The document discusses argumentative communication and personality. It defines argumentative personality as enjoying arguing and needing to be right. It notes both positives and negatives of interacting with such people. The document distinguishes argumentative communication from personality, defining the former as rationally justifying viewpoints using facts and reason. It provides guidelines for structuring arguments, including considering the audience, context, and one's own credibility. The document contrasts argumentative, aggressive, assertive, and hostile styles of communication.
Local and Global Communication in Multicultural Settings TeacherRichster
This presentation discusses Communication in Multicultural set-up considering not only cultural differences, social backgrounds, biographical diverseness of every individual; but also factors that could help everyone in an intercultural communication setting.
A document about Philippine Literature Timeline for the subject '21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World' in Senior High School (SHS)
Local and Global Communication in Multicultural Settings TeacherRichster
This presentation discusses Communication in Multicultural set-up considering not only cultural differences, social backgrounds, biographical diverseness of every individual; but also factors that could help everyone in an intercultural communication setting.
A document about Philippine Literature Timeline for the subject '21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World' in Senior High School (SHS)
MGA SANGKAP/ ELEMENTO AT PROSESO NG KOMUNIKASYONJela La
TAGAHATID
-ang tagahatid ng mensahe ang pinagmumulan ng mensahe o ang nagpapadala ng mensahe (impormasyon)
-siya din ang nagpapasya kung ano ang layunin niya sa pakikipag-usap
-siya angbumubuo ng mensahe kaya tinatawag din na "enkoder"
-kung ikaw ang tagahatid o ang pinagmumulan ng mensahe dapat lang ay ma "aware" ka kung sino ang kausap at kung ano ang inyong pinag-uusapan upang kayong dalawa ay magkaintindihan
MENSAHE
-ito ang ipinapadala na impormasyon ng tagahatid sa tagatanggap
-maaring masaya, malungkot, impormatibo at iba pa na gustong ipahatid ng tagahatid sa tagatanggap
-ikinokonsidera dito ang katayuan ng isang tao
TSANEL
-ang daluyan ng mensahe
-ikinokonsidera dito kung anong paraan ang gagamitin upang maihatid ang mensahe
-maaring verbal o di-verbal
TAGATANGGAP
-ang pinadadalhan ng mensahe
-ang nag-iinterpret o ang nagbibigay kahulugan sa mga mensahe kaya tinatawag na "dekoder"
GANTING MENSAHE "FEEDBACK"
-proseso ng pagbabalikan ng mensahe, ang patuloy na paghahatid ng mensahe sa bawat panig ng kasangkop sa komunikasyon
MGA HADLANG "BARRIERS"
1. tagahatid -maaring kinakain ang salita
2. mensahe- kulang ang impormasyon na ipinadala
3. tsanel- example. (kung cellphone ang gamit tapos di nakapag-reply dahil wala ng load. maaring maputol ang komunikason dahil hindi na nakareply ang isa)
4. katayuan ng isang tao- mahalaga na malaman mo ang katayuan ng sang tao upangmalaman mo kung ano ang iyong midyum na gagamitin sa pakikipag-usap
5. lugar- example (maaring sa palengke ay napaka-ingay at ang kaibigan mo ay may sinasabi sa iyo ngunit hindi mo ito narinig kaya wala kang nasagot sa kanya. maaring dahil dito ay hindi makapagpatuloy ang inyong pag-uusap)
6. edad- mahalaga na malaman upang maiangkop ang wikang gagamitin
SITWASYON NG KONTEKSTO
-ang pinakamahala na elemto dahil naapektuhan nito ang iba pang mga elemento kasama na ang buong proseso ng komunikasyon
-kinokonsider dito ang lugar na ginaganapan
SISTEMA
-nangangahulugann sa relasyon o ugnayan na nalikha sa pamamagitan ng proseso ng komunikasyon
-ito ang nagsasabi kung success ba ang o hindi ang inyong pag-uusap.
