ARISTOTLE ON VIRTUES
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Aristotle believed that virtue is a trait of character that helps achieve a good life through reason. Virtues must be united with passions, faculties, and character states. According to Aristotle, everything has a purpose or "telos." The telos of humans is happiness or fulfillment through using their abilities to their fullest potential. Aristotle defined happiness as the meaning and purpose of life achieved through developing good moral character over a lifetime and obtaining all goods like health, wealth, and knowledge.
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- The basics of virtue ethics as developed by Aristotle, focusing on developing good character traits rather than specific actions.
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Aristotle’s virtue ethics The most famous virtue ethicist, and in many ways still the starting point for most virtue ethicists, is the great Greek philosopher Aristotle (384–322 BCE). In his Nicomachean Ethics (1954), Aristotle laid out a system of virtue ethics which still remains the starting point, if not the model, for most virtue ethicists. A virtue (areté which can also be translated as “excellence”) for Aristotle was the mean between the extremes.
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This document discusses Aristotle's virtue ethics philosophy. It explains that virtue ethics focuses on developing good moral character and virtuous behaviors rather than rules or consequences of actions. Aristotle defined virtues as excellences that are a mean between deficiencies and excesses. He identified intellectual virtues like wisdom and moral virtues like courage. Virtue ethics was also discussed in other traditions like Confucianism, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Christianity. The document emphasizes that virtues are not inherited but developed through practice and choice over time.
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Aristotle believed that happiness consists of living virtuously according to reason. He defined virtue as finding the golden mean between two vices - having too much or too little of a trait. Aristotle taught that humans become virtuous through practice and habit, and that developing moral virtues and intellectual virtues leads to eudaimonia, or human flourishing. The function of human beings is to act in accordance with reason using our rational souls.
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Kantianism
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Aristotle is considered the most important virtue ethicist. He argues that happiness, or eudaimonia, consists in living according to virtue. For Aristotle, virtue is a mean between deficiencies and excesses of emotions and actions. The virtuous person feels and acts moderately in various situations. Aristotle identifies several intellectual and moral virtues. Intellectual virtues like practical wisdom can be learned, while moral virtues become ingrained through practice and habit. True happiness is achieved by cultivating moral excellence and using reason to guide our desires toward what is good.
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This document discusses the relationship between religion and ethics. It explores different perspectives on whether morality is dependent on religion such as the Divine Command Theory and the Independence Thesis. The document also examines arguments for and against the idea that religion enhances moral life or is even contrary to morality. Key figures discussed include Kant, Russell, Hume, Nowell-Smith, and Rachels.
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The document discusses the relationship between culture and moral behavior. It states that cultures vary substantially in both moral judgments and behaviors. Cultural factors like religion, social institutions, and environment contribute to this variation between and within societies. While there are differences, there are also commonalities as moral thinking and conduct are influenced by cultural learning and social norms. Overall, the document examines how culture shapes ethics and what is considered right or wrong within a society.
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The document outlines Aristotle's view of ethics as presented in the Nicomachean Ethics. It discusses Aristotle's view that happiness is the highest good, which he defines as an activity of the soul in accordance with virtue. It explains that Aristotle identifies both intellectual and moral virtues, and that moral virtues are acquired through practice and habituation. The document also notes that for Aristotle, while both intellectual and moral virtues are required for happiness, intellectual activity and virtue is the primary component of happiness.
Kant - Categorical Imperative
Kant's categorical imperative holds that people should act based on a sense of duty rather than for rewards or consequences. The categorical imperative is to act solely from duty, whereas the hypothetical imperative involves acting to receive a reward. According to Kant, the categorical imperative is the only proper way to act. He gives the example of helping an elderly woman cross the street purely out of duty rather than for personal reward or feeling good. Kant believed people should strive for the highest good or "summum bonum," which involves achieving happiness through virtue, though this can only be attained after death.
1 ARISTOTLE (384-322 BCE) Introduction Aristotle.docx
1
ARISTOTLE (384-322 BCE)
Introduction: Aristotle's Definition of Happiness
http://www.pursuit-of-happiness.org/history-of-happiness/aristotle/
"Happiness depends on ourselves." More than anybody else, Aristotle enshrines happiness as a central
purpose of human life and a goal in itself. As a result he devotes more space to the topic of happiness
than any thinker prior to the modern era. Living during the same period as Mencius, but on the other side
of the world, he draws some similar conclusions. That is, happiness depends on the cultivation of virtue,
though his virtues are somewhat more individualistic than the essentially social virtues of the
Confucians. Yet as we shall see, Aristotle was convinced that a genuinely happy life required the
fulfillment of a broad range of conditions, including physical as well as mental well-being. In this way he
introduced the idea of a science of happiness in the classical sense, in terms of a new field of knowledge.
