This paper presents a device to detect the vehicle's speed and recording the image. The major cause of road accident is mostly caused by human speed. The speed of a moving vehicle is determined by using calculation from a particular distance and time as an approach to estimate the vehicle speed. This system is designed to reduce the road accidents in the development of the vehicle speed detector system by using an IR sensor, Camera, 16x2 LCD, buzzer, LED and Arduino UNO. Police stations handle this system for reducing the vehicle's accidents conditions. In this system, two IR LED's transmitter and receiver sensor pairs, which are installed on the highway 27 cm apart, with the transmitter and the receiver of each pair on the same side of the road. The system displays the time taken by the vehicle in crossing the distance from one pair to the other from which the speed of the vehicle is calculated. If a vehicle exceeds the speed limit then LED is ON while the buzzing sound gives an indication to the police stations. The camera is used for recording the vehicle's images and LCD is used to display the vehicle's speed. Arduino UNO is the heart of the system, which controls all the function of the circuit. Ni Ni San Hlaing | Lae Yin Mon "Arduino Based Vehicle Abnormal Behavior Detection System using Camera with SD Card" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26519.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/26519/arduino-based-vehicle-abnormal-behavior-detection-system-using-camera-with-sd-card/ni-ni-san-hlaing
Design and Construction of Speed Detection System for Vehiclesijtsrd
The objective of this paper is to detect the over speed for vehicles on the highway road. Although the maximum speed limit on the highway, many accidents keep on because of over speed driving. It is necessary to solve these problems through electronics circuit. This paper describes speed detection system for vehicles. The highway traffic police are easy to check over speed by using this system. This system mainly consists of Arduino UNO, two IR sensors MD 0138 Infrared Obstacle Avoidance Sensor , 1602A LCD display and buzzer. The detected speed is displayed on LCD. Moreover, if the vehicle crosses the limited speed, this system displays the condition of over speed on LCD and the buzzer is alarmed. Lae Yin Mon | Khin Khin Saw ""Design and Construction of Speed Detection System for Vehicles"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23173.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/23173/design-and-construction-of-speed-detection-system-for-vehicles/lae-yin-mon
ACCIDENT PREVENTION AND SECURITY SYSTEM FOR AUTOMOBILESAdrija Chowdhury
This presentation is simply based on final year embedded systems based project entitled "ACCIDENT PREVENTION AND SECURITY SYSTEM FOR AUTOMOBILES". This project represents an automobile which has a security system of its own to prevent and detect accidents using GPS Module, GSM module and Alcohol sensor as well.
Here you will find details about how you can make a fire detection system by using arduino and flame sensor. We have also added the budget you need to make this project.
Design and Construction of Speed Detection System for Vehiclesijtsrd
The objective of this paper is to detect the over speed for vehicles on the highway road. Although the maximum speed limit on the highway, many accidents keep on because of over speed driving. It is necessary to solve these problems through electronics circuit. This paper describes speed detection system for vehicles. The highway traffic police are easy to check over speed by using this system. This system mainly consists of Arduino UNO, two IR sensors MD 0138 Infrared Obstacle Avoidance Sensor , 1602A LCD display and buzzer. The detected speed is displayed on LCD. Moreover, if the vehicle crosses the limited speed, this system displays the condition of over speed on LCD and the buzzer is alarmed. Lae Yin Mon | Khin Khin Saw ""Design and Construction of Speed Detection System for Vehicles"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23173.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/23173/design-and-construction-of-speed-detection-system-for-vehicles/lae-yin-mon
ACCIDENT PREVENTION AND SECURITY SYSTEM FOR AUTOMOBILESAdrija Chowdhury
This presentation is simply based on final year embedded systems based project entitled "ACCIDENT PREVENTION AND SECURITY SYSTEM FOR AUTOMOBILES". This project represents an automobile which has a security system of its own to prevent and detect accidents using GPS Module, GSM module and Alcohol sensor as well.
