The scalp has 5 layers - skin, dense connective tissue, epicranial aponeurosis, loose areolar connective tissue, and periosteum. It receives its blood supply from branches of the external and internal carotid arteries, and drains venously into the diploic veins of the skull. The scalp is innervated by branches of the trigeminal and cervical nerves.
The floor of the cranial cavity is divided into 3 fossae - anterior, middle, and posterior. The anterior fossa contains the frontal lobes and is bounded by the frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones. The middle fossa has a butterfly shape and contains the pituitary gland and temporal lobes. It
The cervical plexus is a network of nerves in the neck that supplies structures in the head and neck. It is formed by the anterior rami of cervical spinal nerves C1-C4. The plexus gives rise to muscular branches that innervate neck muscles and the diaphragm, as well as sensory branches that provide sensation to the skin of the neck and head. The phrenic nerve specifically originates from C3-C5 and innervates the diaphragm, the main muscle of respiration.
The scalp is made up of 5 layers - skin, dense connective tissue, aponeurotic layer, loose connective tissue, and pericranium. It is supplied by branches of the internal and external carotid arteries and drains venously into the superficial temporal and posterior auricular veins. The scalp is innervated by branches of the trigeminal and cervical nerves and drains lymphatically to occipital, mastoid, pre-auricular and parotid lymph nodes.
This document describes the anatomy of the lateral ventricles and surrounding structures through a series of labeled diagrams. It details the relationships between the septum pellucidum, thalamus, hippocampal formation, fornix, corpus callosum, caudate nucleus, and lateral ventricles. Key structures like the frontal horn, body, atrium, occipital horn and temporal horn of the lateral ventricles are identified and their surrounding boundaries described.
The cerebellum is located in the posterior cranial fossa. It consists of gray matter on the outside forming the cortex, and white matter on the inside. The cerebellum is divided into three lobes - the flocculonodular lobe, anterior lobe, and posterior lobe - by two fissures. It performs important roles in motor control and coordination through connections with other parts of the brain and spinal cord. Lesions of the cerebellum can cause ataxia, tremor, and other movement abnormalities. The fourth ventricle is located between the brainstem and cerebellum.
The document discusses the facial artery, which arises from the external carotid artery. It has both cervical and facial parts. The cervical part runs upwards in the neck, allowing movement of neck structures. It gives off branches like the ascending palatine and tonsillar arteries. The facial part enters the face by piercing the mandible. In the face, it gives branches like the inferior and superior labial arteries and terminates by anastomosing with the ophthalmic artery. The document also discusses the common carotid artery and its branches.
1. The ventricular system consists of a series of cavities within the brain that produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid. It includes the lateral ventricles, third ventricle, and fourth ventricle.
2. The lateral ventricles are located within the cerebral hemispheres. Each has 5 parts - the anterior horn, body, posterior horn, inferior horn, and are lined with ependyma and choroid plexus.
3. The third ventricle is located between the thalami in the diencephalon. It has walls formed by the thalamus, hypothalamus, and structures like the lamina terminalis. Its roof contains the choroid plex
Topographic anatomy of the brain and brain part of the skullRustam Sultonov
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This document provides a summary of the topographic anatomy of the brain and skull. It describes the boundaries and divisions of the head and skull. It then discusses the layers and structures of the meninges (membranes) covering the brain, including the dura mater, arachnoidea, and pia mater. It also outlines the four ventricles within the brain and describes their connections. Major gyri (convolutions) and sulci (fissures) of the brain are identified. The four main lobes of the brain - frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital - are also defined based on distinguishing anatomical features.
The document provides information on the head and neck region, including details on:
1) The cervical plexus and its branches that supply nerves to the neck muscles and skin.
2) The phrenic nerve which is the sole motor nerve to the diaphragm.
3) The brachial plexus formation from cervical and thoracic spinal nerves and its branches.
4) The cervical part of the sympathetic trunk, including its ganglia and branches.
The cervical plexus is a network of nerves in the neck that supplies structures in the head and neck. It is formed by the anterior rami of cervical spinal nerves C1-C4. The plexus gives rise to muscular branches that innervate neck muscles and the diaphragm, as well as sensory branches that provide sensation to the skin of the neck and head. The phrenic nerve specifically originates from C3-C5 and innervates the diaphragm, the main muscle of respiration.
The scalp is made up of 5 layers - skin, dense connective tissue, aponeurotic layer, loose connective tissue, and pericranium. It is supplied by branches of the internal and external carotid arteries and drains venously into the superficial temporal and posterior auricular veins. The scalp is innervated by branches of the trigeminal and cervical nerves and drains lymphatically to occipital, mastoid, pre-auricular and parotid lymph nodes.
This document describes the anatomy of the lateral ventricles and surrounding structures through a series of labeled diagrams. It details the relationships between the septum pellucidum, thalamus, hippocampal formation, fornix, corpus callosum, caudate nucleus, and lateral ventricles. Key structures like the frontal horn, body, atrium, occipital horn and temporal horn of the lateral ventricles are identified and their surrounding boundaries described.
The cerebellum is located in the posterior cranial fossa. It consists of gray matter on the outside forming the cortex, and white matter on the inside. The cerebellum is divided into three lobes - the flocculonodular lobe, anterior lobe, and posterior lobe - by two fissures. It performs important roles in motor control and coordination through connections with other parts of the brain and spinal cord. Lesions of the cerebellum can cause ataxia, tremor, and other movement abnormalities. The fourth ventricle is located between the brainstem and cerebellum.
The document discusses the facial artery, which arises from the external carotid artery. It has both cervical and facial parts. The cervical part runs upwards in the neck, allowing movement of neck structures. It gives off branches like the ascending palatine and tonsillar arteries. The facial part enters the face by piercing the mandible. In the face, it gives branches like the inferior and superior labial arteries and terminates by anastomosing with the ophthalmic artery. The document also discusses the common carotid artery and its branches.
1. The ventricular system consists of a series of cavities within the brain that produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid. It includes the lateral ventricles, third ventricle, and fourth ventricle.
2. The lateral ventricles are located within the cerebral hemispheres. Each has 5 parts - the anterior horn, body, posterior horn, inferior horn, and are lined with ependyma and choroid plexus.
3. The third ventricle is located between the thalami in the diencephalon. It has walls formed by the thalamus, hypothalamus, and structures like the lamina terminalis. Its roof contains the choroid plex
Topographic anatomy of the brain and brain part of the skullRustam Sultonov
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This document provides a summary of the topographic anatomy of the brain and skull. It describes the boundaries and divisions of the head and skull. It then discusses the layers and structures of the meninges (membranes) covering the brain, including the dura mater, arachnoidea, and pia mater. It also outlines the four ventricles within the brain and describes their connections. Major gyri (convolutions) and sulci (fissures) of the brain are identified. The four main lobes of the brain - frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital - are also defined based on distinguishing anatomical features.
The document provides information on the head and neck region, including details on:
1) The cervical plexus and its branches that supply nerves to the neck muscles and skin.
2) The phrenic nerve which is the sole motor nerve to the diaphragm.
3) The brachial plexus formation from cervical and thoracic spinal nerves and its branches.
4) The cervical part of the sympathetic trunk, including its ganglia and branches.
The document describes the structures within the cranial cavity, including the brain and surrounding meninges, cranial nerves, arteries, veins, and venous sinuses. It details the three cranial fossae - anterior, middle, and posterior - that divide the interior of the skull base. Each fossa contains important neurological and vascular structures and has distinctive boundaries formed by cranial bones. Key features like foramina, fissures, and sinuses that transmit nerves and vessels between the fossae are also outlined.
The diencephalon is divided into the thalamus and hypothalamus. It forms the roof and lateral walls of the third ventricle. The thalamus is a relay station for sensory pathways and integrates many functions. The hypothalamus regulates autonomic and endocrine systems and maintains homeostasis. Lesions in different diencephalon structures can cause sensory deficits, movement disorders, and endocrine/metabolic issues.
1) The document discusses several cranial nerves including their origin, course, and branches. It focuses on the glossopharyngeal nerve, vagus nerve, accessory nerve, and hypoglossal nerve.
2) It also discusses the cervical sympathetic trunk, including the three cervical ganglia (superior, middle, inferior) and their branches for communication, cardiac nerves, and blood vessels.
3) Horner's syndrome is mentioned as resulting from injury to the cervical sympathetic chain, causing ptosis, miosis, anhydrosis, and flushing.
The document discusses the anatomy and functions of the brain ventricles. It describes the four ventricles - the left and right lateral ventricles, the third ventricle, and the fourth ventricle. The ventricles are lined with ependymal cells and filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which is produced by the choroid plexus. CSF circulates through the ventricles, provides cushioning and protection to the brain, and is absorbed by the arachnoid granulations. Increased CSF pressure can cause conditions like hydrocephalus and papilledema. A lumbar puncture is described as a method to examine CSF in different medical conditions.
