Predictors of weaning from mechanical ventilator outcomeMuhammad Asim Rana
This is a very useful presentation for respiratory therapists and ICU and Emergency physicians. Intended to teach how to assess you patient's readiness for weaning from mechanical ventilator and successful separation from machine.
Predictors of weaning from mechanical ventilator outcomeMuhammad Asim Rana
This is a very useful presentation for respiratory therapists and ICU and Emergency physicians. Intended to teach how to assess you patient's readiness for weaning from mechanical ventilator and successful separation from machine.
ARDS - Diagnosis and Management
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Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) occurs when fluid builds up in the tiny, elastic air sacs (alveoli) in your lungs. The fluid keeps your lungs from filling with enough air, which means less oxygen reaches your bloodstream. This deprives your organs of the oxygen they need to function.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
2. ARDS.. Definition
•ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome
Criteria :
- Acute onset
- Bilateral infiltrates on chest radiograph
- Exclusion of left Atrial hypertension
Two categories..
Acute Lung Injury - PaO2/FiO2ratio <300
RDS - PaO2/FiO2ratio <200
American European consensus conference (AECC) 1994
3. Other CriteriaChest
Radiograph
OxygenationSource
Impaired pulmonary
compliance
Marked difference in
inspired vs. arterial
oxygen tensions
Diffuse alveolar
infiltrates on frontal
chest radiograph
Cyanosis refractory
to oxygen therapy
Petty and
Ashbau,
1971
PEEP and respiratory
system compliance
(by quintiles)
Preexisting direct or
indirect lung injury
Nonpulmonary organ
dysfunction
No. of quadrants
of alveolar
consolidation
on frontal chest
radiograph
Hypoxemia
(PaO2/FIO2),
by quintiles
Murray et
al,
Older diagnostic Criteria for ARDS
4. Other CriteriaChest
Radiograph
OxygenationSource
PCWP <18 mm Hg
if measured or
no clinical evidence
of left atrial
hypertension
Bilateral infiltrates
on
frontal chest
radiography
ALI:
PaO2/FIO2 <300,
regardless of PEEP
level
ARDS, PaO2/FIO2
<200,
regardless of PEEP
level
Bernard
et al,
Older diagnostic Criteria for ARDS
5. ARDS… ‘Berlin definition’
Adopted in 2011; initiated by European Society Of
Intensive Care Medicine
3 mutually exclusive categories.. based on PaO2/FIO2 (at
PEEP> 5)
• Mild- Between 300 and 200 mmHg.
• Moderate- Between 100 and 200 mmHg.
• Severe- Less than 100 mmHg.
Initially 4 ancillary criterions( radiographic severity, respiratory
system compliance, PEEP, and corrected expired minute
volume) were also included, but later dropped as they did not
contribute to predictive validity of severe ARDS.
JAMA. 2012;307(23):2526-2533/ doi:10.1001/jama.2012.5669
6. ARDS… ‘Berlin definition’ Differences
• Acute Lung Injury.. No longer exists. It is replaced by
mild ARDS.
• Onset must be within 7 days of some defined event,
like sepsis, pneumonia or worsening of respiratory
symptoms.
• Bilateral opacities consistent with Pulmonary edema
must be present, but may be detected on CT scan.
• There is no need to exclude heart failure in this new
definition. Patients with CHF or high PCOP can still
have ARDS.
JAMA. 2012;307(23):2526-2533/ doi:10.1001/jama.2012.5669
7. ARDS.. Etiology
Direct Injury
Common Causes
• Pneumonia 28%
• Gastric aspiration 14%
Less Common Causes
• Pulmonary contusion
• Fat emboli
• Near drowning
• Inhalational injury
Indirect Injury
Common Causes
•Sepsis 32%
•Shock after severe trauma 5%
Less Common Causes
•Cardiopulmonary Bypass
•Drug overdose
•Acute pancreatitis
•Massive blood transfusions
Davis et al., J Peds1993;123:35
8. ARDS.. Stages
Acute, exudative - inflammatory phase
• Rapid onset of respiratory failure after trigger
• Diffuse alveolar damage with inflammatory cell
infiltration
• Hyaline membrane formation
• Capillary injury
• Protein-rich edema fluid in alveoli
• Disruption of alveolar epithelium
9. ARDS.. Stages
Sub-acute, Proliferative phase:4-10 days
• Persistent hypoxemia
• Development of hypercarbia
• Further decrease in pulmonary compliance
• Pulmonary hypertension
10. ARDS.. Stages
Chronic phase above 10 days
• Fibrosing alveolitis
• Obliteration of alveolar and bronchiolar spaces
and pulmonary capillaries
Recovery phase
• Gradual resolution of hypoxemia
• Improved lung compliance
• Resolution of radiographic abnormalities
14. Abnormalities in Gas Exchange
Hypoxemia: HALLMARK of ARDS
• Increased capillary permeability
• Interstitial and alveolar exudate
• Surfactant damage
• Decreased FRC
• Diffusion defect and right to left shunt
15. Oxygen delivery and consumption
• VO2 is dependent on DO2 over a wide range of DO2
values in acute respiratory failure. This dependency
phenomenon is much stronger in ARDS than in
respiratory failure due to other causes.
• Because of alterations in ventricular function, DO2 may
be inadequate to satisfy oxygen demand and may
contribute to multiple-system organ failure (MSOF).