MGA SANGKAP/ ELEMENTO AT PROSESO NG KOMUNIKASYONJela La
TAGAHATID
-ang tagahatid ng mensahe ang pinagmumulan ng mensahe o ang nagpapadala ng mensahe (impormasyon)
-siya din ang nagpapasya kung ano ang layunin niya sa pakikipag-usap
-siya angbumubuo ng mensahe kaya tinatawag din na "enkoder"
-kung ikaw ang tagahatid o ang pinagmumulan ng mensahe dapat lang ay ma "aware" ka kung sino ang kausap at kung ano ang inyong pinag-uusapan upang kayong dalawa ay magkaintindihan
MENSAHE
-ito ang ipinapadala na impormasyon ng tagahatid sa tagatanggap
-maaring masaya, malungkot, impormatibo at iba pa na gustong ipahatid ng tagahatid sa tagatanggap
-ikinokonsidera dito ang katayuan ng isang tao
TSANEL
-ang daluyan ng mensahe
-ikinokonsidera dito kung anong paraan ang gagamitin upang maihatid ang mensahe
-maaring verbal o di-verbal
TAGATANGGAP
-ang pinadadalhan ng mensahe
-ang nag-iinterpret o ang nagbibigay kahulugan sa mga mensahe kaya tinatawag na "dekoder"
GANTING MENSAHE "FEEDBACK"
-proseso ng pagbabalikan ng mensahe, ang patuloy na paghahatid ng mensahe sa bawat panig ng kasangkop sa komunikasyon
MGA HADLANG "BARRIERS"
1. tagahatid -maaring kinakain ang salita
2. mensahe- kulang ang impormasyon na ipinadala
3. tsanel- example. (kung cellphone ang gamit tapos di nakapag-reply dahil wala ng load. maaring maputol ang komunikason dahil hindi na nakareply ang isa)
4. katayuan ng isang tao- mahalaga na malaman mo ang katayuan ng sang tao upangmalaman mo kung ano ang iyong midyum na gagamitin sa pakikipag-usap
5. lugar- example (maaring sa palengke ay napaka-ingay at ang kaibigan mo ay may sinasabi sa iyo ngunit hindi mo ito narinig kaya wala kang nasagot sa kanya. maaring dahil dito ay hindi makapagpatuloy ang inyong pag-uusap)
6. edad- mahalaga na malaman upang maiangkop ang wikang gagamitin
SITWASYON NG KONTEKSTO
-ang pinakamahala na elemto dahil naapektuhan nito ang iba pang mga elemento kasama na ang buong proseso ng komunikasyon
-kinokonsider dito ang lugar na ginaganapan
SISTEMA
-nangangahulugann sa relasyon o ugnayan na nalikha sa pamamagitan ng proseso ng komunikasyon
-ito ang nagsasabi kung success ba ang o hindi ang inyong pag-uusap.
A look at how advertisers use the concepts of logos, ethos, and pathos to persuade audiences. Includes definitions and examples. Videos can be found on YouTube. Ideas can be adapted to debates and persuasion lessons in general.
Case Study 10.1 Introduction to the Case Study Introduction to.docxtidwellveronique
Case Study / 10.1 Introduction to the Case Study
Introduction to the Case Study
This last chapter is different from the others. Instead of introducing a new area of critical thinking, it is a capstone activity in which you will apply the skills you've learned to one contemporary, controversial issue.
The topic for this case study is global climate change. Because it is beyond the scope of this course to thoroughly evaluate a complex scientific topic, you will not be expected to form a position or offer your opinion on this topic. Rather, the material in this chapter is presented for you to practice evaluating arguments, identifying fallacies, and questioning sources—with the hope that you will continue to apply these skills whenever you encounter material aimed to persuade.
This chapter won't present any new exposition. Instead, we provide some relevant review notes that have been excerpted from the earlier chapters. You can consult these notes if you need a refresher as you work through the final videos, articles, and questions in the course.
REVIEW NOTES
Arguments
To say that something is true is to make a claim. But to give reasons to believe that it is true is to make an argument. Thus all arguments consist of at least two parts:
1. premise – one or more reasons to support the claim
2. conclusion – the claim being supported
Common Fallacies
Fallacy:a type of flawed reasoning
1. Begging the question: fallacy where the argument relies on a premise that resembles the conclusion, depends on the conclusion, or is as controversial as the conclusion.