The document describes the anatomy of the head and neck region, specifically focusing on the oral cavity and pharynx. It is divided into several sections that describe: 1) the oral cavity including the oral vestibule and oral cavity proper, 2) the floor of the mouth including structures like the frenulum and papillae, 3) the tongue including its muscles and blood supply, 4) the palate including the hard and soft palate, and 5) the pharynx including its walls, muscles like the constrictors, and structures like the tonsils. Each section provides details on the boundaries, structures, and relations of the different anatomical regions within the head and neck.
The carotid sheath is located in the neck from the base of the skull to the root of the neck. It contains the internal carotid artery, internal jugular vein, vagus nerve, and branches of the sympathetic trunk. The common carotid artery bifurcates into the internal and external carotid arteries around the level of the thyroid cartilage between vertebrae C3 and C4. The structures within the carotid sheath have important relationships that provide pathways for infection spread.
The scalp has five layers - skin, connective tissue, aponeurosis, loose areolar tissue, and pericranium. It receives sensory innervation from branches of the trigeminal nerve and cervical plexus. Arterial blood supply comes from branches of the external carotid artery. Veins drain into facial, temporal, and jugular veins. Lymph vessels drain to submandibular, parotid, mastoid and occipital nodes. The scalp is richly vascularized to nourish hair follicles.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the nose and paranasal sinuses. It describes the external nose, nasal cavity, nasal septum, lateral walls of the nasal cavity, blood supply and nerve supply to the nose and nasal cavity. It then discusses the four paranasal sinuses - maxillary, frontal, sphenoidal and ethmoid sinuses - including their locations, openings and functions. It concludes with some clinical notes on examining the nose and sinuses and common conditions that may affect them.
This document provides information on surface markings and vertebral levels of anatomical structures in the neck, thorax, abdomen and pelvis. It identifies landmarks such as the cricoid cartilage, thyroid notch, xiphoid process and iliac crests and the vertebral levels they correspond to. It also describes the triangles of the neck, thoracic lines of orientation, and cervical and retropharyngeal lymph node levels.
The lacrimal apparatus consists of the lacrimal gland, conjunctival sac, lacrimal puncta and canaliculi, lacrimal sac, and nasolacrimal duct. The lacrimal gland secretes tears which drain through the puncta and canaliculi into the lacrimal sac and then nasolacrimal duct into the nose. Obstruction of this drainage system can cause epiphora or excessive tearing. The nose has functions of respiration, olfaction, air conditioning, and protection and is formed externally by skin, cartilage, and bone and internally by three nasal cavities with vestibules, respiratory and olfactory regions.
The document discusses the coverings and folds of the central nervous system. It describes the three layers of meninges - pia mater, arachnoid mater, and dura mater - that cover the brain and spinal cord. It then examines several dural folds in more detail, including the falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, falx cerebelli, diaphragma sellae, and cavum trigeminale. It notes the sinuses contained within these folds and their attachments. Finally, it provides brief descriptions of the nerve and blood supply to the dura.
This document discusses the meninges, ventricles, cerebrospinal fluid, and blood supply of the brain. It describes the three meningeal layers (dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater), the ventricles including the lateral, third and fourth ventricles, and the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid from production in the choroid plexus through absorption into the venous sinuses. It also covers the functions of cerebrospinal fluid in cushioning and nourishing the brain and spinal cord.
The document describes the anatomy and variations of veins in the head and neck region. It notes that the main venous drainage from the face is through the superficial facial vein which joins the retromandibular vein. The retromandibular vein then divides into anterior and posterior divisions, with the anterior joining the facial vein and posterior forming the external jugular vein. The external jugular vein drains into the subclavian vein. The document also describes variations seen in 6 out of 35 specimens studied, where the retromandibular veins did not divide and the common facial vein drained directly into the subclavian vein without forming an external jugular vein.
Blood supply of face /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental a...Indian dental academy
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Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the skull and cranial cavity. It describes the bones that make up the skull, including the cranium and facial bones. It details the cranial fossae and structures within them, such as foramina for cranial nerves and blood vessels. It also summarizes the meninges and dural projections, cranial venous channels, and some types of skull fractures and hemorrhages that can result from head trauma.
The fourth ventricle is located ventral to the cerebellum and dorsal to the pons and medulla. It is bounded laterally by the gracile and cuneate tubercles and inferior cerebellar peduncles, and superiorly by the superior cerebellar peduncle. Its roof is formed by the superior cerebellar peduncle and medullary velum. Its floor contains landmarks like the median sulcus, facial colliculus, and hypoglossal triangle. Cerebrospinal fluid circulates from the fourth ventricle through the median aperture and exits into the subarachnoid space through the foramina of Luschka and Magendi.
The scalp has five layers - skin, superficial fascia, epicranial aponeurosis with the occipitofrontalis muscle, loose areolar tissue, and pericranium. It is supplied by branches of the external and internal carotid arteries and drains into facial and jugular veins. Lymphatic drainage is to preauricular, parotid, posterior auricular, occipital, and mastoid lymph nodes. The occipitofrontalis muscle allows movement of the scalp. The loose areolar tissue is a vulnerable area due to emissary veins connecting to intracranial sinuses.
The scalp has five layers - skin, deep connective tissue, aponeurosis, loose connective tissue, and periosteum. It is innervated by branches of the trigeminal nerve and cervical nerves and supplied by branches of the external carotid and ophthalmic arteries. The occipitofrontalis muscle allows movement and raising of the eyebrows. Lymph drains from the scalp to occipital, cervical, mastoid, parotid, preauricular, and submandibular lymph nodes.
The scalp receives its blood supply from branches of the external carotid artery and the ophthalmic artery. The main arteries supplying the scalp are the superficial temporal artery, the posterior auricular artery, and the occipital artery. Venous drainage of the scalp occurs through the external jugular vein and anterior jugular veins. Sensory innervation of the scalp is provided by branches of the trigeminal nerve and cervical nerves depending on the location on the scalp.
The third ventricle is a midline cavity located between the two thalami and hypothalami. It communicates with the lateral ventricles via the foramen of Monroe and with the fourth ventricle via the cerebral aqueduct. The third ventricle's roof is formed by the fornix and tela choroidea, while its floor extends from the optic chiasm to the posterior perforated substance. The third ventricle can be accessed surgically through various anterior or posterior approaches between brain structures such as the fornix.
The document describes the anatomy of the external nose and nasal cavity. It discusses the following key points:
1. The external nose has both bony and cartilaginous components that give it structure and shape. It is made of skin, muscles, blood vessels and nerves.
2. The nasal cavity lies within the bony nasal skeleton and is divided into the vestibule, respiratory and olfactory regions. It contains the nasal conchae which increase its surface area.
3. The paranasal sinuses are air spaces within the facial bones that drain into the nasal cavity. The frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal and maxillary sinuses are described.
The document describes the anatomy of the anterior triangle of the neck. It is bounded superiorly by the inferior border of the mandible, laterally by the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, and medially by the midline. It contains muscles like the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles, as well as nerves like the facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, and hypoglossal nerves. The anterior triangle is further divided into four smaller triangles: the carotid, submental, submandibular, and muscular triangles.
The document describes the structures within the cranial cavity, including the brain and surrounding meninges, cranial nerves, arteries, veins, and venous sinuses. It details the three cranial fossae - anterior, middle, and posterior - that divide the interior of the skull base. Each fossa contains important neurological and vascular structures and has distinctive boundaries formed by cranial bones. Key features like foramina, fissures, and sinuses that transmit nerves and vessels between the fossae are also outlined.
The diencephalon is divided into the thalamus and hypothalamus. It forms the roof and lateral walls of the third ventricle. The thalamus is a relay station for sensory pathways and integrates many functions. The hypothalamus regulates autonomic and endocrine systems and maintains homeostasis. Lesions in different diencephalon structures can cause sensory deficits, movement disorders, and endocrine/metabolic issues.
1) The document discusses several cranial nerves including their origin, course, and branches. It focuses on the glossopharyngeal nerve, vagus nerve, accessory nerve, and hypoglossal nerve.
2) It also discusses the cervical sympathetic trunk, including the three cervical ganglia (superior, middle, inferior) and their branches for communication, cardiac nerves, and blood vessels.
3) Horner's syndrome is mentioned as resulting from injury to the cervical sympathetic chain, causing ptosis, miosis, anhydrosis, and flushing.
The document discusses the anatomy and functions of the brain ventricles. It describes the four ventricles - the left and right lateral ventricles, the third ventricle, and the fourth ventricle. The ventricles are lined with ependymal cells and filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which is produced by the choroid plexus. CSF circulates through the ventricles, provides cushioning and protection to the brain, and is absorbed by the arachnoid granulations. Increased CSF pressure can cause conditions like hydrocephalus and papilledema. A lumbar puncture is described as a method to examine CSF in different medical conditions.
The document describes the anatomy of the head and neck region, specifically focusing on the oral cavity and pharynx. It is divided into several sections that describe: 1) the oral cavity including the oral vestibule and oral cavity proper, 2) the floor of the mouth including structures like the frenulum and papillae, 3) the tongue including its muscles and blood supply, 4) the palate including the hard and soft palate, and 5) the pharynx including its walls, muscles like the constrictors, and structures like the tonsils. Each section provides details on the boundaries, structures, and relations of the different anatomical regions within the head and neck.