• Due to the abnormal dependency of VO2 on DO2,
changes in the oxygenation status may not be reflected by
changes in mixed venous oxygen saturation in ARDS
16. Cardiopulmonary interactions
• A = Pulmonary hypertension resulting in
increased RV afterload
• B = Application of high PEEP resulting in
decreased preload
• A+B = Decreased cardiac output
18. Mechanical Ventilation in ARDS
Injurious ventilator
associated lung injury
Necessary to reverse
Hypoxaemia
19. • The lung with ALI or ARDS are particularly
prone to ventilator associated lung injury:
(Baby lung)
Collapsed, consolidated, less compliant areas
(Dependant)
Normal areas (non dependant)
20. A, The chest radiograph shows bilateral pulmonary infiltrates that appear to be diffuse.
B, A computed tomographic scan of the thorax from the same patient demonstrates
that the distribution of the bilateral infiltrates is predominantly in dependent regions with
more normal-appearing lung in nondependent regions.
21. Ventilator associated lung injury
High inflation pressure Barotrauma
Over distension Volutrauma
Repetitive opening & closing of alveoli
Atelect-trauma
SIRS & cytokines release Biotrauma.
23. Lung Protection strategy
• Implemented immediately on intubation
• Limit tidal volume 6-8 ml/kg
• PEEP above inflection point
• FiO2 <0.6 and saturation (88-90%)
• Permissive hypercapnia
NIH study NEJM 2000;342:1301-8
24. Lung protective ventilation strategy
Pressure & volume limitation
Higher PEEP
Recruitment maneuvers
(Dynamic process of reopening collapsed alveoli
through increase in trans pulmonary pressure)
25. Which Recruitment maneuvers to be Used ?
1. The most well Known method of recruitment maneuver is
sustained application of CPAP of 30- 50 Cm H2O for 30
seconds
2. Periodic recruitment with a series of traditional sigh breaths
3. Intermittently raising PEEP over several breaths
4. Extended sigh maneuver with step wise increase in PEEP
while Vt is decreased
5. Intermittent application of pressure controlled ventilation
with incremental high PEEP
Lung protective ventilation etiology
26. Permissive hypercapnea (acute respiratory acidosis)
Treatment : Increase respiratory rate in a stepwise up to 35
Bicarbonate infusion
Increase Vt
Worsened oxygenation & transient desaturation
Increased sedation or analgesia
Hypotension & arrhythmias
Barotraumas (Pneumothorax)
Bacterial translocation
Consequences of lung protective ventilation
27. • High-frequency Ventilation
(Jet, Oscillation, or Percussive ventilation)
• HFOV allows for higher mean airway pressures
& markedly reduced tidal volumes (1-3 ml/kg)
Lung recruitment & reduce lung injury.
Alternative Approaches to Lung Protection
28. High frequency oscillatory ventilation
(HFOV)
• Advantage:-
Can provide enhanced gas exchange
Protective lung strategy for poor compliance of
lung
• Disadvantage:-
High lung volume may cause decreased venous
return and hypotension
IV fluids and vasopressors may be required
29. Gas entering the lungs travels centrally, while gas
leaving the lungs swirls around it
30. Airway pressure release ventilation (APRV)
• It provides two levels of airway pressure (P high & P low)
during two time periods (T high & T low) , usually a long
Thigh & short Tlow with spontaneous breathing during
both.
• Advantages: Decrease barotrauma, provide better V/P
matching, cardiac filling & patient comfort.
Alternative Approaches to Lung Protection
32. APRV Cautions
• Hemodynamic compromise
• Changing expiratory time constant
• Change in resistance
• Change in compliance
• Auto-PEEP
• Excessive release VT??
33. Open lung ventilation technique
• Advantages of high PEEP to
• Recruit more alveoli
• Reduce atelactasis
• Reduce stretch sheering injury
• Disadvantages
• Reduces cardiac output
• Increases airway pressure
Alternative Approaches to Lung Protection
34. Prone positioning:
Recruitment of dorsal (nondependent) atelectatic lung
units, improved respiratory mechanics, decreased
ventilation- perfusion mismatch, increased secretion
drainage, reduced and improved distribution of
injurious mechanical forces
(Pelozi P et al, 2002)
Adjunctive therapies to lung-protective
Ventilation
35. Inhaled nitric oxide :
Selective VD in ventilated lung units improving
V/Q mismatch, decrease PaO2 & pulmonary
hypertension ( no sustained clinical benefit)
(Tayler RW et al, 2004)
Adjunctive therapies to lung-protective
Ventilation
36. Irrespective of this controversy as to whether the exact
ARDSNet protocol should be adopted, the existing
evidence supports that clinicians should change their
practice and adopt volume and pressure limited
ventilation for patients with ALI or ARDS.
As additional evidence emerges, ongoing reassessment
and evolution of these protocols will be necessary.
37. 1. Mechanical ventilation, although life saving, can
contribute to patient morbidity and mortality
2. Volume and pressure limited ventilation clearly leads to
improved patient survival
3. The role of re-cruitment maneuvers, higher levels of
PEEP, or both remain controversial
4. At this time, use of alternative modes of ventilation
(e.g., HFOV) and adjunctive therapies (e.g., inhaled nitric
oxide and prone positioning) should be limited to future
clinical trials and rescue therapy for patients with ALI or
ARDS with life threatening hypoxemia failing maximal
conventional lung protective ventilation.
Conclusions and Future Considerations