The document discusses the effects of coffee and caffeine on various health aspects, particularly focusing on their relationship with blood pressure and potential risks. It highlights inconsistent findings from epidemiological studies regarding caffeine's impact on blood pressure, headache relief, and risks of coronary heart disease. Additionally, the document outlines caffeine's effects, benefits, side effects, and potential for addiction, emphasizing the need for informed consumption.

1. ARE WE DEPENDENT
UPON COFFEE AND
CAFFEINE?
1
By ANUM RAFI

2. CONTENTS:
 Introduction
 Epidemiologic studies on coffee and blood pressure
 Acute intake of coffee or caffeine and blood pressure
 Can coffee get rid off your headache?
 How it works?
 Addiction and drug dependence
 Uses
 Side Effects
 Pros and Cons of coffee consumption
 Reference
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3. INTRODUCTION
 Caffeine. Love it or hate it, this popular
ingredient seems to be everywhere. From
the foods we eat to the drinks we can't
seem to start our morning without.
 But when you think of caffeine, what's the
first thing to come to mind? Is it
your favorite Starbucks drink or the extra tall
can of energy drink you pound during your
workout? Maybe it's the chocolate bar you
like to eat before you go to bed.
 Although it could be any of these, there's a
good chance that coffee tops the list for
most people. But what you may not know is
that there are a lot of other foods and
drinks that have just as much caffeine as
coffee.
 Caffeine is the common name for 1,3,7-
trimethylxanthine. When purified, caffeine
produces an intensely bitter white powder.
 After ingesting caffeine, it is completely
absorbed within 30 to 45 minutes, and its
effects substantially diminish within about
three hours.
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4.  Coffee is one of the most widely used non-
alcoholic beverages in industrialized countries.
 Caffeine is an important component of this
drink: a 150ml cup of coffee contains about
60±120mg of caffeine.
 Other common dietary sources of caffeine are
tea and cola soft drinks.
 The caffeine content in tea is approximately
20±40mg per 150ml cup, and that of cola soft
drinks ranges from 15 to 24mg per 180ml
serving.
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5.  Combination of caffeine and ephedrine has
also been reported to reduce weight in
obese subjects, whereas both substances
given alone had no effect.
 Caffeine exerts a variety of stimulatory
effects upon the central nervous system,
and it is probably the most widely used
psychoactive substance. It also increases
the respiratory rate and causes
bronchodilatation, stimulates lipolysis, and
increases diuresis.
 Caffeine produces a variety of adverse
effects, including gastrointestinal
disturbances, tremor, headache and
insomnia. It can also induce palpitations and
sometimes even cardiac arrhythmias, and it
has been suggested that caffeine may be
potentially hypertensive.
 Possible risk factors predisposing consumers
to caffeine-induced coronary heart disease
may include blood pressure and plasma
cholesterol levels elevated by coffee.
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6.  Coffee and other caffeine-containing
beverages are widely consumed on a daily
basis.
 It is therefore important to define the
possible risks and benefits associated with
caffeine intake, in order to be able to better
inform both health professionals and the
public.
 The possible association between coffee
consumption and increased risk of coronary
heart disease has been debated for decades
without any clear agreement of causal
relation.
 Possible risk factors predisposing
consumers to caffeine-induced coronary
heart disease may include blood pressure
and plasma cholesterol levels elevated by
coffee.
 The objective of this overview is to
summarize current knowledge of the
effects of coffee and caffeine intake on
blood pressure.
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7. EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES ON
COFFEE AND BLOOD PRESSURE
• Several cross-sectional and longitudinal epidemiologic studies have evaluated the effects of
coffee and caffeine intake on blood pressure.
• However, the results have remained inconsistent.
• Some of these studies found that habitual consumption of coffee or caffeine was associated
with slightly elevated blood pressure.
• However, many of the epidemiologic studies showed no relation and some even showed a
small inverse association between self-reported coffee consumption and blood pressure.
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8. • Consumption of coffee appears to be positively associated with an
increased risk of thromboembolic stroke in middle-aged
hypertensive men.
• However, a large cross-sectional study with over 5000 participants
found that caffeine consumption within the last 3h was associated
with significantly higher blood pressure than when caffeine was not
consumed in the last 9h.
• A smaller study with 338 female subjects also confirmed that recent
coffee consumption was related to increase blood pressure.
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9. 9

10. ACUTE INTAKE OF COFFEE OR CAFFEINE
AND BLOOD PRESSURE
 A rise in blood pressure after acute
intake of coffee has been shown in
many studies.
 It seems that caffeine is the active
component responsible for this
effect, because in several studies
regular coffee intake increased
blood pressure, whereas
decaffeinated coffee had no effect.