Essentially, Aristotle argues that virtue is achieved by maintaining the Mean, which is the balance
between two excesses. Aristotle’s doctrine of the Mean is reminiscent of Buddha’s Middle Path, but there
are intriguing differences. For Aristotle the mean was a method of achieving virtue, but for Buddha the
Middle Path referred to a peaceful way of life which negotiated the extremes of harsh asceticism and
sensual pleasure seeking. The Middle Path was a minimal requirement for the meditative life, and not the
source of virtue in itself.
Aristotle: A Little Background
Aristotle is one of the greatest thinkers in the history of western science and philosophy, making
contributions to logic, metaphysics, mathematics, physics, biology, botany, ethics, politics, agriculture,
medicine, dance and theatre. He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates. Although we
http://www.pursuit-of-happiness.org/science-of-happiness/strengths-and-virtues/
http://www.pursuit-of-happiness.org/science-of-happiness/
2
do not actually possess any of Aristotle’s own writings intended for
publication, we have volumes of the lecture notes he delivered for
his students; through these Aristotle was to exercise his profound
influence through the ages. Indeed, the medieval outlook is
sometimes considered to be the “Aristotelian worldview” and St.
Thomas Aquinas simply refers to Aristotle as “The Philosopher” as
though there were no other.
Aristotle was the first to classify areas of human knowledge into
distinct disciplines such as mathematics, biology, and ethics. Some of
these classifications are still used today, such as the species-genus
system taught in biology classes. He was the first to devise a formal
system for reasoning, whereby the validity of an argument is
determined by its structure rather than its content. Consider the
following syllogism: All men are mortal; Socrates is a man; therefore,
Socrates is mortal. Here .
Frameworks and principles behind our moral disposition
According to Aristotle, happiness is not pleasure, honor, or wealth, but rather an activity of the soul in accordance with virtue. Virtue is developed through habit, with virtuous actions becoming habitual over time until one naturally acts virtuously without conscious effort. For Kant, a good will is one that acts from duty and respects the moral law, motivated by a sense of obligation rather than any expected consequences. A good will treats humanity as an end in itself.
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1) The document discusses Aristotle's virtue ethics, which emphasizes cultivating moral character through practicing virtues. It focuses on Aristotle's concept of eudaimonia or human flourishing as the goal of ethics.
2) Aristotle believed virtues are excellent moral qualities developed through habit. They are the mean between vices of excess and deficiency. Practical wisdom is needed to determine the right actions in various situations.
3) For Aristotle, happiness comes from living according to reason and exercising virtues like courage and justice. This allows humans to fulfill our unique capacity for rational thought and achieve eudaimonia.
G7 virtue ethics
Virtue ethics focuses on developing virtuous character traits. Aristotle believed that happiness is achieved through living according to reason and developing virtues like courage, honesty, and justice. He argued that virtues represent a golden mean between extremes of character and that they allow people to function well and live happily in community with others. While virtue ethics emphasizes moral motivation and relationships, it faces challenges in providing guidance in complex situations where virtues may conflict or fail to address all scenarios.
Natural law
Natural law is based on the idea that God created everything for a purpose and humans can understand this purpose through reason. Thomas Aquinas developed natural law theory, drawing on Aristotle, to provide a rational basis for Christian morality. Natural law dictates absolute morality - that actions must fulfill their natural purpose without flexibility for circumstances. Applying natural law involves determining if an action achieves its natural end through reason and observation of nature.
Natural Law Lesson 3.pptx
St. Thomas Aquinas was a medieval scholar who reconciled Aristotle's political philosophy with Christian faith. He argued that governments must work for the common good of all people. Aquinas believed natural law, which is self-evident or deduced from self-evident ideas, governs human behavior. According to Aquinas, there are four types of law - eternal, natural, human, and divine - with eternal law being the highest, followed by natural law, then human law. Natural law applies to all humans and guides them to use reason to lead their lives.