The carotid sheath is located in the neck from the base of the skull to the root of the neck. It contains the internal carotid artery, internal jugular vein, vagus nerve, and branches of the sympathetic trunk. The common carotid artery bifurcates into the internal and external carotid arteries around the level of the thyroid cartilage between vertebrae C3 and C4. The structures within the carotid sheath have important relationships that provide pathways for infection spread.
The scalp has five layers - skin, connective tissue, aponeurosis, loose areolar tissue, and pericranium. It receives sensory innervation from branches of the trigeminal nerve and cervical plexus. Arterial blood supply comes from branches of the external carotid artery. Veins drain into facial, temporal, and jugular veins. Lymph vessels drain to submandibular, parotid, mastoid and occipital nodes. The scalp is richly vascularized to nourish hair follicles.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the nose and paranasal sinuses. It describes the external nose, nasal cavity, nasal septum, lateral walls of the nasal cavity, blood supply and nerve supply to the nose and nasal cavity. It then discusses the four paranasal sinuses - maxillary, frontal, sphenoidal and ethmoid sinuses - including their locations, openings and functions. It concludes with some clinical notes on examining the nose and sinuses and common conditions that may affect them.
This document provides information on surface markings and vertebral levels of anatomical structures in the neck, thorax, abdomen and pelvis. It identifies landmarks such as the cricoid cartilage, thyroid notch, xiphoid process and iliac crests and the vertebral levels they correspond to. It also describes the triangles of the neck, thoracic lines of orientation, and cervical and retropharyngeal lymph node levels.
The lacrimal apparatus consists of the lacrimal gland, conjunctival sac, lacrimal puncta and canaliculi, lacrimal sac, and nasolacrimal duct. The lacrimal gland secretes tears which drain through the puncta and canaliculi into the lacrimal sac and then nasolacrimal duct into the nose. Obstruction of this drainage system can cause epiphora or excessive tearing. The nose has functions of respiration, olfaction, air conditioning, and protection and is formed externally by skin, cartilage, and bone and internally by three nasal cavities with vestibules, respiratory and olfactory regions.
The document discusses the coverings and folds of the central nervous system. It describes the three layers of meninges - pia mater, arachnoid mater, and dura mater - that cover the brain and spinal cord. It then examines several dural folds in more detail, including the falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, falx cerebelli, diaphragma sellae, and cavum trigeminale. It notes the sinuses contained within these folds and their attachments. Finally, it provides brief descriptions of the nerve and blood supply to the dura.
This document discusses the meninges, ventricles, cerebrospinal fluid, and blood supply of the brain. It describes the three meningeal layers (dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater), the ventricles including the lateral, third and fourth ventricles, and the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid from production in the choroid plexus through absorption into the venous sinuses. It also covers the functions of cerebrospinal fluid in cushioning and nourishing the brain and spinal cord.
The document describes the anatomy and variations of veins in the head and neck region. It notes that the main venous drainage from the face is through the superficial facial vein which joins the retromandibular vein. The retromandibular vein then divides into anterior and posterior divisions, with the anterior joining the facial vein and posterior forming the external jugular vein. The external jugular vein drains into the subclavian vein. The document also describes variations seen in 6 out of 35 specimens studied, where the retromandibular veins did not divide and the common facial vein drained directly into the subclavian vein without forming an external jugular vein.
Blood supply of face /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental a...Indian dental academy
Â
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the skull and cranial cavity. It describes the bones that make up the skull, including the cranium and facial bones. It details the cranial fossae and structures within them, such as foramina for cranial nerves and blood vessels. It also summarizes the meninges and dural projections, cranial venous channels, and some types of skull fractures and hemorrhages that can result from head trauma.
The fourth ventricle is located ventral to the cerebellum and dorsal to the pons and medulla. It is bounded laterally by the gracile and cuneate tubercles and inferior cerebellar peduncles, and superiorly by the superior cerebellar peduncle. Its roof is formed by the superior cerebellar peduncle and medullary velum. Its floor contains landmarks like the median sulcus, facial colliculus, and hypoglossal triangle. Cerebrospinal fluid circulates from the fourth ventricle through the median aperture and exits into the subarachnoid space through the foramina of Luschka and Magendi.
The scalp has five layers - skin, superficial fascia, epicranial aponeurosis with the occipitofrontalis muscle, loose areolar tissue, and pericranium. It is supplied by branches of the external and internal carotid arteries and drains into facial and jugular veins. Lymphatic drainage is to preauricular, parotid, posterior auricular, occipital, and mastoid lymph nodes. The occipitofrontalis muscle allows movement of the scalp. The loose areolar tissue is a vulnerable area due to emissary veins connecting to intracranial sinuses.
The scalp has five layers - skin, deep connective tissue, aponeurosis, loose connective tissue, and periosteum. It is innervated by branches of the trigeminal nerve and cervical nerves and supplied by branches of the external carotid and ophthalmic arteries. The occipitofrontalis muscle allows movement and raising of the eyebrows. Lymph drains from the scalp to occipital, cervical, mastoid, parotid, preauricular, and submandibular lymph nodes.
The scalp receives its blood supply from branches of the external carotid artery and the ophthalmic artery. The main arteries supplying the scalp are the superficial temporal artery, the posterior auricular artery, and the occipital artery. Venous drainage of the scalp occurs through the external jugular vein and anterior jugular veins. Sensory innervation of the scalp is provided by branches of the trigeminal nerve and cervical nerves depending on the location on the scalp.
The third ventricle is a midline cavity located between the two thalami and hypothalami. It communicates with the lateral ventricles via the foramen of Monroe and with the fourth ventricle via the cerebral aqueduct. The third ventricle's roof is formed by the fornix and tela choroidea, while its floor extends from the optic chiasm to the posterior perforated substance. The third ventricle can be accessed surgically through various anterior or posterior approaches between brain structures such as the fornix.
The document describes the anatomy of the external nose and nasal cavity. It discusses the following key points:
1. The external nose has both bony and cartilaginous components that give it structure and shape. It is made of skin, muscles, blood vessels and nerves.
2. The nasal cavity lies within the bony nasal skeleton and is divided into the vestibule, respiratory and olfactory regions. It contains the nasal conchae which increase its surface area.
3. The paranasal sinuses are air spaces within the facial bones that drain into the nasal cavity. The frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal and maxillary sinuses are described.
The document describes the anatomy of the anterior triangle of the neck. It is bounded superiorly by the inferior border of the mandible, laterally by the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, and medially by the midline. It contains muscles like the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles, as well as nerves like the facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, and hypoglossal nerves. The anterior triangle is further divided into four smaller triangles: the carotid, submental, submandibular, and muscular triangles.
Talk about
- Structure of the Scalp {Skin, Connective tissue, Aponeurosis (epicranial), Loose areolar tissue, Pericranium}.
- Muscles of the Scalp {occipitofrontalis muscle}.
- Sensory Nerve Supply of the Scalp
- Arterial Supply of the Scalp
- Venous Drainage of the Scalp
- Lymph Drainage of the Scalp
The external ear can be divided into the auricle and the external acoustic meatus. The auricle captures and directs sound waves towards the meatus. The meatus is an S-shaped tube that ends at the tympanic membrane. The middle ear contains the auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) which transmit vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear. The inner ear houses the cochlea for hearing and the vestibular system for balance. It contains the membranous labyrinth filled with endolymph.
The document discusses the anatomy of the pharynx and larynx. It provides detailed information on the three parts of the pharynx (nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx), as well as the muscles, innervation, and vasculature of the pharynx. It then discusses the anatomical position, structure, vasculature, and innervation of the larynx. Finally, it describes the nine cartilages that make up the laryngeal skeleton, including the three unpaired cartilages (epiglottis, thyroid, cricoid) and the paired cartilages (arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform).
The meninges are three membranous layers - the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater - that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. The dura mater is the outermost layer, followed by the arachnoid mater and then the inner pia mater. Cerebrospinal fluid is contained between the arachnoid mater and pia mater. The ventricles are cavities within the brain that produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid, which cushions and protects the brain. Diseases like meningitis and hydrocephalus can impact the meninges and ventric
The respiratory system includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, lungs, and associated structures. The nose warms, moistens, and filters inhaled air and contains olfactory receptors for smell. The pharynx connects the nose and mouth to the esophagus and larynx. The larynx contains the vocal cords and protects the airway. The lungs are surrounded by pleura and expand during inhalation due to contraction of the diaphragm, which separates the chest and abdominal cavities. The tonsils are masses of lymphatic tissue located in the throat that help defend against pathogens.
The document summarizes the arterial supply, venous drainage, and lymphatics of the head and neck. It describes how the head and neck receive their arterial blood mainly from the carotid and vertebral arteries. It outlines the branches and territories of the external and internal carotid arteries. It also discusses the three major jugular veins - external, anterior, and internal - that are responsible for venous drainage. Finally, it briefly introduces the superficial and deep lymphatic vessels that drain the head and neck regions.
scalp; is the soft tissue covering of cranial vault.
it extends anteriorly: supraorbital margin
posteriorly:external occipital protuberance and superior nuchal lines.
on each side: superior temporal lines.