Here you will find details about how you can make a fire detection system by using arduino and flame sensor. We have also added the budget you need to make this project.
The focus of the Indian Railways is to increase capacity utilization of existing assets including rolling stock, track infrastructure, traction power and signalling & telecommunications. By running more high speed trains on the existing infrastructure, passengers and freight carrying capacity as well as revenue and profitability can be increased. In order to ensure safety over high speed and high density rail networks of Indian Railways it is the need of the hour to implement Automatic Train Protection (ATP) system such as Train Collision Avoidance System (TCAS). Indian Railways have taken up indigenous development of Train Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) through Research Designs & Standards Organization (RDSO) to prevent dangerous train collisions caused due to human errors or limitations and equipment failures by providing additional layer of enhanced safety in the operations.
this presentation will give an idea how the traffic monitoring authority and the system is working to monitor the traffic in big cities through video footage.
Power Presentation On Railway Track Fault DetectorNEERAJ SINGH
This power presentation basically gives you ideas about railway track fault detector using ZIGBEE as sensor(i.e for communication) and differents series of PIC Microcontrooler.
This is a simple project for Induction Loop Vehicle Detector and Counter . It is very useful in counting car's and change its destination in tollbooth or parking area
Vehicle Speed detecter By PRAGYA AGARWALiamtheone5
The project mentioned here is “Speed checker and over speed detector for Highways”. This project is designed and developed by taking into consideration the problem mentioned above. We have used two sensors in this project. These sensors detect the vehicle speed. Condition is that, the two sensors should be installed at a distance of 100 meteres apart from one another.
Now-a-days we hear news about accidents on Highways very frequently. And in most of the cases main reason of accident is overspeed. Although all highways do have signboards indicating maximum speed limit for the sake of driver’s safety, but still people does not obey highway speed limit.
In this presentation, Swetha presents an innovative solution that aims to solve traffic problems in the country. Her solution uses sensors to collect information and relay the information to users over a mobile app.
Four IR Sensor Based Automatic Control of Railway Gate using Microcontrollerijtsrd
This paper investigates based on four IR sensor automatic control of railway gate using a microcontroller system. There are so many railway accidents happening due to the carelessness in manual operations or lack of worker. So, this paper describes four IR sensor based automatic control of railway gate system for saving precious human lives and preventing major disasters in railway track. Railway gate may be saved for the road users to prevent accidents in terms of train speed at a level crossing. Automatic railway gate control system is an innovative circuit which automatically controls the operation of railway gates detecting the arrival and departure of train at the gate. This automatic system can be replaced by the gates operated by the gatekeeper. The operation using Arduino UNO that integrated with other circuits involved such as power supply, IR sensors, light indicators, buzzer, and gate motors. The servo motor is used to control the open and close status of the railway crossing gate. The four IR sensors are placed on the railway tracks. The gate is closed when the first one senses the train and is opened when the second one senses the train. This operation is performed when the train is coming from the left side of the gate. When the train is coming from the right side, the third and fourth sensors is performed in the same operation. The red LED is HIGH when the gate is closed and the green LED is HIGH when the gate is opened. This system is based on software programming to operate the hardware structure. Program for four IR sensor based automatic control of railway gate system is based on Arduino UNO with C language. The main function of the design is Arduino UNO. Hay Man Oo | Ni Ni San Hlaing | Thin Thin Oo "Four IR Sensor Based Automatic Control of Railway Gate using Microcontroller" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26634.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/26634/four-ir-sensor-based-automatic-control-of-railway-gate-using-microcontroller/hay-man-oo
The focus of the Indian Railways is to increase capacity utilization of existing assets including rolling stock, track infrastructure, traction power and signalling & telecommunications. By running more high speed trains on the existing infrastructure, passengers and freight carrying capacity as well as revenue and profitability can be increased. In order to ensure safety over high speed and high density rail networks of Indian Railways it is the need of the hour to implement Automatic Train Protection (ATP) system such as Train Collision Avoidance System (TCAS). Indian Railways have taken up indigenous development of Train Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) through Research Designs & Standards Organization (RDSO) to prevent dangerous train collisions caused due to human errors or limitations and equipment failures by providing additional layer of enhanced safety in the operations.
this presentation will give an idea how the traffic monitoring authority and the system is working to monitor the traffic in big cities through video footage.
