills are evaginations
• typical of aquatic animals
• blood is oxygenated by gills
• oxygen delivered to tissues by blood
b. Crustacean Gills
• crustacean gills are usually associated with appendages
• blood circulates through the gill and is oxygenated
c. Book Lungs
• present in many arachnid orders
• similar to book gills of horseshoe crabs
• oxygen transport from the lungs to the tissues is by blood
33
35. NERVOUS SYSTEM
1. General
nervous system is adapted for the needs of a segmented animal as is
that of annelids
annelid and arthropod nervous systems are similar
the similarities may be convergent
2. Arthropod Ground Plan
ladder like nervous system
dorsal brain in the head
a pair of circumenteric connectives that encircle the gut
a paired, ventral, longitudinal nerve cord
paired segmental ganglia
transverse commissures between ganglia
longitudinal connectives
segmental sensory and motor nerves
35
36. NERVOUS SYSTEM
Side view of body showing relative
position of circulatory (yellow),
digestive (green), and nervous
(blue) systems.
36
37. How do Arthropods maintain homeostasis?
Osmoregulation and waste excretion
Closed structure required since open
nephrostome wouldn’t with such a large
hemocoel.
Material uptake depends on filtration Fig. 15.27
pressure and active uptake.
Reuptake of salts and nutrients.
Antennal and maxillary glands in
crustaceans. Produce ammonia
with some urea and uric acid.
Malpighian tubules in arachnids and
insects. Blind tubes extend into
hemocoel and empty into gut.
Produce uric acid.
38. How do Arthropods reproduce and develop?
Most gonochoristic with formal mating and internal fertilization.
Fig. 16.32
39. How do Arthropods reproduce and develop?
Usually some brooding.
Development often mixed with early brooding then larval stages.
Eggs centrolecithal but amount of yolk varies (so does cleavage).
Nauplius larva
40. How do Arthropods reproduce and develop?
Parasitic lifestyles
Fig. 16.16
Fig. 16.25
Rhizocephalan barnalces