The respiratory system consists of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs and muscles of respiration. The nose warms, moistens and filters inhaled air. The pharynx is a passageway for air and food and helps with speech and hearing. The larynx contains cartilage and produces sound. The trachea divides into bronchi which enter the lungs. The lungs are surrounded by pleura and exchange gases via alveoli and capillaries.
The respiratory system provides oxygen to the body's cells and removes carbon dioxide. It includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs. The nose warms, filters and humidifies inhaled air and is also the organ of smell. The pharynx is a passageway for air and food that is lined with lymphoid tissue including the tonsils. The larynx, or voice box, contains cartilages including the thyroid and cricoid cartilages which support the vocal cords that produce sound.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the nose. It discusses the external and internal structures of the nose, including the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. The external nose has bony and cartilaginous parts that provide structure. Internally, the nasal cavity is divided by the nasal septum and lined by various types of epithelium. The document outlines the blood supply, nerve innervation, lymphatic drainage and musculature of the nose. It provides details on the four paired paranasal sinuses within the facial bones that are connected to the nasal cavity.
The document describes the anatomy of the scalp and face, including the layers, muscles, blood supply, innervation, and clinical considerations of both structures. It details the 5 layers of the scalp, the occipitofrontalis muscle, nerves, arteries, and clinical issues like scalp wounds and sebaceous cysts. Additionally, it outlines the muscles of facial expression, their nerve and blood supply, and how to test the facial nerve.
The skull is made up of 22 bones that protect the brain and form the head. It consists of two main parts - the cranium which houses the brain, and facial bones including the jaw bones. Bones of the skull are connected by fibrous joints and have three layers of bone tissue. The skull provides attachment points for muscles and protects sensitive structures. Paranasal air sinuses are air pockets within facial and cranial bones that may help regulate temperature and pressure.
The document summarizes key anatomical structures in the pectoral region including the breast/mammary gland, axilla, muscles of the pectoral region, and branches of the axillary artery. The pectoral region contains four muscles that connect the upper limb to the chest wall. The axilla is a pyramidal space bounded by walls formed by muscles and ribs. The breast is located in the pectoral region and has an internal structure of skin, parenchyma, and stroma. The axillary artery gives off branches that supply surrounding structures before terminating as the brachial artery in the arm.
The document provides an introduction to nasal diseases (nÄsaroga) according to ancient Ayurvedic texts like Sushruta Samhita and Ashtanga Hridaya. It discusses the anatomy of the nose including its bones, cartilages, blood supply and mentions 31 types of nasal diseases according to Sushruta and their common symptoms. Nasal polyps are also discussed as being related to nasal obstruction (nÄsÄvÄsa). The summary is:
1. The nose has important respiratory and olfactory functions and is one of the five sensory organs.
2. Ancient Ayurvedic texts like Sushruta Samhita and Ashtanga Hridaya
The document discusses the anatomy of the cranial cavity and its contents. It describes the three cranial fossae - anterior, middle, and posterior - located on the inner surface of the skull base. It also details the structures within the cranial cavity, including the meninges (dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater), venous sinuses, and cranial nerves passing through openings in the skull. Types of intracranial haemorrhage such as extradural, subdural, and subarachnoid haemorrhages are also mentioned.
The document summarizes the anatomy of the scalp, face, and muscles of facial expression. It describes the layers of the scalp, the occipitofrontalis muscle of the scalp, and the sensory and motor innervation of the scalp. It outlines the bones and muscles of the face, including the orbicularis oculi, nasalis, and orbicularis oris muscles. Finally, it briefly discusses the sensory and motor innervation of the face, including the trigeminal and facial nerves.
The document summarizes the anatomy of the scalp, face, and muscles of facial expression. It describes the layers of the scalp, the occipitofrontalis muscle of the scalp, and the sensory and motor innervation of the scalp. It outlines the boundaries of the face and lists the bones and muscles of facial expression, including the orbicularis oculi and orbicularis oris. Finally, it briefly discusses the sensory and motor innervation of the face, including the trigeminal and facial nerves.
This document provides information on three major humanitarian aid organizations - Doctors Without Borders, Save the Children, and Mercy Ships. It discusses their founding dates, missions, areas of focus, and scope of operations. The document also addresses important considerations for individuals interested in getting involved in humanitarian aid or medical missions work, including skills needed, time commitments, areas of greatest need, and how to plan and apply for opportunities. Key focus areas discussed include crisis intervention, public health initiatives, addressing disease, and finding the right long or short-term role based on skills and passions.
This document provides tips for students on how to succeed in medical school. It emphasizes empowering your mind, body, and soul to be fully present. For the mind, it recommends knowing your learning style, reviewing consistently and efficiently, and renewing your mind with hobbies. For the body, it suggests focusing on nutrition, exercise, and sleep. For the soul, it advises developing self-awareness, knowing your purpose, and building community. The overall message is to take things one step at a time by empowering all aspects of yourself.
The document discusses acid-base homeostasis and physiology. It explains that the body tightly regulates blood pH through bicarbonate buffering and the actions of the kidneys and lungs. The kidneys regulate bicarbonate levels over hours to days while the lungs regulate carbon dioxide levels over minutes to maintain pH. Metabolic acidosis occurs when bicarbonate is lost or protons are gained, and can be categorized as respiratory or non-respiratory based on the anion gap. Metabolic alkalosis occurs when acid is lost or base is gained. Respiratory acidosis and alkalosis occur when carbon dioxide is retained or lost, respectively.
The kidney plays a key role in maintaining the external balance of potassium through regulating its reabsorption and secretion. Most potassium is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule through passive mechanisms. In the thick ascending limb, the NKCC2 channel actively transports potassium into cells, while the distal convoluted tubule uses the H+-K+-ATPase channel to couple potassium reabsorption to hydrogen secretion. Potassium secretion occurs mainly in the collecting duct, driven by the sodium-potassium ATPase pumping sodium out and potassium into cells, creating gradients for potassium to exit into the tubule lumen. Factors such as aldosterone, acid-base status, and luminal flow influence potassium regulation.
The document discusses the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) which regulates blood pressure and fluid balance. RAAS involves the hormones renin, angiotensin II, and aldosterone. Renin is released by the kidneys in response to low sodium levels, low blood pressure, or sympathetic stimulation. Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, which is then converted to angiotensin II by the lungs. Angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction, sodium reabsorption by the kidneys, aldosterone release by the adrenals, and thirst stimulation. This increases blood pressure and volume.
The document discusses the storage and voiding phases of micturition, or urination. During storage, the bladder relaxes and the urethral sphincters contract, allowing urine to be stored. Sympathetic signals relax the bladder and contract the internal urethral sphincter, while somatic signals contract the external sphincter. As the bladder fills, its walls distend to maintain low pressure. During voiding, parasympathetic signals cause the bladder to contract while relaxing the sphincters, allowing urine to be released.
The nephron is the basic functional unit of the kidney. The nephron consists of a renal corpuscle and renal tubule. The renal tubule can be divided into the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), Loop of Henle, and distal convoluted tubule. The PCT has a high capacity for reabsorption due to specialized structures like brush borders and transport channels/proteins. It reabsorbs around 65% of water, sodium, potassium and chloride through bulk transport via paracellular and transcellular routes. Transport is powered by the basolateral and apical membrane channels and pumps, and mitochondria provide energy for these processes.
This document discusses acute inflammation. It begins with an overview, describing acute inflammation as an innate response to tissue injury in the short term. It then discusses the causes and features of acute inflammation, including redness, swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function. Next, it details the tissue changes that occur, such as increased blood flow, fluid exudation, and the roles of mast cells, histamine, and cytokines. It also explains the cellular phase, focusing on the infiltration of neutrophils. Finally, it discusses how acute inflammation helps control infection and restore tissues.
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are Y-shaped glycoproteins produced by plasma cells that recognize and bind to antigens. They consist of two heavy chains and two light chains which give the antibody its structure. The variable regions of the heavy and light chains determine antigen specificity. Antibodies function by opsonizing pathogens to promote phagocytosis, neutralizing viruses and toxins, activating the complement system, forming immune complexes, and mediating antibody-dependent cytotoxicity. The different classes of antibodies are IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE, which have various roles in immunity.
The document discusses the various barriers that the innate immune system uses to prevent infection. It describes physical barriers like the skin and mucous membranes. It also discusses physiological barriers such as diarrhea and vomiting that actively remove pathogens. Additionally, it outlines chemical barriers such as antimicrobial peptides and low pH levels that create an inhospitable environment for microbes. Finally, it examines the biological barrier of normal flora that compete with pathogens for resources. Breaking down these innate barriers can allow pathogens to colonize and cause infection if left unchecked by the adaptive immune response.
The document provides an overview of the five main types of white blood cells (leukocytes):
1) Neutrophils, which fight bacterial and fungal infections;
2) Monocytes, which fight bacterial infections and differentiate into macrophages;
3) Eosinophils, which fight parasitic infections;
4) Basophils, which are involved in allergic responses; and
5) Lymphocytes, which fight viral infections and are divided into natural killer cells, T cells, and B cells.