Aristotle’s Virtue Ethics.docx
This document discusses Aristotle's virtue ethics philosophy. It explains that virtue ethics focuses on developing good moral character and virtuous behaviors rather than rules or consequences of actions. Aristotle defined virtues as excellences that are a mean between deficiencies and excesses. He identified intellectual virtues like wisdom and moral virtues like courage. Virtue ethics was also discussed in other traditions like Confucianism, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Christianity. The document emphasizes that virtues are not inherited but developed through practice and choice over time.
A very short introduction to virtue ethics
This document provides an overview of different approaches to normative ethics, including deontological ethics, virtue ethics, consequentialist ethics, and liberal ethics. It then focuses on virtue ethics, explaining that it emphasizes good character and virtues rather than rules or consequences. The document contrasts virtue ethics with utilitarianism and deontological ethics. It also discusses virtue ethics in different historical and cultural contexts such as ancient Greece, Athens, Christianity, and Confucianism. Finally, it covers Aristotle's concept of the golden mean and criticisms of virtue ethics.
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I. The document discusses virtue ethics, defining it as focusing on one's character and the virtues that shape ethical behavior.
II. It explains that virtues are developed over time through experiences, reflection, and interactions with others, forming habits of doing what is right.
III. Virtue ethics is important in business contexts as employees with strong virtues like courage, wisdom and fairness will make ethical decisions that help organizations achieve their goals.
Lesson 1
Aristotle believed that happiness consists of living virtuously according to reason. He defined virtue as finding the golden mean between two vices - having too much or too little of a trait. Aristotle taught that humans become virtuous through practice and habit, and that developing moral virtues and intellectual virtues leads to eudaimonia, or human flourishing. The function of human beings is to act in accordance with reason using our rational souls.
Nicomachean ethics
Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics examines the ultimate end or purpose of human life. It argues that happiness (eudaimonia) is attained through living a virtuous life according to reason. Virtue involves finding the golden mean between extremes of character and behavior. Aristotle defines the distinctively human function as the life of reason and contemplation. Right actions are those that promote happiness, while wrong actions oppose it. Deliberation and choice play a role in voluntary versus involuntary acts.
Kantianism
Kant's deontological moral philosophy is based on the categorical imperative and the idea that morality depends on duty and the good will rather than consequences. The categorical imperative has three formulations: first, act only according to maxims that could become universal laws; second, act to treat humanity as an end in itself, never as a mere means; and third, act as a member of a kingdom of ends where all rational beings give universal laws. Islamic philosophers criticize Kant for making human rationality the sole source of morality and for proposing subjective moral principles rather than objective divine commands. For Islam, intention includes knowledge, will, and obedience to God's commands, and intention combined with action determines moral worth.
Aristotle happiness slideshare_simple
Aristotle believed that every species has a role and purpose in the universe. Fulfilling this role well defines the ultimate good for that species. For humans, Aristotle identified characteristics that differentiate humans from other animals. He believed that when humans act according to their nature and fulfill their purpose, they feel fulfilled and happy. Happiness, according to Aristotle, is the greatest good because it is pursued for its own sake, rather than to achieve something else, and it indicates that one is living virtuously in accordance with their human nature.
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Ethics can be defined as the study of moral standards of human behavior and moral judgments. It examines concepts like good and bad and seeks to establish norms for human conduct. There are different perspectives on ethics, including seeing it as a practical science that provides rules to guide actions, or as a normative science that sets standards. Ethics studies both human acts that are done knowingly and voluntarily, as well as some involuntary acts. It aims to determine what constitutes morally good behavior. The concept of "good" can refer to things that are intrinsically good or good based on their consequences. Determining the greatest good is an ongoing discussion in philosophical thought.
Ethical theories[1]
Ethics is the philosophical study of morality and seeks to understand concepts like good, evil, right, wrong and justice. There are differing views on the source and nature of morality. Objectivists believe morality is objective and stems from supernatural beings or natural laws, while subjectivists see it as subjective and based on human rationality. Major ethical theories discussed include utilitarianism, deontology, virtue ethics and ethical relativism. Different theories provide various approaches to determining what constitutes moral and ethical behavior.
Aristotelian virtue ethics
Aristotle is considered the most important virtue ethicist. He argues that happiness, or eudaimonia, consists in living according to virtue. For Aristotle, virtue is a mean between deficiencies and excesses of emotions and actions. The virtuous person feels and acts moderately in various situations. Aristotle identifies several intellectual and moral virtues. Intellectual virtues like practical wisdom can be learned, while moral virtues become ingrained through practice and habit. True happiness is achieved by cultivating moral excellence and using reason to guide our desires toward what is good.