2. Appeal to popularity: fallacy where the arguer attempts to bolster his or her argument by mentioning that "everybody" (or a large group of people) shares the same belief, preference, or habit.
3. Post hoc ergo propter hoc: fallacy where the arguer assumes that because there is a correlation between two events (i.e., one preceded the other), then the first must have caused the second. The phrase is Latin for "after this, therefore because of this."
4. Appeal to ignorance: fallacy where the arguer claims that because something cannot be proven false, it must be true unless the opponent can disprove the conclusion.
5. Appeal to emotion: fallacy where the arguer tries to persuade the audience by arousing feelings such as pity, fear, patriotism, flattery, etc. in lieu of presenting rational arguments.
6. Unqualified authority: fallacy where the arguer tries to get people to agree by appealing to the reputation of someone who is not an expert in the field or otherwise qualified to prove that something is true.
7. Ad hominem: fallacy where the arguer attacks his or her opponent's personal characteristics, qualifications, or circumstances instead of the argument presented. The phrase is Latin for "to the man."
8. False dichotomy: fallacy where the arguer inaccurately portrays a circumstance as having a limited number of possible outcomes, thus setting up an either-or situation with the intent of prese ...
Running Head Public Speaking Class1Public Speaking Class3.docxtoltonkendal
Running Head: Public Speaking Class 1
Public Speaking Class 3
Each of the two chapters offers very important information. This information shall be summarized into the five most important items derived from each of the chapters as is done below:
Chapter Three: The Importance of Listening
· When we hear, we choose to filter out the sounds that we are of less meaning to us and pay attention to the more meaningful sounds.
· When we listen, we are motivated by a purpose to exert effort to pay attention to something, such as when working, something which we do only at given times.
· For a person to listen critically, an activity which goes hand in hand with critical thinking, he/she engages in a systematic thought process to determine whether the message received is sensible enough.
· Some of the main ways for developing critical listening are uncovering assumptions, recognizing the differences between facts and opinions, relating new ideas to old ones, being open to new ideas and relying on reason and common sense (Wrench, Goding, Johnson, & Attias, The Importance of Listening, 2011).
· To listen ethically entails giving the speaker a fair opportunity to speak make himself clearly understood, and being mindful and respectful of him as well.
Chapter Four: Ethics Matter: Understanding the Ethics of Public Speaking
· Based on the ethics pyramid, the three basic concepts of ethics in public speaking are ends (what a person hopes to achieve), means (how a person intends to achieve the outcome he desires) and intention.
· For ethics to be exercised efficiently in public speaking, the speaker should be able to strike a balance between these three basic concepts.
· Nine principles of ethical communication basically define the moral considerations that are to be made when engaging in communication under public speaking.
· What each of these principles have in common is that they acknowledge that while it is necessary for public speakers to speak up/communicate whenever they feel it is necessary, they should do so while considering the impact of their communication to others.
· Free speech, which is the right that one has to freely express ideas or information without having to worry about government restrictions or any other limitations as guaranteed by the First and Fourteenth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution is of importance to a public speaker since public speaking generally entails the passage of information and ideas to the public allowing them to consider multiple points of view (Wrench, Goding, Johnson, & Attias, Ethics Matters: Understanding the Ethics of Public Speaking, 2011).
REFERENCES
Wrench, Goding, Johnson, & Attias. (2011). Ethics Matters: Understanding the Ethics of Public Speaking. In Stand Up, Speak Out: The Practice and Ethics of Public Speaking. Flatworld Knowledge.
Wrench, Goding, Johnson, & Attias. (2011). The Importance of Listening. In Stand Up, Seak Out: The Practice and Ethics of Public Speaking. Flatworld Knowledge.
...