Penicillins work by inhibiting the cross-linking of peptidoglycans in bacterial cell walls. Cephalosporins and carbapenems also inhibit this process through their beta-lactam ring structure. Glycopeptides prevent cross-linking through binding to cell wall proteins instead of DD-transpeptidase. Aminoglycosides inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit, while macrolides do the same through the 50S subunit.
Erythropoiesis is the process by which red blood cells are produced. It occurs primarily in the bone marrow in adults. The key stages include the production of normoblasts from hematopoietic stem cells, which then mature into reticulocytes and finally erythrocytes. Erythropoiesis is tightly regulated by the hormone erythropoietin, which is produced by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels and acts in the bone marrow to stimulate red blood cell production. On average, the body produces around 2.5 billion new red blood cells per kilogram per day through this process.
The spleen filters blood and fights infections. It contains two types of tissues: white pulp contains lymphocytes that help produce antibodies when pathogens are detected, and red pulp contains cords and sinuses that remove old blood cells and filter the blood. The spleen helps fight encapsulated bacteria and stores extra red blood cells. It is not vital but its removal increases risk of certain infections.
The pancreas has both exocrine and endocrine functions. The exocrine pancreas secretes digestive enzymes like proteases, lipase, and amylase through acinar cells into ducts. These enzymes are synthesized and stored as inactive zymogens that are activated in the small intestine. The pancreas also secretes bicarbonate through duct cells to neutralize stomach acid. Secretin and cholecystokinin hormones stimulate pancreatic secretions in response to food in the duodenum. Disorders of the exocrine pancreas can cause maldigestion.
The liver produces bile which is stored in the gallbladder and released during digestion to emulsify fats. Bile is composed of bile acids, bilirubin, electrolytes, and other components. Bile acids are produced by hepatocytes and secreted into bile ducts, while other components are added by ductal cells. The hormones cholecystokinin and secretin stimulate gallbladder contraction and bile secretion. Most bile acids are reabsorbed and recirculated to the liver through the enterohepatic circulation.
The liver plays a key role in metabolizing bilirubin. Bilirubin is produced from the breakdown of red blood cells and exists in unconjugated and conjugated forms. The liver conjugates bilirubin, making it water-soluble so it can be excreted in bile. In the intestines, bacteria convert bilirubin to urobilinogen and its byproducts, which are excreted in feces and urine. Clinical conditions can occur if bilirubin is not properly metabolized, such as jaundice.
The document discusses absorption in the large intestine. It notes that the large intestine absorbs water and electrolytes like sodium, chloride, and potassium. Short-chain fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals are also absorbed through the large intestine due to digestion by gut bacteria. Absorption is regulated by hormones like aldosterone and the autonomic nervous system. The large intestine propels contents through haustral shuttling and mass movements to facilitate absorption and storage of waste as feces.
The small intestine is responsible for digestion and absorption of nutrients. It has a highly folded mucosa layer containing absorptive enterocytes and secretory goblet and enteroendocrine cells. The enteroendocrine cells secrete hormones like CCK, secretin, and GIP in response to nutrients in the lumen. The small intestine receives pancreatic enzymes and bile, which aid in digestion, through the hepatopancreatic duct. Absorbed nutrients then pass into the bloodstream for use by the body.
The document discusses acid production in the stomach. It outlines that the parietal cells in the stomach lining produce hydrochloric acid through a multi-step process involving carbonic acid, hydrogen ions, and chloride ions. Acid production is increased by the hormone gastrin and acetylcholine released by the vagus nerve. It is decreased by hormones like somatostatin, cholecystokinin, and secretin which are released in response to food in the duodenum. The document also reviews questions about this topic.
Selective alpha1 blockers are Prazosin, Terazosin, Doxazosin, Tamsulosin and Silodosin majorly used to treat BPH, also hypertension, PTSD, Raynaud's phenomenon, CHF
PGx Analysis in VarSeq: A Userâs PerspectiveGolden Helix
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Since our release of the PGx capabilities in VarSeq, weâve had a few months to gather some insights from various use cases. Some users approach PGx workflows by means of array genotyping or what seems to be a growing trend of adding the star allele calling to the existing NGS pipeline for whole genome data. Luckily, both approaches are supported with the VarSeq software platform. The genotyping method being used will also dictate what the scope of the tertiary analysis will be. For example, are your PGx reports a standalone pipeline or would your labâs goal be to handle a dual-purpose workflow and report on PGx + Diagnostic findings.
The purpose of this webcast is to:
Discuss and demonstrate the approaches with array and NGS genotyping methods for star allele calling to prep for downstream analysis.
Following genotyping, explore alternative tertiary workflow concepts in VarSeq to handle PGx reporting.
Moreover, we will include insights users will need to consider when validating their PGx workflow for all possible star alleles and options you have for automating your PGx analysis for large number of samples. Please join us for a session dedicated to the application of star allele genotyping and subsequent PGx workflows in our VarSeq software.
Can Traditional Chinese Medicine Treat Blocked Fallopian Tubes.pptxFFragrant
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There are many traditional Chinese medicine therapies to treat blocked fallopian tubes. And herbal medicine Fuyan Pill is one of the more effective choices.
Receptor Discordance in Breast Carcinoma During the Course of Life
Definition:
Receptor discordance refers to changes in the status of hormone receptors (estrogen receptor ERÎą, progesterone receptor PgR, and HER2) in breast cancer tumors over time or between primary and metastatic sites.
Causes:
Tumor Evolution:
Genetic and epigenetic changes during tumor progression can lead to alterations in receptor status.
Treatment Effects:
Therapies, especially endocrine and targeted therapies, can selectively pressure tumor cells, causing shifts in receptor expression.
Heterogeneity:
Inherent heterogeneity within the tumor can result in subpopulations of cells with different receptor statuses.
Impact on Treatment:
Therapeutic Resistance:
Loss of ERÎą or PgR can lead to resistance to endocrine therapies.
HER2 discordance affects the efficacy of HER2-targeted treatments.
Treatment Adjustment:
Regular reassessment of receptor status may be necessary to adjust treatment strategies appropriately.
Clinical Implications:
Prognosis:
Receptor discordance is often associated with a poorer prognosis.
Biopsies:
Obtaining biopsies from metastatic sites is crucial for accurate receptor status assessment and effective treatment planning.
Monitoring:
Continuous monitoring of receptor status throughout the disease course can guide personalized therapy adjustments.
Understanding and managing receptor discordance is essential for optimizing treatment outcomes and improving the prognosis for breast cancer patients.
Storyboard on Skin- Innovative Learning (M-pharm) 2nd sem. (Cosmetics)MuskanShingari
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Skin is the largest organ of the human body, serving crucial functions that include protection, sensation, regulation, and synthesis. Structurally, it consists of three main layers: the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis (subcutaneous layer).
1. **Epidermis**: The outermost layer primarily composed of epithelial cells called keratinocytes. It provides a protective barrier against environmental factors, pathogens, and UV radiation.
2. **Dermis**: Located beneath the epidermis, the dermis contains connective tissue, blood vessels, hair follicles, and sweat glands. It plays a vital role in supporting and nourishing the epidermis, regulating body temperature, and housing sensory receptors for touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.
3. **Hypodermis**: Also known as the subcutaneous layer, it consists of fat and connective tissue that anchors the skin to underlying structures like muscles and bones. It provides insulation, cushioning, and energy storage.
Skin performs essential functions such as regulating body temperature through sweat production and blood flow control, synthesizing vitamin D when exposed to sunlight, and serving as a sensory interface with the external environment.
Maintaining skin health is crucial for overall well-being, involving proper hygiene, hydration, protection from sun exposure, and avoiding harmful substances. Skin conditions and diseases range from minor irritations to chronic disorders, emphasizing the importance of regular care and medical attention when needed.
Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory projectSIVAVINAYAKPK
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chemistry investigatory project
The development of nanogold-based cancer therapy could revolutionize oncology by providing a more targeted, less invasive treatment option. This project contributes to the growing body of research aimed at harnessing nanotechnology for medical applications, paving the way for future clinical trials and potential commercial applications.
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, prompting the need for innovative treatment methods. Nanotechnology offers promising new approaches, including the use of gold nanoparticles (nanogold) for targeted cancer therapy. Nanogold particles possess unique physical and chemical properties that make them suitable for drug delivery, imaging, and photothermal therapy.
STUDIES IN SUPPORT OF SPECIAL POPULATIONS: GERIATRICS E7shruti jagirdar
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Unit 4: MRA 103T Regulatory affairs
This guideline is directed principally toward new Molecular Entities that are
likely to have significant use in the elderly, either because the disease intended
to be treated is characteristically a disease of aging ( e.g., Alzheimer's disease) or
because the population to be treated is known to include substantial numbers of
geriatric patients (e.g., hypertension).
Nutritional deficiency Disorder are problems in india.
It is very important to learn about Indian child's nutritional parameters as well the Disease related to alteration in their Nutrition.
Discover the benefits of homeopathic medicine for irregular periods with our guide on 5 common remedies. Learn how these natural treatments can help regulate menstrual cycles and improve overall menstrual health.