Religion and Ethics
This document discusses the relationship between religion and ethics. It explores different perspectives on whether morality is dependent on religion such as the Divine Command Theory and the Independence Thesis. The document also examines arguments for and against the idea that religion enhances moral life or is even contrary to morality. Key figures discussed include Kant, Russell, Hume, Nowell-Smith, and Rachels.
Moral agent
The document discusses the relationship between culture and moral behavior. It states that cultures vary substantially in both moral judgments and behaviors. Cultural factors like religion, social institutions, and environment contribute to this variation between and within societies. While there are differences, there are also commonalities as moral thinking and conduct are influenced by cultural learning and social norms. Overall, the document examines how culture shapes ethics and what is considered right or wrong within a society.
Ethics
Ethics is the philosophical study of morality and right and wrong conduct. It encompasses theories of what constitutes a good life and the principles that govern behavior for individuals and groups. There are several branches of ethics, including meta-ethics which examines the meaning and justification of ethical statements, normative ethics which develops theories of right and wrong action, and applied ethics which deals with real-life ethical situations and dilemmas. The major theories in normative ethics are deontological ethics, which focuses on duties and rules, teleological ethics like utilitarianism which focuses on outcomes and consequences, and virtue ethics which focuses on character.
Hum2220 1800 nichomachean ethics
The document outlines Aristotle's view of ethics as presented in the Nicomachean Ethics. It discusses Aristotle's view that happiness is the highest good, which he defines as an activity of the soul in accordance with virtue. It explains that Aristotle identifies both intellectual and moral virtues, and that moral virtues are acquired through practice and habituation. The document also notes that for Aristotle, while both intellectual and moral virtues are required for happiness, intellectual activity and virtue is the primary component of happiness.
Kant - Categorical Imperative
Kant's categorical imperative holds that people should act based on a sense of duty rather than for rewards or consequences. The categorical imperative is to act solely from duty, whereas the hypothetical imperative involves acting to receive a reward. According to Kant, the categorical imperative is the only proper way to act. He gives the example of helping an elderly woman cross the street purely out of duty rather than for personal reward or feeling good. Kant believed people should strive for the highest good or "summum bonum," which involves achieving happiness through virtue, though this can only be attained after death.
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1 ARISTOTLE (384-322 BCE) Introduction Aristotle.docx
1
ARISTOTLE (384-322 BCE)
Introduction: Aristotle's Definition of Happiness
http://www.pursuit-of-happiness.org/history-of-happiness/aristotle/
"Happiness depends on ourselves." More than anybody else, Aristotle enshrines happiness as a central
purpose of human life and a goal in itself. As a result he devotes more space to the topic of happiness
than any thinker prior to the modern era. Living during the same period as Mencius, but on the other side
of the world, he draws some similar conclusions. That is, happiness depends on the cultivation of virtue,
though his virtues are somewhat more individualistic than the essentially social virtues of the
Confucians. Yet as we shall see, Aristotle was convinced that a genuinely happy life required the
fulfillment of a broad range of conditions, including physical as well as mental well-being. In this way he
introduced the idea of a science of happiness in the classical sense, in terms of a new field of knowledge.
Essentially, Aristotle argues that virtue is achieved by maintaining the Mean, which is the balance
between two excesses. Aristotle’s doctrine of the Mean is reminiscent of Buddha’s Middle Path, but there
are intriguing differences. For Aristotle the mean was a method of achieving virtue, but for Buddha the
Middle Path referred to a peaceful way of life which negotiated the extremes of harsh asceticism and
sensual pleasure seeking. The Middle Path was a minimal requirement for the meditative life, and not the
source of virtue in itself.
Aristotle: A Little Background
Aristotle is one of the greatest thinkers in the history of western science and philosophy, making
contributions to logic, metaphysics, mathematics, physics, biology, botany, ethics, politics, agriculture,
medicine, dance and theatre. He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates. Although we
http://www.pursuit-of-happiness.org/science-of-happiness/strengths-and-virtues/
http://www.pursuit-of-happiness.org/science-of-happiness/
2
do not actually possess any of Aristotle’s own writings intended for
publication, we have volumes of the lecture notes he delivered for
his students; through these Aristotle was to exercise his profound
influence through the ages. Indeed, the medieval outlook is
sometimes considered to be the “Aristotelian worldview” and St.
