The point of this paper is to find the compositional sort. This examination includes an audit of
various studies which handled the sort in engineering all in all, and through the four phases of
improvement of the idea in the hypothesis and history of design as per the investigation of
Historical Evolution of Architectural Type. This gives the subjective foundation identified with
indistinguishable structures of the sort or the roots which constitute the compositional sort, and
distinguishing what remains behind the development of those starting points.
This thesis examines the work of Serbian architect Milan Zloković and his study of proportional systems in modern architecture. Zloković researched proportional concepts through his work in the early and mid-20th century. The thesis analyzes Zloković's theories on proportion and compares them to architects like Le Corbusier, Terragni, and Lurçat. It also examines how Zloković's systematic analysis of harmonic and golden proportional systems provided a framework for understanding architectural composition. The research aims to define Zloković's original contributions and how his work can further the understanding of proportion in design.
This document provides an overview of different approaches to architectural criticism, beginning with conservative approaches focused on objectivism and subjectivism. It then discusses liberal, critical theory, and radical approaches. Radical criticism questions assumptions of authority and canonical works, examining marginalized aspects and works. The document argues that radical criticism is informed by poststructuralist theories of language, meaning, and interpretation, rejecting the idea that meanings can be fully conserved and ascertained. It examines how works can operate as criticism through their form and relationships to context.
This document provides a summary of Chapter 14 from Aris Spanos' book on frequentist hypothesis testing. It begins with an overview of some of the inherent difficulties in teaching statistical testing, including that it introduces many new concepts and can be confusing. The document then provides a brief historical overview of the development of hypothesis testing, summarizing the contributions of Francis Edgeworth, Karl Pearson, and William Gosset. Edgeworth introduced the concepts of a hypothesis of interest, a standardized distance test statistic, and a threshold for significance. Pearson broadened the scope of hypotheses to include distributional assumptions and introduced the chi-square test and p-values. Gosset's work provided the foundation for modern statistical inference.
This document contains summaries of 4 case studies related to sustainable business evolution:
1) North European Plastic Co. invested in plastic fish boxes for Spain but only sold a few hundred after intensive marketing due to issues with design, price and lack of ministry support.
2) A Spanish/Japanese company carefully researched the homeland security software market in Spain for 12 months before launching successfully.
3) An Asian aircraft manufacturer studied the Spanish market for over a year but found it could not compete with an existing supplier due to a long-term government agreement.
4) A solar module manufacturer hired a developer to study the Spanish market, and after positive initial meetings gradually took over commercial operations and distribution.
Digital Library of GLT Saraswati Bal Mandir. A multinational corporation (MNC) or multinational enterprise (MNE) is a corporation that is registered in more than one country or that has operations in more than one country. It is a large corporation which both produces and sells goods or services in various countries.It can also be referred to as an international corporation.
The document summarizes key provisions around the appointment, eligibility, duties, and reporting responsibilities of auditors according to the Companies Act 2013 in India. It discusses requirements for appointing auditors such as obtaining prior consent, filing notices, and auditor rotation. It also outlines auditor qualifications and disqualifications, powers to access company information, services auditors cannot provide, requirements for audit reports, and auditors' attendance at shareholder meetings.
Key Account Management - Quarterly Research. In this research report, we review 3 case studies of key account management deployments and discuss various elements of success and failure. A presentation by Sales Benchmark Index.
The document discusses two-sample hypothesis tests, including tests for differences between two population means and two population proportions. It provides examples of hypothesis tests comparing means and proportions from two independent samples, including the steps to set up null and alternative hypotheses, determine the appropriate test statistic, identify the rejection region, and make a conclusion. It also discusses tests for paired or dependent samples.
This thesis examines the work of Serbian architect Milan Zloković and his study of proportional systems in modern architecture. Zloković researched proportional concepts through his work in the early and mid-20th century. The thesis analyzes Zloković's theories on proportion and compares them to architects like Le Corbusier, Terragni, and Lurçat. It also examines how Zloković's systematic analysis of harmonic and golden proportional systems provided a framework for understanding architectural composition. The research aims to define Zloković's original contributions and how his work can further the understanding of proportion in design.