Power Presentation On Railway Track Fault DetectorNEERAJ SINGH
This power presentation basically gives you ideas about railway track fault detector using ZIGBEE as sensor(i.e for communication) and differents series of PIC Microcontrooler.
This is a simple project for Induction Loop Vehicle Detector and Counter . It is very useful in counting car's and change its destination in tollbooth or parking area
Vehicle Speed detecter By PRAGYA AGARWALiamtheone5
The project mentioned here is “Speed checker and over speed detector for Highways”. This project is designed and developed by taking into consideration the problem mentioned above. We have used two sensors in this project. These sensors detect the vehicle speed. Condition is that, the two sensors should be installed at a distance of 100 meteres apart from one another.
Now-a-days we hear news about accidents on Highways very frequently. And in most of the cases main reason of accident is overspeed. Although all highways do have signboards indicating maximum speed limit for the sake of driver’s safety, but still people does not obey highway speed limit.
In this presentation, Swetha presents an innovative solution that aims to solve traffic problems in the country. Her solution uses sensors to collect information and relay the information to users over a mobile app.
Four IR Sensor Based Automatic Control of Railway Gate using Microcontrollerijtsrd
This paper investigates based on four IR sensor automatic control of railway gate using a microcontroller system. There are so many railway accidents happening due to the carelessness in manual operations or lack of worker. So, this paper describes four IR sensor based automatic control of railway gate system for saving precious human lives and preventing major disasters in railway track. Railway gate may be saved for the road users to prevent accidents in terms of train speed at a level crossing. Automatic railway gate control system is an innovative circuit which automatically controls the operation of railway gates detecting the arrival and departure of train at the gate. This automatic system can be replaced by the gates operated by the gatekeeper. The operation using Arduino UNO that integrated with other circuits involved such as power supply, IR sensors, light indicators, buzzer, and gate motors. The servo motor is used to control the open and close status of the railway crossing gate. The four IR sensors are placed on the railway tracks. The gate is closed when the first one senses the train and is opened when the second one senses the train. This operation is performed when the train is coming from the left side of the gate. When the train is coming from the right side, the third and fourth sensors is performed in the same operation. The red LED is HIGH when the gate is closed and the green LED is HIGH when the gate is opened. This system is based on software programming to operate the hardware structure. Program for four IR sensor based automatic control of railway gate system is based on Arduino UNO with C language. The main function of the design is Arduino UNO. Hay Man Oo | Ni Ni San Hlaing | Thin Thin Oo "Four IR Sensor Based Automatic Control of Railway Gate using Microcontroller" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26634.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/26634/four-ir-sensor-based-automatic-control-of-railway-gate-using-microcontroller/hay-man-oo
Implementation of Doppler Radar Based Vehicle Speed Detection Systemijtsrd
Nowadays, vehicular accidents have been increasing from day to day. Most of them are the cause of over speeding. This thesis describes the Arduino based vehicle speed detection system using Doppler radar. The primary goal of this system is to design of the vehicle speed detector using Doppler radar which is used to reduce the amount of accidents caused by over speeding. In this system, continuous wave CW Doppler radar which is a special case that only provides a velocity output is used as a sensor and the microcontroller is used to calculate the speed of the vehicle. Moreover, the amplifier is used to amplify the voltage level to drive the microcontroller as the sensor output is in micro volts. It is also included LCD display to indicate the speed level. A Doppler radar that can determine the frequency shift that occurs in electromagnetic waves due to the motion of scatters toward or away from the observer through measurement of the phase change that occurs in electromagnetic waves during a series of pulses. The Doppler frequency is negative for objects receding from the radar. The