Thomas Aquinas simply refers to Aristotle as “The Philosopher” as
though there were no other.
Aristotle was the first to classify areas of human knowledge into
distinct disciplines such as mathematics, biology, and ethics. Some of
these classifications are still used today, such as the species-genus
system taught in biology classes. He was the first to devise a formal
system for reasoning, whereby the validity of an argument is
determined by its structure rather than its content. Consider the
following syllogism: All men are mortal; Socrates is a man; therefore,
Socrates is mortal. Here .
Frameworks and principles behind our moral disposition
According to Aristotle, happiness is not pleasure, honor, or wealth, but rather an activity of the soul in accordance with virtue. Virtue is developed through habit, with virtuous actions becoming habitual over time until one naturally acts virtuously without conscious effort. For Kant, a good will is one that acts from duty and respects the moral law, motivated by a sense of obligation rather than any expected consequences. A good will treats humanity as an end in itself.
Aristotle
Aristotle was an ancient Greek philosopher born in 384 BC in Stagira, Greece. He studied at Plato's Academy in Athens and later founded his own school, the Lyceum. Some of Aristotle's most influential works focused on logic, politics, ethics, and science. He defined happiness as the exercise of virtue throughout one's life and believed logic and reason were essential tools for understanding reality. Aristotle had a profound influence on Western philosophy and science for over two millennia.
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Aristotle and St. Thomas were influential philosophers who contributed to ethics. Aristotle believed in excellence through virtuous actions and contemplation. He saw organisms developing teleologically towards perfection. Virtue is developed through habit, and happiness consists in exercising rationality through virtue. St. Thomas expanded on Aristotle using natural law theory. He saw the four cardinal virtues of prudence, temperance, justice and fortitude as the basis for pursuing happiness through living a virtuous life in accordance with human nature.
Aristotle 3
Aristotle was a Greek philosopher born in 384 BC. He studied at Plato's Academy and later founded his own school called the Lyceum. Aristotle made contributions to many fields including logic, metaphysics, politics, and natural sciences. He was a realist who believed that reality exists independently of the mind. Aristotle saw the universe as being in a balanced, orderly state. He believed education was essential for achieving happiness and that it created good citizens. However, he held that only men of noble birth and citizens should be educated, while women and slaves had lesser roles.
ETHICS-REPORT (2).pdf
Virtue ethics is a moral philosophy that an action is right if a virtuous person would perform that action. Aristotle believed that the ultimate goal of human life is to achieve happiness through living a virtuous life. For Aristotle, virtue is a mean between excess and deficiency. He explored various moral and intellectual virtues and their role in living a good life. According to Thomas Aquinas, there are four types of law - eternal law, natural law, human law, and divine law - that govern human actions. Aquinas believed that the foundational principle of practical reasoning is that good should be done and evil avoided.
The Naturalistic Conception of Happiness according to Saint Thomas Aquinas fr...
ABSTRACT: Happiness is an obsession for every human consciousness. It is a question that plagues human
psychology, notwithstanding the varied and divergent answers that are formulated. Happiness is the object of a
never-ending quest, and human actions are motivated by the pursuit of this goal. Happiness is, in fact, an
aspiration common to all human beings. According to Saint Thomas Aquinas, man is a lost being (as a result of
original sin), and he must find God in order to be able to heal this wound in his nature, otherwise happiness for
him would be a dream in color, in other words, a phantasmagoria. For the author, in fact, man‟s perfect and
eternal happiness, which he calls beatitude, lies in intimate and loving contemplation, that is to say, in the
superior and supernatural speculation of truth. From then on, we reproach the Angelic Doctor for not being able
to reach the end of his reflection. Between nature and happiness, we argue for the inclusion of a third term,
which would be culture, i.e. culture that takes into account the scientific, technical and strategic aspects. In
short, if man is to be truly happy, he must integrate all the dimensions of life.
KEYWORDS: contemplation, culture, God, happiness, nature
Vipin kumar.pptx
Aristotle was a pioneering philosopher born in 384 BC in Greece. He studied under Plato at Plato's Academy and later founded his own school called the Lyceum. Aristotle made pioneering contributions to logic, metaphysics, mathematics, physics, biology and the arts. He wrote on diverse topics and his works were encyclopedic in scope. Aristotle emphasized observation and experience in his scientific method. He believed the aim of education was to attain happiness and goodness. His works had immense influence on Western philosophy and other fields for centuries.