This document provides an overview of different approaches to architectural criticism, beginning with conservative approaches focused on objectivism and subjectivism. It then discusses liberal, critical theory, and radical approaches. Radical criticism questions assumptions of authority and canonical works, examining marginalized aspects and works. The document argues that radical criticism is informed by poststructuralist theories of language, meaning, and interpretation, rejecting the idea that meanings can be fully conserved and ascertained. It examines how works can operate as criticism through their form and relationships to context.
This document provides a summary of Chapter 14 from Aris Spanos' book on frequentist hypothesis testing. It begins with an overview of some of the inherent difficulties in teaching statistical testing, including that it introduces many new concepts and can be confusing. The document then provides a brief historical overview of the development of hypothesis testing, summarizing the contributions of Francis Edgeworth, Karl Pearson, and William Gosset. Edgeworth introduced the concepts of a hypothesis of interest, a standardized distance test statistic, and a threshold for significance. Pearson broadened the scope of hypotheses to include distributional assumptions and introduced the chi-square test and p-values. Gosset's work provided the foundation for modern statistical inference.
This document contains summaries of 4 case studies related to sustainable business evolution:
1) North European Plastic Co. invested in plastic fish boxes for Spain but only sold a few hundred after intensive marketing due to issues with design, price and lack of ministry support.
2) A Spanish/Japanese company carefully researched the homeland security software market in Spain for 12 months before launching successfully.
3) An Asian aircraft manufacturer studied the Spanish market for over a year but found it could not compete with an existing supplier due to a long-term government agreement.
4) A solar module manufacturer hired a developer to study the Spanish market, and after positive initial meetings gradually took over commercial operations and distribution.
Digital Library of GLT Saraswati Bal Mandir. A multinational corporation (MNC) or multinational enterprise (MNE) is a corporation that is registered in more than one country or that has operations in more than one country. It is a large corporation which both produces and sells goods or services in various countries.It can also be referred to as an international corporation.
The document summarizes key provisions around the appointment, eligibility, duties, and reporting responsibilities of auditors according to the Companies Act 2013 in India. It discusses requirements for appointing auditors such as obtaining prior consent, filing notices, and auditor rotation. It also outlines auditor qualifications and disqualifications, powers to access company information, services auditors cannot provide, requirements for audit reports, and auditors' attendance at shareholder meetings.
Key Account Management - Quarterly Research. In this research report, we review 3 case studies of key account management deployments and discuss various elements of success and failure. A presentation by Sales Benchmark Index.
The document discusses two-sample hypothesis tests, including tests for differences between two population means and two population proportions. It provides examples of hypothesis tests comparing means and proportions from two independent samples, including the steps to set up null and alternative hypotheses, determine the appropriate test statistic, identify the rejection region, and make a conclusion. It also discusses tests for paired or dependent samples.
Companies Act, 2013 - ICSI Thrissur - Directors, Meetings, Public vs Private ...SASPARTNERS
This presentation is solely the effort of SAS Partners Corporate Advisors Private Limited, Chennai.
It gives an insight on the provisions and compliances relating to Public vs Private Company - Degree of Indifference, Directors, Meetings, Audit & Accounts, Role of Company Secretary and other new concepts which have been introduced.
This presentation will also act as a ready reckoner for practising and corporate professionals to have an access to easy first hand information and will help in better understanding of the law.
A sole proprietorship is a business owned and operated by one individual. It has several key characteristics: the owner is personally responsible for debts and liabilities; it is easy to set up and maintain; and no legal registration is required. Advantages include complete control for the owner, minimal startup costs, and quick decision making. However, the owner has unlimited liability, raising capital is difficult, and the business ends if the owner dies. The document then provides an example of a sole proprietorship business called Laiba's Collection, which sells women's clothing and offers tailoring in Pakistan.
Strategic Management Issues of Multinational Companies (MNCs): A Case Study ...Zafour
The document provides an overview of strategic management issues faced by multinational companies, using Coca-Cola as a case study. It discusses Coca-Cola's objectives, products, history of growth, quality control strategies, factors affecting their strategies, strategic alternatives, and SWOT and PEST analyses. Coca-Cola aims to connect with customers through quality products and implements strategies tailored to different country contexts based on local conditions and customer responses to gain satisfaction.