WRITING ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAYSFor most people, the true testsarantatersall
WRITING ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAYS
For most people, the true test of their critical thinking skills comes when they write an argumentative essay, one that takes a stand on an issue and uses logic and evidence to convince readers. When you write an argument, you follow the same process you use when you write any essay. However, because the purpose of an argument is to change the way readers think, you need to use some additional strategies to present your ideas to your audience.
A)
Planning an Argumentative Essay
1) Choosing a Debatable Topic
Because an argumentative essay attempts to change the way people think, it must focus on a
debatable topic
, one about which reasonable people may disagree. Factual statements—verifiable assertions about which reasonable people do not disagree—are, therefore, not suitable as topics for argument.
Fact:
First-year students are not required to purchase a meal plan from the university.
Debatable Topic:
First-year students should be required to purchase a meal plan from the university.
Your topic should be narrow enough so that you can write about it within your page limit. Remember, in your argumentative essay, you will have to develop your own ideas and present convincing support while also pointing out the strengths and weaknesses of opposing arguments. If your topic is too broad, you will not be able to treat it in enough detail.
In addition, your topic should be interesting to you and to your readers. Keep in mind that some topics—such as “The Need for Gun Control” or “The Fairness of the Death Penalty”—have been discussed and written about so often that you may not be able to say anything new or interesting about them. Instead of relying on an overused topic, choose one that enables you to contribute something to the debate.
2) Developing an Argumentative Thesis
After you have chosen a topic, your next step is to state your position in an
argumentative thesis
, one that takes a strong stand. Properly worded, this thesis statement lays the foundation for the rest of your argument. One way to make sure that your thesis statement actually does take a stand is to formulate an
antithesis
, a statement that takes the opposite position. If you can state an antithesis, your thesis statement takes a stand.
Thesis Statement:
Term limits would improve government by bringing people with fresh ideas into office every few years.
Antithesis:
Term limits would harm government because elected officials would always be inexperienced.
To make sure your argumentative thesis is effective, ask the following questions:
Is your thesis one with which reasonable people would disagree?
Can you formulate an antithesis?
Can your thesis be supported by evidence?
Does your thesis make clear to readers what position you are taking?
3) Defining Your Terms
You should always define the key terms you use in your argument— especially those you use in your thesis statement. After all, the soundness of an ...
Presentation created for COMM 107 - Oral Communication: Principles and Practice
University of Maryland
Source: Communication: A Social and Career Focus by Berko, Wolvin & Wolvin
Presentation created for COMM 107 - Oral Communication: Principles and Practice
University of Maryland
Source: Communication: A Social and Career Focus by Berko, Wolvin & Wolvin
The centrality of argumentComments on Everyone’s An Author Ch.docxmehek4
The centrality of argument
Comments on Everyone’s An Author Chapters 17-18
Opening Remarks
An argument refers to any way that human beings express themselves to try to achieve a particular purpose – which, many would say, means any way that people express themselves at all
The world is immersed in argument
You will be a better reader and writing of your own arguments if you understand how they work
Arguments are both seductive and manipulative due to their persuasive nature
Opening Remarks Cont.
Common purpose of argument:
To explore
To understand
To find consensus
To make decisions
To convince or persuade
Arguments are embedded in particular contexts
What works in one won’t work in another
It’s essential to understand how arguments so you can make some effective arguments on your own
Pay close attention to your purpose, intended audience, and the rest of your rhetorical situation
Chapter 17
Analyzing & Constructing Arguments: Those You Read, Those You Write
Opening Remarks
Almost everything represents some kind of argument; therefore, you must understanding them – both those you come across and those you make
You need to understand the arguments that come from other people
Arguments always exist in a larger context, involving more than just one person or group
Arguments start as a response to another argument – statement, event, image, or anything else
Where’s the argument coming from
Look at the source – where is the argument coming from
By looking at the source, we can determine how it affects the argument and how willing we should be to accept what the argument says
As an author, think hard about where you’re coming from in the arguments you make
Consider your word choice (what you say and how you say it), included images, and text design
Consider your attitude and stance toward the subject
What’s the claim?