Doppler frequency is positive for objects approaching the radar. This system can be acceptable in real time applications because it is independent of temperature, humidity, noise airflow, dust, light, etc. The results of design are tested and follow through realization. Each of the implementation is evaluated and these evaluations lead to the conclusion that the design is able to achieve high accuracy of the speed. The major components of the design are Doppler radar HB100 , Arduino Uno, LCD display and LM324. C programming language is developed in this system. The results of this work can improve the performance of automobile safety system. May Zin Tun | Kay Thwe Zin "Implementation of Doppler Radar-Based Vehicle Speed Detection System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26653.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/26653/implementation-of-doppler-radar-based-vehicle-speed-detection-system/may-zin-tun
Anti-Smog Radar Application for VehiclesIJMREMJournal
Smog is regarded as a dangerous situation for vehicles as the visibility of human fails and a person cannot
drive smoothly and safely which can lead to severe accidents and routine disturbances. Hence, “Anti-Smog
Radar Application for Vehicles” is proposed using Internet of Things technology which ensures the smooth flow
of vehicles in smog and prevents accidents in time and cost-efficient manner by detecting and displaying the
front objects with their important information (distance, position, velocity and size) on smart phone used by
authenticated drivers. The radar application controls the hardware system to be deployed on vehicles through
which the user can start, stop and set the hardware in particular direction. The hardware contains NodeMcu
(Microcontroller with built-in Wi-Fi), Ultrasonic sensor and servo motor. The servo is used to detect the
position of front objects and ultrasonic sensor is clipped on servo to detect the objects. For alerts, the objects
are drawn with different colors on application i.e. the red colored objects will be near to the vehicle, the yellow
colored objects will be at some distance from the vehicle and the green colored objects will be far from the
vehicle. Kalman algorithm is used to filter the ultrasonic readings to eliminate the noise. The proposed system
can work in every condition i.e. in day and night.
Smart Highway Technology using Intelligent Black Box for Vehicle Accident Mon...ijtsrd
The main aim of this paper is a development of prototype Vehicle Black Box System VBBS which can be installed into any vehicle like car, two wheeler, and any other vehicle all over the world. This system can be designed with minimum number of circuits. The Vehicle Black Box system can play a good role in constructing safer vehicles, when the accident is occurred for treatment of crash victims, helps insurance companies for their vehicle crash investigations, and increases highway status in order to decrease the death rate. Prof. Saurabh Thakare | Miss. Kiran Ingle | Miss. Kajal Nhavkar | Miss. Suvarna Khondale | Mr. Vikrant Duryodhan | Mr. Dnyaneshwar Hyalinge | Mr. Vinayak Shirsat "Smart Highway Technology using Intelligent Black Box for Vehicle Accident Monitoring" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30974.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/30974/smart-highway-technology-using-intelligent-black-box-for-vehicle-accident-monitoring/prof-saurabh-thakare
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD26519 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 5 | July - August 2019 Page 796
Step5: Get the first IR sensor time in millis.
Step6: Check the second IR sensor for the arrival of the
vehicle. If the vehicle arrives to go to step7
otherwise step6.
Step7: Get the second IR sensor time in millis.
Step8: Check the first IR sensor time and the second IR
sensor time are not equal to zero. If the IR sensors
times are not equal to zero go to step9 otherwise
print “OK” on LCD and step4.
Step9: Check the time1 greater than the time2. If the time1
greater than the time2 go to step10, step12 and
step13 otherwise step11.
Step10: Subtraction the time1 and the time2.
Step11: Subtraction the time2 and the time1.
Step12: Calculate the speed of the vehicles in cm/s.
Step13: Convert the speed of the vehiclefrom cm/stokm/h.
Step14: Check the speed of the vehicle greater than 8 km/h.
If the speed of the vehicle greater than the 8 km/h
go to step15 otherwise step16.
Step15: Print speed value on LCD and Buzzer and LED ON
for 3 seconds.
Step16: Print speed value on LCD for 3 seconds.
Step17: Go to step4.