• In addition, no differences
between the pressor effects
of regular coffee and
caffeine have been found.
• A single dose of caffeine
(200±250mg, equivalent to
two to three cups of coffee)
increases systolic blood
pressure by 3±14mmHg and
diastolic blood pressure by
4±13mmHg in normotensive
subjects.
• The pressor effect coincides
with the increase in plasma
caffeine concentrations.
• Blood pressure usually
elevates within 30min, and
the maximal increase occurs
60± 120min after caffeine
intake.
• The increase in blood
pressure may last over 2±4h.
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11. ACUTE INTAKE OF COFFEE OR CAFFEINE
AND BLOOD PRESSURE
 It has been suggested that the
pressor effect of caffeine is
stronger in older subjects than that
seen in the young ones.
 No racial or sex differences have
been found in blood pressure
responses to caffeine.
 The pressor effect of acute caffeine
intake is stronger in persons who
do not normally consume caffeine
than in habitual users of caffeine.
 The degree of blood
pressure response
associated with a single
dose of caffeine seems
to be inversely related
to the plasma caffeine
concentration at the
time of administration,
i.e. the greatest blood
pressure response
occurs in those subjects
with the lowest caffeine
concentration.
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12. • Nothing will slow you down faster than a pounding
headache. You know the headaches that I’m talking
about. Headaches that are so bad you feel the pounding in
your head every time your heart beats. When this happens
to you, what do you normally do? Reach for the over the
counter pain relief, of course. But what do you do if you
don’t have any pain reliever handy?
• You may not have heard that coffee could actually help cure
your headache before it gets out of hand and really ruins
your day. This is due to the caffeine content present in each
cup of coffee you drink. Conventional wisdom says caffeine
can help relieve a headache, and it can also help your body
body more easily absorb various pain relievers that you take
so you can get rid of that headache much more quickly.
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13. HOW IT WORKS?
 Now that you know you can drink a cup
of coffee to help with your headache, it is
important that you understand why
before you go pouring pot after pot of
coffee down your throat every time you
start to feel a little twinge of pain behind
your eyes or on your head.
 There are two main schools of thought
on how and why coffee can help you get
rid of your headache, and it all comes
down to the caffeine.
 The first theory attempts to address why a
headache happens in the first place to show
why coffee, or rather the caffeine in coffee,
works to help relieve the pain. Headaches
typically occur when the body
releases adenosine.
 This chemical inflames the blood vessels which
results in the throbbing sensation and pain. The
caffeine found in a typical cup of coffee,
however, puts a stop to your body’s production
of adenosine and then helps to constrict the
blood vessels. By doing so, the pain and
throbbing slowly subside and you start to feel
normal again.
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14.  The second theory is based on several studies
of caffeine. The studies have found that caffeine
can increase the effectiveness of pain relievers by
helping your body absorb the pain medication
much faster than you normally would.
 The theory believes that while not totally effective
on its own, coffee can help speed up the process
of ridding yourself of that pesky headache if you
drink it when you take typical pain medication for
your head. Because of this theory, you will find
that many pain relievers, both over the counter
and prescription, contain caffeine along with their
main pain relief ingredients.
HOW IT WORKS?
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15. 15

16. ADDICTION AND DRUG DEPENDENCE
 Drug dependence has been
defined as ‘a pattern of behavior
focused on the repetitive and
compulsive seeking and taking
of a psychoactive drug’ .
 However, it is necessary to
demonstrate psychoactive
effects to differentiate drug
dependence from other habitual
or controlled behaviors, such as
the daily ingestion of some types
of medication like aspirin or
vitamins.
 The recent diagnostic manuals
from the World Health
Organization (WHO) and the
American Psychiatric Association
(APA), proposed a new set of
criteria for dependence.
 The seven criteria of
dependence as proposed by the
APA in DSM-IV (Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders) are:
 (i) tolerance;
 (ii) substance-specific withdrawal
syndrome (psychic or
physiological, not specified for
severity);
 (iii) substance is often taken in
larger amounts or over a longer
period than intended;
 (iv) persistent desire or
unsuccessful efforts to cut down
or control use;
 (v) a great deal of time spent in
activities necessary to obtain,
use, or recover from the effects
of the substance;
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17. ADDICTION AND DRUG
DEPENDENCE
 (vi) important social, occupational or
recreational activities given up or
reduced because of substance use;
and
 (vii) use continued despite knowledge
of a persistent or recurrent physical or
psychological problem that is likely to
have been caused or exacerbated by
the substance.