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The biomechanics of running involves the study of the mechanical principles underlying running movements. It includes the analysis of the running gait cycle, which consists of the stance phase (foot contact to push-off) and the swing phase (foot lift-off to next contact). Key aspects include kinematics (joint angles and movements, stride length and frequency) and kinetics (forces involved in running, including ground reaction and muscle forces). Understanding these factors helps in improving running performance, optimizing technique, and preventing injuries.
3. AREAS OF THE HEAD
THE SCALP
⸠The scalp is composed of the layers of skin and
subcutaneous tissue that cover the bones of the cranial
vault
⸠There are 5 layers of the scalp
⸠The ďŹrst 3 layers are tightly connected and move
together as one
4. AREAS OF THE HEAD
LAYERS OF THE SCALP
⸠Mnemonic âSCALPâÂ
⸠Skin
⸠Dense Connective Tissue
⸠Epicranial Aponeurosis
⸠Loose Areolar Connective Tissue
⸠Periosteum
5. AREAS OF THE HEAD
LAYERS OF THE SCALP
⸠Skin â containing hair follicles and sebaceous glands
⸠common site for sebaceous cysts
⸠Dense Connective tissue â connecting the skin to the epicranial aponeurosis
⸠Highly vascularized and innervated
⸠Blood vessels within the layer are very adherent to the connective tissue
⸠Unable to constrict fully if lacerated meaning that the scalp can be a site
for profuse bleeding
⸠Epicranial Aponeurosis â a thin, tendon-like structure connecting the
occipitalis and frontalis muscles
6. AREAS OF THE HEAD
LAYERS OF THE SCALP
⸠Loose Areolar Connective Tissue â a thin connective tissue layer
separating the periosteum of the skull from the epicranial aponeurosis
⸠Contains numerous blood vessels, including emissary veins
connecting the veins of the scalp to the diploic veins and
intracranial venous sinuses
⸠Periosteum â the outer layer of the skull bones, continuous with the
endosteum at the suture lines
9. AREAS OF THE HEAD
ARTERIAL SUPPLY OF THE SCALP
⸠The scalp receives a rich arterial supply
⸠external carotid artery
⸠ophthalmic artery (a branch of the internal carotid)
⸠There are three branches of the external carotid artery involved
⸠SuperďŹcial temporal â supplies the frontal and temporal regions
⸠Posterior auricular â supplies the area superiorly and posteriorly to the auricle
⸠Occipital â supplies the back of the scalp
⸠Two branches of the ophthalmic artery (the supraorbital and supratrochlear arteries)
provide additional supply anteriorly and superiorly
⸠These arteries each follow their respective nerves (supraorbital and supratrochlear)
11. AREAS OF THE HEAD
VENOUS DRAINAGE OF THE SCALP
⸠The venous drainage of the scalp can be divided into superďŹcial and deep components
⸠The superďŹcial drainage follows the same arteries and includes the superďŹcial
temporal, occipital, posterior auricular, supraorbital and supratrochlear veins
⸠The deep (temporal) region of the skull is drained by the pterygoid venous plexus
⸠a large plexus of veins
⸠located between the temporalis and lateral pterygoid muscles
⸠drains into the maxillary vein
⸠The veins of the scalp connect to the diploic veins of the skull via valveless emissary
veins, establishing a connection between the scalp and the dural venous sinuses
12. AREAS OF THE HEAD
INNERVATION OF THE SCALP
The scalp receives cutaneous innervation from multiple nerves
⣠arising from either the trigeminal nerve or the cervical nerves
Trigeminal Nerve
⸠Supratrochlear nerve â branch of the ophthalmic nerve which supplies the
anteromedial forehead
⸠Supraorbital nerve â branch of the ophthalmic nerve which supplies a large portion
of the scalp between the anterolateral forehead and the vertex
⸠Zygomaticotemporal nerve â branch of the maxillary nerve, this supplies the temple
⸠Auriculotemporal nerve â branch of the mandibular nerve which supplies skin
anterosuperior to the auricle
13. AREAS OF THE HEAD
INNERVATION OF THE SCALP
Cervical Nerves
⸠Lesser occipital nerve â derived from the anterior ramus (division) of C2,
and supplies the skin posterior to the ear
⸠Greater occipital nerve â derived from the posterior ramus (division) of
C2, and supplies the skin of the occipital region
⸠Great auricular nerve â derived from the anterior rami of C2 and C3, and
supplies the skin posterior to the ear and over the angle of the mandible
⸠Third occipital nerve â derived from the posterior ramus of C3, and
supplies the skin of the inferior occipital region
16. AREAS OF THE HEAD
CRANIAL FOSSA
⸠The ďŹoor of the cranial cavity is divided
into three distinct depressions
⸠the anterior cranial fossa, middle
cranial fossa and posterior cranial fossa
⸠each fossa accommodates a different
part of the brain
18. AREAS OF THE HEAD
THE ANTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA
⸠the most shallow and superior of the three cranial
fossae
⸠located superiorly over the nasal and orbital cavities
⸠accommodates the anteroinferior portions of
the frontal lobes of the brain
⸠consists of three bones: the frontal bone, ethmoid bone
and sphenoid bone
19. AREAS OF THE HEAD
THE ANTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA: BORDERS
It is bounded as follows:
⸠Anteriorly and laterally: the inner surface of the
frontal bone
⸠Posteriorly and medially: the limbus of
the sphenoid bone
⸠The limbus is a bony ridge that forms the anterior
border of the prechiasmatic sulcus (a groove
running between the right and left optic canals)
20. AREAS OF THE HEAD
THE ANTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA: BORDERS
⸠Posteriorly and laterally: the lesser wings of
the sphenoid bone (these are two triangular
projections of bone that arise from the central
sphenoid body)
⸠The ďŹoor consists of the frontal
bone, ethmoid bone and the anterior aspects of
the body and lesser wings of
the sphenoid bone
22. AREAS OF THE HEAD
THE ANTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA: CONTENTS
⸠There are several bony landmarks present in the anterior cranial fossa
⸠frontal crest
⸠a ridge down the midline of the frontal bone
⸠projects upwards, and acts as a site of attachment for the falx cerebri (a
sheet of dura mater that divides the two cerebral hemispheres)
⸠crista galli
⸠located in the midline of the ethmoid bone
⸠an upwards projection of bone, which acts as another point of
attachment for the falx cerebri
23. AREAS OF THE HEAD
THE ANTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA: CONTENTS
⸠on either side of the crista galli is the cribriform plate which supports
the olfactory bulb and has numerous foramina that transmit vessels and nerves
⸠the anterior aspect of the sphenoid bone lies within the anterior cranial fossa
⸠the lesser wings arise from the central body
⸠the rounded ends of the lesser wings are known as the anterior clinoid
processes
⸠serve as a place of attachment for the tentorium cerebelli (a sheet of
dura mater that divides the cerebrum from the cerebellum)
⸠the lesser wings of the sphenoid bone also separate the anterior and
middle cranial fossa
25. AREAS OF THE HEAD
THE ANTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA: FORAMINA
⸠The ethmoid bone in particular contains the main foramina (openings that
transmit vessels and nerves) of the anterior cranial fossa
⸠The cribriform plate is a sheet of bone (seen either side of the crista
galli) which contains numerous small foramina which transmit olfactory
nerve ďŹbres (CN I) into the nasal cavity
⸠It also contains two larger foramen:
⸠Anterior ethmoidal foramen â transmits the anterior ethmoidal artery,
nerve and vein
⸠Posterior ethmoidal foramen â transmits the posterior ethmoidal
artery, nerve and vein
29. AREAS OF THE HEAD
THE MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA
⸠located centrally in the cranial ďŹoor
⸠âbutterďŹy shapedâ
⸠middle part accommodates the pituitary gland
⸠two lateral parts accommodates the temporal lobes of
the brain
⸠consists of three bones â the sphenoid bone and the
two temporal bones
30. AREAS OF THE HEAD
THE MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA: BORDERS
Its boundaries are as follows:
⸠Anteriorly and laterally
⸠lesser wings of the sphenoid bone
⸠two triangular projections of bone that arise from the central
sphenoid body
⸠Anteriorly and medially
⸠the limbus of the sphenoid bone
⸠a bony ridge that forms the anterior border of the chiasmatic
sulcus (a groove running between the right and left optic canals)
31. AREAS OF THE HEAD
THE MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA: BORDERS
⸠Posteriorly and laterally
⸠the superior border of the petrous part of the temporal bone
⸠Posteriorly and medially
⸠the dorsum sellae of the sphenoid bone
⸠a large superior projection of bone that arises from the
sphenoidal body
⸠The ďŹoor is formed by the body and greater wing of the sphenoid,
and the squamous and petrous parts of the temporal bone
33. AREAS OF THE HEAD
THE MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA: CONTENTS - CENTRAL PORTION