Step18: Exit.
Fig 2: Flowchart of Vehicle Abnormal Behavior
Detection System
III. Implementation
A. Software Implementation for IR Sensor
The software programming language for the IR sensor is
very simple. The setup function will followthedeclaration of
IR pins are input by using to set pinMode.
pinMode(2, INPUT);
pinMode(3, INPUT);
The loop function includes the code to be executed
continuously reading the IR pins. Firstly, check the first IR
sensor for the arrival of the vehicle. If the vehicle is arrived
the time1 get in millisec. Moreover, check the second IR
sensor for the arrival of the vehicle. If the vehicle arrives the
time 2 gets in millisec.
if (digitalRead(2)==0)
first_sensor_time=millis();
if (digitalRead(3)==0)
second_sensor_time=millis();
B. Software Implementation for Code Explanation of
Vehicle Abnormal Behavior Detector Sketch
At the beginning of the code a header file is declared by
name LiquidCrystal.h which is used for the LCD display. In
the next line pins of LCD are declared in the function “Liquid
Crystal Display (LCD) (4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)”, number in thebracket
shows the pins of Arduino pins that are connected to the
LCD. Inline 3 and 2 two integers are declared by the name
sensor1 and sensor2, these are pins of Arduino that are
connected to the IR sensors. After it 4 integers are declared
by the name first sensor time, second sensor time,difference
and float second1, second2. Where the first sensor time is
the measured time if sensor1 is activated and the second
sensor time is the measured time if sensor2 is activated.The
difference is the difference of first sensor time and second
sensor time, which is equivalent to the time taken by car to
go from sensor1 to sensor2 or sensor2 to sensor1. The float
is declared by name second1 and second2 that is measured
the time from the sensors. Now double is declared by name
speed that is the measured speed of the running car. And
then, inline 10 and 11 two integers are declared bythename
of buzzer and LED, these are pins of Arduino that are
connected to the buzzer and LED.In the void setup( )
function, LCD is being by using lcd.begin(16,2)function.LCD
is cleared by using the lcd.clear( ) function and SPEED
MEASUREMENT is printed on LCD by using the function
“LCD.print”. After it 4 integers are declared by the name
pinMode(2, INPUT), pinMode(3, INPUT), pinMode(buzzer,
OUTPUT)and pinMode(light, OUTPUT). First IR sensor is
declared input by using the pinMode(3,INPUT)functionand
second IR sensor is declared input by using the pinMode(2,
INPUT) function. The buzzer is declared output by using the
pinMode(buzzer, OUTPUT) function and LED is declared
output by using the pinMode(light, OUTPUT)function.Inthe
void loop( ) function, “if”, “else if” and “else conditions” are
used for checking. Firstly, checking a first IR sensor is high
by using “if” condition and if the first IR sensor is high get
time in millisec. Checking the second IR sensor is high by
using “if” condition and if the second IR sensor is high get
time in millisec. Secondly, checking first sensor time and
second sensor time is not equal to zero by using “if”
condition. If the first sensor time and second sensortimeare
not equal to zero, checking first sensor time greater thanthe
second sensor time by using “if” condition. If the first sensor
time greater than the second sensor time, first sensor time
subtract the second sensor time in the difference and
3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD26519 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 5 | July - August 2019 Page 797
calculate the speed in the distance and time relationship
formula. Speed convert (cm/s) to (km/h). Checking second
sensor time greater than the first sensor time by using “else
if” condition. If the second sensor time greater than the first
sensor time, second sensor time subtract the first sensor
time in the difference. Speed is printed on LCD by using
lcd.print function. Checking speed greater than the defined
speed by using “if” condition. If speed greater than the
defined speed, buzzer and LED are high. If speed less than
the defined speed by using “else” condition, buzzer and LED
are low. If the first sensor time and second sensor time are
equal to zero by using “else” condition, OK is printed on LCD
by using lcd.print function.