The easiest claims to identify are those that are stated in an explicit thesis statement
As an author, remember that a claim is more than a personal opinion
A claim must be arguable (worth arguing) by taking a position that is debatable; that others have a different opinion on
State arguable claims as a thesis statement that announces your topic and main points so your readers can follow your thought process
Qualify your thesis statement
Make your claims directly and get to the point quickly
Support your claim with evidence
What’s at stake?
Rhetoricians from ancient Rome have developed stasis theory as a way to identify the crux of an argument by asking 4 questions:
What are the facts?
How can the issue be defined?
How much does it matter, and why?
What actions should be taken as a result?
As an author, use these questions to identify the main point you want to make in an argument
These questions can also help decide the genre of argument you wish to make
Means of persuasion: emotional, ethical, and logical appeals
Emotional appeals (Pathos)
Stir feels and invoke values that the audience is assumed to hold
As a re ...
Slides for my talk for the Web Observatory Launch at IIIT-Bangalore on 17th Feb.
On a hypothesis distinguishing between two kinds of "flow" on the web -- the flow of abstractions and the flow of expressions.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
2. Argumentative personality
Argumentative is an adjective that means often
arguing or wanting to argue
Some people:
argue out of habit,
always need to be right
make a fuss about most trivial things, just to cause
conflict
Almost always on the defensive
„The New Literacy Set” Project
3. Negatives of being around
argumentative personality person
Can be difficult to live and work with
Many are very self-absorbed
Have no insight into how their behaviour impacts
others
Feel threatened with people with views different from
theirs
Cronic blamers
„The New Literacy Set” Project
4. Positives of being around
argumentative personality person
Being around them can help build motivation to stand
up for yourself
Learning debate techniques from those who
passionately defend their views
„The New Literacy Set” Project
5. How to handle?
Realizing they use an immature defense mechanism to
protect themselves can make you more understanding and
tolerant with them
Try not to ask their opinion on anything – “I need this done
in two hours” is better than “Do you think you can do this
in two hours?”
Avoid using phrases like: “Let’s talk about this peacefully”
or “I don’t want to argue with you, but …”
It’s best to withdraw from an argument than try to prove
them wrong
Remind yourself that chronic arguing is an ingrained
defense mechanism that, with time and patience, can be
unlearned
„The New Literacy Set” Project
7. Argumentative communication
Modern approach to making decisions considers real
argumentations where rational communicators do the best
they can to justify their standpoints in a certain context
This is considered to be argumentative communication,
the art of persuading based on reason, on facts and not
emotions
Debating: explaining reasons (thesis) why a certain theory
can (or cannot) be considered persuading
Argumenting: persuading the audience to support the
speaker’s thesis
Audience: it’s the core focus around which an effective
debate is conceived and formulated
„The New Literacy Set” Project
8. Argumentation theory
While communicating the speaker will share the
information and the listener will listen to it
Here the listener must be able to differentiate the
trustworthy reliable information with the lies and
treachery
The listener must be able to filter the messages and he
must vigilant attitude towards the information that
he/she gets
„The New Literacy Set” Project
9. Stephen Toulmin’s structure of
Argumentation
Elements of arguments which generate categories
through which an argument can be evaluated:
Claim
Ground
Warrant
Backing
Qualifier
Rebuttal
„The New Literacy Set” Project
10. Example of argumentated claim
Women make excellent administrators- (claim)–
argument
Women are multitasking and are good organizers-
(grounds)
Women mostly are good listeners and are more sensitive in
approaching problems. This helps in the smooth
functioning of the organization-(warrant)
Women today are well educated-(backing)
Women are home makers so most of them will have the
ability to manage any organization or country, in a better
way-(qualifier)
Women cannot be good administrators unless they are
given good education and exposure-(rebuttal)
„The New Literacy Set” Project
11. Argumentative vs aggressive
communication
Argumentative communication is considered to be a
subset of assertiveness
More desirable
Assertiveness is constructive
Verbally aggressive communication is considered to be
a subset of hostile communication
Much less desirable to give and/or receive
Hostility is destructive to communication exchanges,
relationships, and, even the self-identities of the
participants
„The New Literacy Set” Project
12. Assertive communication
The speaker is interpersonally dominant and forceful,
and uses assertiveness to achieve personal goals, while