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18. USES OF CAFFEINE
 Migraine headache
 Headache following surgery
 Tension headache
 Mental alertness
 Athletic performance
 Memory
 Pain
 Weight loss
 Gallbladder disease. Drinking
beverages that provide at least 400
mg of caffeine daily seems to
reduce the risk of developing
gallstone disease.
 Hepatitis C. Research has found
that higher intake of caffeine from
coffee is linked with reduced liver
scarring in people with hepatitis C.
 Parkinson's disease. Some research
suggests that people who drink
caffeinated beverages have a
decreased risk of Parkinson's
disease. However, this reduced risk
is not observed in people who
smoke cigarettes.
 Cancer pain. Early research
shows that receiving 200 mg of
caffeine intravenously once daily
for 2 days might reduce pain in
people with advanced cancer.
 Stoke. Research shows that
increased caffeinated or
decaffeinated coffee intake is
linked to a decreased risk of
stroke in women. However, it is
not clear if the effect is due to
caffeine.
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19. SIDE EFFECTS
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20. SIDE EFFECTS
 Caffeine is LIKELY SAFE for most adults
when used appropriately.
 Caffeine is POSSIBLY UNSAFE when taken
by mouth for a long time or in fairly high
doses. Caffeine can cause insomnia,
nervousness and restlessness, stomach
irritation, nausea and vomiting, increased
heart rate and respiration, and other side
effects.
 Caffeine can make sleep disorders in
patients with acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome (AIDS) worse. Larger doses might
cause headache, anxiety, agitation, chest
pain, and ringing in the ears.
 Caffeine is LIKELY UNSAFE when taken by
mouth in very high doses as it can cause
irregular heartbeats and even death.
Products with very concentrated or pure
caffeine have a high risk of being used in
doses that are too high. Avoid using these
products.
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21.  Many of us rely on a morning cup of coffee or
a jolt of caffeine in the afternoon to help us
get through the day. Caffeine is so widely
available that the U.S. Food and Drug
Administration (FDA), says about 80 percent
of U.S. adults take some form of caffeine
every day. But caffeine does so much more
than just keeping you awake. It’s a central
nervous system stimulant that affects your
body in numerous ways.
 Knowing the symptoms of caffeine and
its long-term effects on your body may
make you think twice about having that
fourth cup of coffee.
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22. You drink more than
4 cups of coffee a
day
You may want to cut back if you're drinking
more than 4 cups of caffeinated coffee a
day (or the equivalent) and you're
experiencing side effects such as:
• Migraine headache
• Insomnia
• Nervousness
• Irritability
• Restlessness
• Frequent urination or inability to control
urination
• Stomach upset
• Fast heartbeat
• Muscle tremors
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23. PROS AND CONS OF COFFEE
CONSUMPTION
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24. REFERENCES
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• Chou TM & Benowitz NL (1994): Caffeine and coffee: effects on health and cardiovascular disease. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 109C, 173±189.
• Astrup A, Toubro S, Cannon S, Hein P, Breum L & Madsen J (1990): Caffeine: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of its thermogenic, metabolic, and
cardiovascular effects in healthy volunteers. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 51, 759±767.
• Astrup A, Breum L, Toubro S, Hei P & Quaade F (1992): The effect and safety of an ephedrine=caffeine compound compared to ephedrine, caffeine and
placebo in obese subjects on an energy restricted diet. A double blind trial. Int. J. Obes 16, 269±277.
• Robertson D, Fro Èlich JC, Carr RK, Watson JT, Holli®eld JW, Shand DG & Oates JA (1978): Effects of caffeine on plasma renin activity, catecholamines and
blood pressure. New Engl. J. Med. 298, 181±186.
• Mehta A, Jain AC, Mehta MC & Billie M (1997): Caffeine and cardiac arrhythmias. An experimental study in dogs with review of literature. Acta Cardiol. 52,
273±283
• James JE (1997): Is habitual caffeine use a preventable cardiovascular risk factor? Lancet 349, 279±281.
• Barone JJ & Roberts HR (1996): Caffeine consumption. Food Chem. Toxicol. 34, 119±129.
• Kawachi I, Colditz GA & Stone CB (1994): Does coffee drinking increase the risk of coronary heart disease? Results from a meta-analysis. Br. Heart. J. 72,
269±275.
• Wilson PWF, Garrison RJ, Kannel WB, McGee DL & Castelli WP (1989): Is coffee consumption a contributor to cardiovascular disease? Arch. Intern. Med. 149,
1169±1172.
• https://www.thisisinsider.com/food-drinks-as-much-caffeine-as-coffee-2018-2#energy-drinks-2
• https://www.roastycoffee.com/headache/
• https://www.healthline.com/health/caffeine-effects-on-body
• https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/caffeine/art-20045678
• https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-979/caffeine
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