⸠The central part of the middle cranial fossa
⸠formed by the body of the sphenoid bone
⸠contains the sella turcica (latin for Turkish saddle)
⸠a saddle-shaped bony prominence
⸠acts to hold and support the pituitary gland
⸠consists of three parts
35. AREAS OF THE HEAD
THE MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA: CONTENTS - CENTRAL PORTION
Sella Turcica: 3 parts
⸠The tuberculum sellae (horn of the saddle)
⸠a vertical elevation of bone
⸠forms the anterior wall of the sella turcica
⸠forms the posterior aspect of the chiasmatic sulcus
(a groove running between the right and left optic
canals)
36. AREAS OF THE HEAD
THE MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA: CONTENTS - CENTRAL PORTION
Sella Turcica: 3 parts
⸠The hypophysial fossa or pituitary fossa (seat
of the saddle)
⸠sits in the middle of the sella turcica
⸠a depression in the body of the sphenoid,
which holds the pituitary gland
37. AREAS OF THE HEAD
THE MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA: CONTENTS - CENTRAL PORTION
Sella Turcica: 3 parts
⸠The dorsum sellae (back of the saddle)
⸠forms the posterior wall of the sella turcica
⸠a large square of bone, pointing upwards and
forwards
⸠separates the middle cranial fossa from the
posterior cranial fossa
38. AREAS OF THE HEAD
THE MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA: CONTENTS - CENTRAL PORTION
⸠The sella turcica is surrounded by the anterior and
posterior clinoid processes
⸠The anterior clinoid processes arise from the sphenoidal
lesser wings
⸠The posterior clinoid processes are the superolateral
projections of the dorsum sellae
⸠They serve as attachment points for the tentorium
cerebelli, a membranous sheet that divides the brain
40. AREAS OF THE HEAD
THE MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA: CONTENTS - LATERAL PORTIONS
⸠The depressed lateral parts of the middle cranial fossa
⸠formed by
⸠greater wings of the sphenoid bone
⸠squamous and petrous parts of the temporal bones
⸠support the temporal lobes of the brain
⸠the site of many foramina â small holes by which vessels
and nerves enter and leave the cranial cavity
41. AREAS OF THE HEAD
THE MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA: CONTENTS - FORAMINA OF SPHENOID BONE
⸠The optic canals are situated medially and
anteriorly in the middle cranial fossa
⸠They transmit the optic nerves (CN II) and
ophthalmic arteries into the orbital cavities
⸠The optic canals are connected by
the chiasmatic sulcus (a depressed groove
running transversely between the two)
42. AREAS OF THE HEAD
THE MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA: CONTENTS - FORAMINA OF SPHENOID BONE
Immediately lateral to the central part of the middle cranial
fossa are four foramina:
⸠1. The superior orbital ďŹssureÂ
⸠opens anteriorly into the orbit
⸠transmits the oculomotor nerve (CN III), trochlear
nerve (CN IV), ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal
nerve (CN V1), abducens nerve (CN VI), opthalmic veins
and sympathetic ďŹbres
43. AREAS OF THE HEAD
THE MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA: CONTENTS - FORAMINA OF SPHENOID BONE
⸠2. The foramen rotundumÂ
⸠opens into the pterygopalatine fossaÂ
⸠transmits the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN
V2)
⸠3. The foramen ovaleÂ
⸠opens into the infratemporal fossa
⸠transmits the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN
V3) and accessory meningeal artery
44. AREAS OF THE HEAD
THE MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA: CONTENTS - FORAMINA OF SPHENOID BONE
⸠4. The foramen spinosumÂ
⸠opens into the infratemporal fossa
⸠transmits the middle meningeal artery, middle
meningeal vein and a meningeal branch of CN V3
46. AREAS OF THE HEAD
THE MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA: CONTENTS - FORAMINA OF TEMPORAL BONE
The temporal bone is marked by three major foramina:
⸠1. Hiatus of the greater petrosal nerve
⸠transmits the greater petrosal nerve (a branch of the facial
nerve)
⸠the petrosal branch of the middle meningeal artery
⸠2. Hiatus of the lesser petrosal nerve
⸠transmits the lesser petrosal nerve (a branch of
the glossopharyngeal nerve)
47. AREAS OF THE HEAD
THE MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA: CONTENTS - FORAMINA OF TEMPORAL BONE
⸠3. Carotid canal
⸠located posteriorly and medially to the foramen ovale
⸠traversed by
⸠the internal carotid artery (which ascends into the
cranium to supply the brain with blood)
⸠the deep petrosal nerve
48. AREAS OF THE HEAD
THE MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA: CONTENTS - FORAMINA
⸠Foramen Lacerum
⸠formed at the junction of the sphenoid, temporal and
occipital bones
⸠this foramen is ďŹlled with cartilage, which is pierced only
by small blood vessels
51. AREAS OF THE HEAD
THE POSTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA
⸠the most posterior and deep of the three
cranial fossae
⸠accommodates the brainstem
and cerebellum
⸠comprised of three bones: the occipital
bone and the two temporal bones
52. AREAS OF THE HEAD
THE POSTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA: BORDERS
⸠Anteriorly and medially
⸠dorsum sellae of the sphenoid bone
⸠a large superior projection of bone that arises from
the body of the sphenoid
⸠Anteriorly and laterally
⸠superior border of the petrous part of
the temporal bone
53. AREAS OF THE HEAD
THE POSTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA: BORDERS
⸠Posteriorly
⸠internal surface of the squamous part of
the occipital bone
⸠The ďŹoor consists of the mastoid part of the
temporal bone and the squamous, condylar
and basilar parts of the occipital bone
55. AREAS OF THE HEAD
THE POSTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA: CONTENTS
⸠The posterior cranial fossa houses the brainstem
and cerebellum
⸠The brainstem is comprised of the medulla oblogata,
pons and midbrain and continues down through
the foramen magnum to become the spinal cord
⸠The cerebellum has an important role in co-
ordination and ďŹne motor control
56. AREAS OF THE HEAD
THE POSTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA: FORAMINA - TEMPORAL BONE
⸠The internal acoustic meatus
⸠an oval opening in the posterior aspect
of the petrous part of the temporal bone
⸠transmits the facial nerve (CN
VII), vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)
and labyrinthine artery
57. AREAS OF THE HEAD
THE POSTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA: FORAMINA - OCCIPITAL BONE
⸠The foramen magnum
⸠lies centrally in the ďŹoor of the posterior cranial fossa
⸠the largest foramen in the skull
⸠transmits the medulla of the brain, meninges, vertebral
arteries, spinal accessory nerve (ascending), dural veins
and anterior and posterior spinal arteries
⸠anteriorly an incline, known as the clivus, connects the
foramen magnum with the dorsum sellae
58. AREAS OF THE HEAD
THE POSTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA: FORAMINA - OCCIPITAL BONE
⸠The jugular foramina
⸠situated either side of the foramen magnum
⸠transmits the glossopharyngeal nerve, vagus
nerve, spinal accessory nerve (descending),
internal jugular vein, inferior petrosal sinus,
sigmoid sinus and meningeal branches of the
ascending pharyngeal and occipital arteries
59. AREAS OF THE HEAD
THE POSTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA: FORAMINA - OCCIPITAL BONE
⸠the hypoglossal canal
⸠immediately superior to the anterolateral margin of the foramen
magnum
⸠transmits the hypoglossal nerve through the occipital bone
⸠the cerebellar fossae
⸠posterolaterally to the foramen magnum
⸠bilateral depressions that house the cerebellum
⸠divided medially by a ridge of bone (the internal occipital crest)
64. AREAS OF THE HEAD
PTERYGOPALATINE FOSSA
⸠Bilateral, cone-shaped depression
⸠Extending deep from the infratemporal fossa all the
way to the nasal cavity via the sphenopalatine foramen
⣠Located between the maxilla, sphenoid and palatine
bones
⸠Communicates with other regions of the skull and
facial skeleton via several canals and foramina
66. AREAS OF THE HEAD
BORDERS OF THE PTERYGOPALATINE FOSSA
The borders of the pterygopalatine fossa are formed by the palatine,
maxilla and sphenoid bones:
⸠Anterior: Posterior wall of the maxillary sinus
⸠Posterior: Pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone
⸠Inferior: Palatine bone and palatine canals
⸠Superior: Inferior orbital ďŹssure of the eye
⸠Medial: Perpendicular plate of the palatine bone
⸠Lateral: Pterygomaxillary ďŹssure
67. AREAS OF THE HEAD
CONTENTS OF THE PTERYGOPALATINE FOSSA: MAXILLARY NERVE
⸠The maxillary nerve is the second branch of the trigeminal
nerve (CNV2)
⸠It passes through the foramen rotundum from the middle cranial
fossa into the pterygopalatine fossa
⸠The main trunk of the maxillary nerve leaves the pterygopalatine
fossa via the infraorbital ďŹssure
⸠CNV2 then enters the infraorbital canal of the maxilla and exits
below the orbit in the infraorbital foramen contributing to the