C. Hardware Implementation for Circuit Diagram of
Vehicle Abnormal Behavior Detection System
Fig 3: Overall Circuit Diagram of the system
This circuit is constructed with three main sections.Thefirst
section is IR sensors which are the input section. Thesecond
one is LCD which is the output section. And thelastoneisthe
microcontroller Arduino UNO. Two IR sensors are placed
together apart on one side of the road. The system basically
comprises two IR LED’s transmitter and receiver sensor
pairs, which are installed on the highway 27 cm apart, with
the transmitter and the receiver of each pair on the same
side of the road. Using the timer, select the speed limit 8
km/h for the restriction area. The system displays the time
taken by the vehicle in crossing the distancefrom onepair to
the other from which the speed of the vehicle is calculated.
Arduino UNO is the heart of the system, which controls all
the function of the circuit. If the vehicle arrives at the first IR
sensor, the first sensor senses this coming vehicle. The first
IR sensor gets a signal. This signal sends to the
microcontroller. Arduino detects the falling waves and now
internal timer of Arduino is started. Then the vehicle is
crossing in front of the second sensor, the timer is stopped.
Both IR sensors are connected to the interrupt pin of
Arduino, and they detect the falling wave. The
microcontroller is programmed by using C programming
that calculates the time duration between two sensors,
corresponding gives the speed. Now vehicle’s speed is
calculated by using a simple time-distance relationship.This
system speed is calculated in cm/s. And then, speed cm/s
convert speed km/h by using the formula. LCD is connected
to the Arduino and measured speed is shown on the LCD
display. If the vehicle exceeds the speed limit then the LED
gets ON while the buzzing sound gives an indication to the
polices that the vehicle is crossing the speed limits. The
camera is used to capture the video recording of that vehicle
between both IR sensors. The camera includes the SD card
for storing the video recording.
D. Hardware Implementation for Vehicle Abnormal
Behavior Detector Process
Fig 4: Vehicle Abnormal Behavior Detector Process
Figure 4: show vehicle abnormal behavior detector process.
In this process, two IR sensors are used to detect the vehicle
for getting time between the two IR sensors. If the first IR
sensor arrives the vehicle, it gets time inmillisec.Andthen,if
the second IR sensor also arrives the vehicle, it gets time in
millisec. Checking first sensortimeandsecond sensortimeis
not equal to zero. If the first sensor time and second sensor
time are not equal to zero and if first sensor time greater
than the second sensor time, first sensor time subtract the
second sensor time in the difference. If the second sensor
time greater than the first sensor time, second sensor time
subtract first sensor time indifference. And then, speed is
calculated in the distance and time relationship formula.
After it, speed (cm/s) convert to speed (km/h). Speed
(km/h) printed on LCD. If speed greater than the defined
speed, buzzer and LED ON. This process is ending.
E. Speed measurement of vehicle abnormal behavior
detector system
This system comprises two IR sensor pairs, which are
installed apart on one side of the road. The system displays
the time taken by the vehicle in crossing this 10 cm distance
from one pair to the other with delay time is 200 millisec
from which the speed of the vehicle is calculated as follows;
4. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD26519 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 5 | July - August 2019 Page 798
Speed = Equation (1)
Distance = 10 cm
Delay Time = 200 millisec
= 200 10-3 sec
Speed (cm/s) = (10 1000)/200
= 50 cm/s
Speed (km/h) = Speed (cm/s) 0.036
= 1.8 km/h
The speed of the vehicle is 1.8 km/h. In this saturation, the
buzzer and LED are not alarmed. The distance between two
sensors is 27 cm and delay time is 30 millisecfromwhich the
speed of the vehicle is calculated as follows;
Distance = 27 cm
Delay Time = 30 millisec
= 30 10-3 sec
Speed (cm/s) = (27 1000)/30
= 900 cm/s
Speed (km/h) = Speed (cm/s) 0.036
= 32.4 km/h
The speed of the vehicle is 32.4 km/h. In this saturation, the
buzzer and LED are alarmed to the police station. The
distance between two sensors is 30 cm and delay time is 15
millisecond from which the speed of the vehicle is calculated
as follows;
Distance = 30 cm
Delay Time = 15 millisec
=15 10-3 sec
Speed (cm/s) = (30 1000)/15
= 2000 cm/s
Speed (km/h) = Speed (cm/s) 0.036
= 72 km/h
The speed of the vehicle is 72 km/h. In this situation, the
buzzer and LED are alarmed to the police station.