at the same time creating positive feelings in others
Assertiveness uses verbal and nonverbal cues to exert
control, obtain justified rewards, and avoid violating
someone else's rights
When people are assertive, they stand up for, and
express, their thoughts, feelings, and beliefs in
appropriate ways that are direct and honest -- and they
don't violate others' rights
„The New Literacy Set” Project
13. Argumentative communication
While all argumentation is assertive, not all
assertiveness is argumentative
Here argumentative individuals advocate positions on
controversial issues and verbally attack other people's
contradictory perspectives
It is important to note that it is the person's position
that is under attack in argumentativeness, and not the
individual
„The New Literacy Set” Project
14. Hostile communication
Hostility seeks to destroy the other
Hostile people use verbal and nonverbal messages to
express irritability, negativity, resentment, and
suspicion
They tend to have a quick temper, little patience, are
moody, and become exasperated quickly
They have a tendency toward pessimism about
outcomes that others find more favorable, refuse to
cooperate, and be antagonistic toward authority, rules,
and social conventions
„The New Literacy Set” Project
15. Aggressive communication
Verbal aggressiveness means a tendency to attack the
self-concepts of others
Research has shown three main areas of self-concept
attacks:
group membership (your family is a bunch of nuts),
personal failings (why should I listen to you? How many
cars have you totaled?),
relationship failings (you might have more credibility if
your list of exes wasn't so long)
„The New Literacy Set” Project
16. Constructive feedback and criticism
When attacks are focused on a person's position, they
fall under the category of assertive or argumentative
When attacks are focused on a person's characteristics,
history, behaviors, or any other component of the
individual, they are considered hostile, and possibly
aggressive
„The New Literacy Set” Project
17. Argumentative writing
The Rhetorical Triangle is a useful way of formulating
your thoughts and presenting your position
If you use it well, your audience will easily understand
what you're saying, and will be influenced by your
message
„The New Literacy Set” Project
18. The writer
The way in which the identity of the writer (or
speaker) affects the argument is known as ethos
The audience wants to know who they are dealing with
Make sure you clarify:
Who you are.
Why you are competent to speak on the issue.
Where your authority comes from.
„The New Literacy Set” Project
19. The audience
This part of the triangle is concerned with appealing to
the emotions of the audience, which is known as
pathos
Things to consider here include:
What are the audience's expectations?
How will they use the information you provide?
What is the audience hoping to take away after
reading/listening?
Why are you communicating to this audience in the first
place?
„The New Literacy Set” Project
20. The context
The emphasis is on logic and reason, or logos
Your audience needs to be able to follow what you are
saying for it to be believable
Ask yourself:
Have I presented a logical, well-constructed argument?
How do I support my claims?
What evidence do I have?
What are the counterarguments?
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21. Three point of the Rethorical Triangle
Ethos – Building trust by establishing your credibility
and authority (Writer).
Pathos – Appealing to emotion by connecting with
your audience through their values and interests
(Audience).
Logos – Appeal to intelligence with well-constructed
and clearly argued ideas (Context).
„The New Literacy Set” Project
22. Argumentative speech
An argumentative speech persuades the audience to
take the side of the speaker, and the speaker generally
discusses a topic he or she feels strongly about
The speaker makes a specific claim and then addresses
points that support the claim
At the end of the speech, the audience should be clear
on an action that should or should not be taken and
why
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23. Argumentative vs persuasive
Persuasive Discussion - the author focuses mostly
on using emotions to convince the audience of their
claim.
Argumentative Discussion - the author uses facts to
back up their claim. Argumentative discussion does
not mean that the author is angry. There is no anger in
an argumentative discussion as defined above.
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24. Examples of persuasive commercials
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wJxOjTio0Bk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E5G9z90LPvE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FlPvfXNR1j4
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25. Examples of
argumentative commercials
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ux3KH3q3_DE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E5G9z90LPvE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i_Makmoo5lw
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26. Thank you for your attention!
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