Chirag Sharma.pptx
Aristotle was a pioneering philosopher born in 384 BC in Stagira. He studied under Plato at Plato's Academy and later founded his own school called the Lyceum. Aristotle made contributions across many fields of knowledge including logic, mathematics, physics, biology, psychology, metaphysics, ethics, politics and aesthetics. He used scientific methods of investigation and was analytical and logical in his treatment of subjects. His influence on Western philosophy has been profound and enduring.
Aristotle
Aristotle was a pioneering philosopher born in 384 BC in Greece. He studied under Plato at Plato's Academy and later founded his own school called the Lyceum. Aristotle made pioneering contributions to logic, metaphysics, mathematics, physics, biology and the arts. He wrote on diverse topics and his works were encyclopedic in scope. Aristotle emphasized observation and experience in his scientific method. He believed the aim of education was to attain happiness and goodness. His works had immense influence on Western philosophy and other fields for centuries.
Aristotle (384-322 BCE)
1) Aristotle was an ancient Greek philosopher who made many contributions across various fields like logic, metaphysics, biology and ethics.
2) He was a student of Plato and rejected some of Plato's theories like theory of forms.
3) Aristotle wrote over 200 treatises of which only 31 survive today. He classified areas of knowledge into disciplines and developed one of the first formal systems of reasoning.
Philo ppt
Aristotle was a Greek philosopher and scientist from the 4th century BC who founded the Lyceum and wrote extensively on many topics. He is considered the father of many fields of philosophy and science. Aristotle observed and classified many types of plants and animals. He divided all living things into two groups - those with blood and those without blood - and further classified them into genera based on similar characteristics, laying the foundations for modern taxonomy. His written works still exert influence today and include descriptions of embryology, anatomy and biological classification that were remarkably accurate for his time.
ethic's 1download.pdfIOJ HKJHJPGDH NURSINGG
The document provides an overview of several topics in ethics, including:
1. It discusses philosophers like Aristotle, Epicurus, Epictetus and schools of thought like hedonism and Cyrenaic hedonism.
2. It defines key concepts in meta-ethics like descriptivism, cognitivism, and realism as well as applied ethics.
3. It summarizes the perspectives of different philosophers and schools of thought on topics like the good life, pleasure, self-mastery, and the pursuit of happiness.
Aristotle by Derrick,C.Ss.R.
Arisitotle and His Philosophical aspects, Mainly Aristotle as a philosopher. It will be very useful for those who study Philosophy.
Atif presentation aristotle
- Aristotle was a student of Plato and founded his own school called the Lyceum in Athens.
- He made significant contributions to many fields including logic, metaphysics, ethics, politics and science. His empirical approach differed from the more idealist approach of his teachers Plato and Socrates.
- Aristotle developed a system of logic and established the laws of thought and syllogisms which were highly influential in Western philosophy and science. He investigated various topics through observation and systematic collection of facts.
My Report (Aristotle)
Aristotle was a student of Plato and tutor of Alexander the Great. He founded his own school called the Lyceum in Athens and made significant contributions across many fields, including logic, metaphysics, physics, biology, ethics and politics. He believed reality consists of matter and form, and that the goal of human life is happiness achieved through virtue and moderation.
Introduction to philosophy
- Philosophy is considered the pinnacle of human knowledge and the source from which all other branches of learning originate. It aims to cure moral afflictions in mankind by digging into the root causes of human problems and discovering true solutions and remedies.
- Before the Christian era, philosophers such as Confucius, Plato, and Aristotle were chosen to rule over peoples due to their philosophical wisdom and knowledge. Aristotle in particular taught Alexander the Great.
- Philosophy serves three roles - for rulers, for technological advancement, and as a method of inquiry. It aims to unify, synthesize, universalize, interpret, and deeply explain vast amounts of facts and should combine both reason and experience.