sensory innervation of the face
69. AREAS OF THE HEAD
CONTENTS OF THE PTERYGOPALATINE FOSSA: MAXILLARY NERVE
⸠While in the pterygopalatine fossa, the maxillary nerve
gives off numerous branchesÂ
⸠infraorbital, zygomatic, nasopalatine, superior alveolar,
pharyngeal and the greater and lesser palatine nerves
⸠CNV2 also communicates with the pterygopalatine
ganglion via two small pterygopalatine nerves
⸠These nerves suspend the ganglion within the
pterygopalatine fossa
71. AREAS OF THE HEAD
PTERYGOPALATINE GANGLION
⸠The pterygopalatine ganglion sits deep within the pterygopalatine fossa near
the sphenopalatine foramen
⸠Largest parasympathetic ganglion related to branches of the maxillary nerve
(via pterygopalatine branches)
⸠Predominantly innervated by the greater petrosal branch of the facial nerve
(CNVII)
⸠Postsynaptic parasympathetic ďŹbres leave the ganglion and distribute with
branches of the maxillary nerve (CNV2)
⸠Fibres are secretomotor in function, and provide parasympathetic
innervation to the lacrimal gland, and muscosal glands of the oral cavity,
nose and pharynx
73. AREAS OF THE HEAD
PTERYGOPALATINE FOSSA: MAXILLARY ARTERY
⸠The maxillary artery is a terminal branch of the external carotid artery
⸠The terminal portion of the maxillary artery lies within the pterygopalatine fossa where it
separates into branches which travel through other openings within the fossa to reach the
regions they supply
⸠Some of these branches are:
⸠Sphenopalatine artery (to the nasal cavity)
⸠Descending palatine artery â branches into greater and lesser palatine arteries (hard and
soft palates)
⸠Infraorbital artery (lacrimal gland, and some muscles of the eye)
⸠Posterior superior alveolar artery (to the teeth and gingiva)
⸠At their terminal ends, the sphenopalatine and greater palatine arteries anastomose at the nasal
septum
75. AREAS OF THE HEAD
PTERYGOPALATINE FOSSA: FORAMINA
⸠There are seven foramina that connect the pterygopalatine fossa with the orbit, nasal
and oral cavities, middle cranial fossa and infratemporal fossa
⸠The openings transmit nerves and blood vessels between these regions
1. Pterygomaxillary Fissure
2. Foramen Rotundum
3. Pterygoid Canal
4. Pharyngeal Canals
5. Inferior Orbital Fissure
6. Greater Palatine Canal
7. Sphenopalatine Foramen
77. AREAS OF THE HEAD
PTERYGOPALATINE FOSSA AND THE PTERYGOMAXILLARY FISSURE
⸠The pterygomaxillary ďŹssure connects the infratemporal
fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa
⸠It transmits two neurovascular structures:
⸠Posterior superior alveolar nerve â a branch of the
maxillary nerve which exits through the ďŹssure into the
infratemporal fossa and supplies the maxillary molars
⸠Terminal part of the maxillary artery â enters the
pterygopalatine fossa via the ďŹssure
78. AREAS OF THE HEAD
PTERYGOPALATINE FOSSA AND THE FORAMEN ROTUNDUM
⸠The foramen rotundum connects the
pterygopalatine fossa to the middle cranial fossa
⸠It is one of three openings on the posterior
boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa
⸠The maxillary nerve is the only structure to pass
through
79. AREAS OF THE HEAD
PTERYGOPALATINE FOSSA AND THE PTERYGOID AND PHARYNGEAL CANALS
⸠These two canals (along with the foramen rotundum) are the
three openings in the posterior wall of the pterygopalatine
fossa:
⸠Pterygoid canal â runs from the middle cranial fossa and
through the medial pterygoid plate carrying the nerve,
artery and vein of the pterygoid canal
⸠Pharyngeal canal â communicates with the nasopharynx
carrying the pharyngeal branches of the maxillary nerve
and artery
80. AREAS OF THE HEAD
PTERYGOPALATINE FOSSA AND THE INFERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE
⸠The inferior orbital ďŹssure forms the superior boundary
of the pterygopalatine fossa and communicates with
the orbit
⸠It is the space between the sphenoid and maxilla bones
⸠The zygomatic branch of the maxillary nerve and
the infraorbital artery and vein pass through the inferior
orbital ďŹssure
81. AREAS OF THE HEAD
PTERYGOPALATINE FOSSA AND THE GREATER PALATINE CANAL
⸠The greater palatine canal lies on the inferior boundary of the
pterygopalatine fossa, and communicates with the oral cavity
⸠The canal is formed by a vertical groove in the palatine bone
and is closed off by an articulation from the maxilla bone
⸠The greater palatine canal transmits the descending palatine
artery and vein, the greater palatine nerve and the lesser
palatine nerve
⸠The lesser palatine canals branch off of the greater palatine
canal
82. AREAS OF THE HEAD
PTERYGOPALATINE FOSSA AND THE SPHENOPALATINE FORAMEN
⸠It is the only opening in the medial boundary
⸠It connects the pterygopalatine fossa to the the superior meatus
of the nasal cavityÂ
⸠It is formed by the sphenopalatine notch at the superior aspect
of the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone and the body of
the sphenoid
⸠The sphenopalatine foramen transmits the sphenopalatine
artery and vein, as well as the nasopalatine nerve (a large branch
of the pterygopalatine ganglion â CNV2)
85. AREAS OF THE HEAD
INFRATEMPORAL FOSSA
⸠Overview: infratemporal fossa
⸠a complex area located at the base of the skull,
deep to the masseter muscle
⸠closely associated with both the temporal and
pterygopalatine fossae
⸠acts as a conduit for neurovascular structures
entering and leaving the cranial cavity
86. AREAS OF THE HEAD
INFRATEMPORAL FOSSA: BORDERS
⸠infratemporal fossa is in the shape of a wedge
⸠located deep to the masseter muscle
and zygomatic arch (where the masseter attaches)
⸠communicates with the pterygopalatine fossa (via
the pterygomaxillary ďŹssure)
⸠communicates with the temporal fossa (superiorly)Â
87. AREAS OF THE HEAD
INFRATEMPORAL FOSSA: BORDERS
The boundaries of this complex structure consists of both bone and muscle:
⸠Lateral â condylar process and ramus of the mandible bone
⸠Medial â lateral pterygoid plate; tensor veli palatine, levator veli
palatine and superior constrictor muscles
⸠Anterior â posterior border of the maxillary sinus
⸠Posterior â carotid sheath
⸠Roof â greater wing of the sphenoid bone
⸠Floor â medial pterygoid muscle
88. AREAS OF THE HEAD
INFRATEMPORAL FOSSA: BORDERS
Roof of the infratemporal fossa:
⸠formed by the greater wing of the sphenoid bone
⸠provides an important passage for the
neurovascular structures transmitted through
the foramen ovale and spinosum
⸠eg. the mandibular branch of the trigeminal
nerve and the middle meningeal artery
90. AREAS OF THE HEAD
INFRATEMPORAL FOSSA: CONTENTS
⸠The infratemporal fossa acts as a pathway for
neurovascular structures passing to and from the
cranial cavity, pterygopalatine fossa and temporal fossa
⸠It also contains some of the muscles of mastication
⸠the lateral pterygoid splits the fossa contents in half
⸠the branches of the mandibular nerve are deep it
⸠the maxillary artery is superďŹcial to it
91. AREAS OF THE HEAD
INFRATEMPORAL FOSSA: CONTENTS
Muscles
⸠The infratemporal fossa is associated with
the muscles of mastication
⸠The medial and lateral pterygoids are located
within the fossa itself
⸠The masseter and temporalis muscles insert and
originate into the borders of the fossa
93. AREAS OF THE HEAD
INFRATEMPORAL FOSSA: CONTENTS
Nerves
⸠The infratemporal fossa forms an important passage for a number of nerves originating in
the cranial cavity:
⸠Mandibular nerve â a branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V). It enters the fossa via the
foramen ovale, giving rise to motor and sensory branches. The sensory branches
continue inferiorly to provide innervation to some of the cutaneous structures of the
face.
⸠Auriculotemporal, buccal, lingual and inferior alveolar nerves â sensory branches of
the trigeminal nerve.
⸠Chorda tympani â a branch of the facial nerve (CN VII). It follows the anatomical course
of the lingual nerve and provides taste innervation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue.
⸠Otic ganglion â a parasympathetic collection of neurone cell bodies. Nerve ďŹbres
leaving this ganglion âhitchhikeâ along the auriculotemporal nerve to reach the parotid
gland.
95. AREAS OF THE HEAD
INFRATEMPORAL FOSSA: CONTENTS
Vasculature
⸠The infratemporal fossa contains several vascular structures:
⸠Maxillary artery â the terminal branch of the external carotid artery. It travels
through the infratemporal fossa.
⸠Within the fossa, it gives rise to the middle meningeal artery, which passes
through the superior border via the foramen spinosum.
⸠Pterygoid venous plexus â drains the eye and is directly connected to the cavernous
sinus.
⸠It provides a potential route by which infections of the face can spread
intracranially.
⸠Maxillary vein
⸠Middle meningeal vein
97. References
⸠These slide reďŹect a summary of the
contents of TeachMeAnatomy.info and are
to be used for educational purposes only
in compliance with the terms of use policy.
SpeciďŹc portions referenced in this summary
are as follows:
⸠https://teachmeanatomy.info/head/areas/