IV. Results
If the vehicle is not crossing the two IR sensor, the operation
is performed according to the code on LCD was displaying
“SPEED MEASUREMENT OK”. In this system, two IR sensors
are crossing the vehicle and then the vehicle’s speed is
shown on LCD and if the vehicle crosses the speed limit and
then buzzer and LED sound alerting the police.
Fig 5: Results for the Active System
In this result, the vehicle crosses the speed limit and then
buzzer and LED sound alerting and this speed is shown on
LCD.
Fig: 6. Vehicle’s Abnormal Speed Print on LCD
Fig: 7. Results for Buzzer and LED
Fig:8. Vehicle’s Normal Speed Print on LCD
V. Conclusion
This paper is presented vehicle abnormal behavior detector
system, which is detected using two IR sensors in order to
detect the speed of the vehicle. So, this proposed system
check on rash driving by calculating the speed of a vehicle
using the time taken to travel between thetwosetpoints ata
fixed distance. The police perform their duties while sitting
in the control room and provide theirservicewith moreease
and accuracy. The aim and objectives of the system have
been covered during the system implementation. The
proposed design fulfills the aim and objectives of the system
and implemented for detection the vehicle speed. The
proposed system requires installing the hardware system
besides the roads for detecting the vehicle speed and
notifying it to police stations. Hardware and software
required for this thesis is also being research thoroughly. All
the hardware has been testedbeforeimplementation andC#
programming language have been learned duringthis paper.
5. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD26519 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 5 | July - August 2019 Page 799
Code had been written in C language for controlling the
overall system which was uploaded to the microcontroller.
While driving on highways, drivers are not exceeding the
maximum speed limit permitted for their vehicles. In
particular, the system relies on the microcontroller todetect
vehicle speed. Car speed detector system involves three
parts. In the first portion, two IR sensors are used for
detecting the speed of the vehicle by using a simple time-
distance relationship. In the second portion, if the vehicle
crosses the speed limit and then buzzer and LED sound
alerting the police stations. The camera is capturing the
video recording of the vehicle in the third portion. The
advantage of this proposed car speed detector systemisthat
it comes handy for the highway traffic police as it provides a
digital display in accordance with a vehicle’s speed and it is
also sound an alarm if the vehicle exceeds the permissible
speed for the highway. By applying the idea of this paper the
police stations easily detect the vehicle’s speed.
VI. REFERENCES
[1] https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorial/what –is –an –
Arduino.
[2] Anonymous: IR LED/ Infrared LED/ Infrared Sensor,
(2017). http:// electronicsforu.com/learn-electronics/
ir-led-infrared sensor.
[3] John: Car Speed Detector Using Arduino, (2018).
[4] Anonymous: IR Sensor for Obstacle Avoidance KY-032
(AD-32A), (2016). http://irsensor.wi zecode .com.
[5] Tarun, A.: Construction and Working Principle of LCD
Display, (2016).
[6] Anonymous:Camera,(2015).
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?Title=Camer
a&action=edit§ion=1.
[7] Anonymous: IR (Infrared) Obstacle Detection Sensor,
(2015). http://www.electronichub.org/ir-sensor.
[8] Monika, P. N. A.: Detection of Over Speeding Vehicles
on Highways, 613-619, (2015).
[9] Shumsudin, N. A.: Speed Warning System Using Solar
Power, 431-438, (2015).
[10] Joshue, F. A.: An RFID-Based Intelligent Vehicle Speed
Controller Using Active Traffic Signals, 5872-58887,
(2010).