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ARISTOTLE ON VIRTUES
- 1. ARISTOTLE ON VIRTUES P ROF. NERMIL B . QUEZADA WEEK 12- MODULE 12
- 2. ⊳TO KNOW ARISTOTLE’ S UNDERSTANDING OF VIRTUE ⊳TO LEARN ABOUT TELOS PHILOSOPHY OF ARISTOTLE ⊳TO UNDERSTAND HAPPINESS IN ARISTOTLE’ S POINT OF VIEW OBJECTIVES:
- 3. Who was Aristotle? the northern ⊳Aristotle (384 B.C. - 322 B.C.) ⊳In Stagira, a small town on Greece ⊳an Ancient Greek philosopher and scientist who is still considered one of the greatest thinkers in politics, psychology and ethics ⊳he enrolled in Plato’s Academy when he turned 17 ⊳In 338, he began tutoring Alexander the Great
- 5. Virtue according to Aristotle Aristotle believed that VIRTUE is a trait of mind or character that helps us achieve a good life guided by reason.
- 6. Virtues must be in union with: ⊳PASSIONS, FACULTIES OR STATES OFCHARACTER ⊳ARISTOTLE MENTIONED THAT ANYTHING THAT IS PASSION, AFACULTY OR A STATE (TRAIT) OF CHARACTER IS PART OF THE SOUL (THE MIND) THAT REGULATES VICE AND VIRTUE.
- 7. Ar i st o t l e's Telos Phi l o so phy
- 8. Do y o u believe t h a t everything has a purpose? ⊳Aristotle thought so and he called that purpose, ”telos” ⊳The word can mean ‘purpose,’ ‘intent,’ ‘end,’ or ‘goal,’ ⊳Aristotleused theterm as “the inherent purpose of each thing, the ultimate reason for each thing beingthewayitis, whether created that way by human beings (man- made) or nature.”
- 9. EXAMPLE: MAN-MADE OBJECTS ⊳The mug was m a d e by humans for the drinking of coffee , a n d every h u m a n artifact is m a d e for s o m e purpose — c ha irs fo r sitting , c a rs for driving, television shows for entertaining, etc.
- 10. Natural Objects ⊳ A c c o r d i n g to Aristotle, the telos of a plant or a n i m a l is also “what it w a s m a d e for” ⊳Ex. Trees p r o d u c e fruit, p rovi d e s h a d e , etc.
- 11. Humans According to Aristotle, the telos of a human being is happiness, or eudemonia, which means something more like “fulfillment.” Aristotle states that each human being should use his abilities to their fullest potential and should obtain happiness and enjoyment through the exercise of their realized capacities. - by Edward W. Younkins
- 12. Psychologist A b r a h a m Maslow (1 9 4 3 , 1 9 5 4 ) stated that h u m a n motivation is b a s e d on p e o p l e seeking fulfillment a n d c h a n g e through p e r s o n a l growth. S e l f -a ct ual i zed p e o p l e a r e those who w e r e fulfilled a n d doing all they w e r e c a p a b l e of. Aristotle’s m e a n i n g of e u d a i m o n i a is similar with the Self -actualization on the h i e r a r c h y of n e e d s by Maslow He w a s interested in h u m a n potential, a n d how w e fulfill that potential.
- 14. Aristotle’s definition of Happiness “Happiness is the meaning and purposeof life, the whole aim and end of human existence. ”– Aristotle
- 15. Aristotle on Happiness Aristotle introduced the ‘ s c i e n c e of happiness’ Aristotle delivered a series of lectures termed N i c o m a c h e a n Ethics to present his theory of happiness He c o n t e n d e d that in aiming for happiness, the most important factor is to h a v e ‘complete virtue’ or – in other words – g o o d moral c h a r a c t e r
- 16. AC C ORDING TO ARIS TOTLE, HAP P INES S C ONS IS TS IN AC HIEV ING , THROUG H THE C OURS E OF A W HOLE LIFETIME, ALL THE G OODS S UC H AS HEALTH, W EALTH, KNOW LEDG E, FRIENDS , ETC . — THAT LEAD TO THE P ERFEC TION OF HUMAN NATURE AND TO THE ENRIC HMENT OF HUMAN LIFE. ( P URS UIT-OF-HAP P INES S .ORG )
- 17. HAPPINESS IS A CHOICE, NOT A RESULT. NOTHING WILL MAKE YOU HAPPY UNTIL YOU CHOOSE TO BE HAPPY. NO PERSON WILL MAKE YOU HAPPY UNLESS YOU DECIDE TO BE HAPPY. YOUR HAPPINESS WILL NOT COME TO YOU. IT CAN ONLY COME FROM YOU.. – MOHD ADIL