This document provides information on company auditors, including their appointment, qualifications, rights, duties, and removal. It defines auditing as the systematic examination of a company's books and records to verify financial operations. An auditor must be independent, have integrity, be objective, and have communication skills. Their rights include access to records and attendance of shareholder meetings. Duties include complying with standards, reporting fraud, and signing audit reports. Auditors are typically appointed by directors or shareholders and can be removed before their term with proper notice and representation rights.
The document discusses the role of a business analyst, including their responsibilities in requirements gathering, documentation, and user training. It outlines the skills required such as communication, analytical skills, and problem solving. It also covers the software development life cycle and methodologies like waterfall, spiral, iterative, and agile. Key business analysis techniques are described like requirements elicitation, documentation standards, and UML diagrams.
Guidance notes on audit and auditor under companies act, 2013Amit Kumar
1. The document outlines the provisions related to appointment, eligibility, qualifications, duties and liabilities of auditors under the Companies Act 2013. It discusses the process for appointment and removal of auditors for both government and non-government companies.
2. The duties and powers of auditors are specified which include examining books of account, requiring information from company officers, and reporting on financial statements. Services which auditors cannot provide to their client companies are also listed.
3. The eligibility criteria and disqualifications for auditors are defined. Penalties for companies, officers and auditors for non-compliance with auditor-related provisions are also mentioned.
A Theoretical Base For Interior Design A Review Of Four Approaches From Rela...Kelly Lipiec
This paper reviews four theoretical approaches - Gestalt, semiotic, phenomenological, and rational - that can be applied to interior design despite being developed in related fields. It summarizes each approach and provides an example of its application to interior spaces or design concepts. The goal is to identify areas where these theories could help develop an interior design theory by providing organizational tools and guiding principles for concepts and forms.
This document outlines a proposal for a new formalism called an evolving transformation system (ETS) to represent structural or symbolic information. ETS aims to address longstanding issues with existing representational formalisms, which are largely based on numeric models and do not adequately capture the temporal, structural nature of objects. The proposal discusses obstacles that have prevented the development of structural representation formalisms, and argues that ETS provides the first framework for understanding classes as evolving structural entities rather than static sets.
This document outlines a proposal for a new formalism called an evolving transformation system (ETS) to represent structures symbolically. ETS aims to address shortcomings in existing representations by modeling objects as evolving entities formed through a generative process, and classes as sets of similar objects produced by a common generating system. The proposal argues existing representations treat objects as static points rather than evolving structures, and do not define classes in a way that prevents class overlap, as ETS aims to do. ETS is presented as a potential foundational framework for inductive learning processes like pattern recognition.
ZAHA RADm ARCHITECTS, BEUING CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT COM.docxdanielfoster65629
ZAHA RADm ARCHITECTS, BEUING
CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT COM
PETITION PROPOSAL, 2010. STUDIES
OF FORMAL MUTATIONS. ALL IMAGES
COURTESY ZAHA RADIO ARCHITECTS.
Patri!? Schumacher
Editor's Note: This text is
excerpted from a lecture Patri!?
Schumacher gave in Los Angeles
at SCI-Arc in September 2010.
Pararnetricisrn
And the Autopoiesis
Of Architecture
It's great to be at SCI-Arc. I had two great days to see what's
going on here, and I think what I have to say speaks, to a
certain extent, critically to what is going on here. The lecture
is a variation on a lecture I have been giving this year. I've
added an element that relates to my forthcoming book, The
Autopoiesis ofArchitecture, which is an attempt to create a
comprehensive and unified theory of architecture, and which
features parametricism as the last chapter of volume two. The
argument is that parametric ism continues the autopoiesis of
architecture, which is the self-referential, closed system of
communications that constitutes architecture as a discourse
in contemporary society. The book is in two volumes. Volume
one, a new framework for architecture, is coming out in
December [released December 7,2010] and then a new agenda
for architecture appears in volume two, probably four to six
months later. It is difficult to summarize, but just to raise a
bit of curiosity about this, I will make an argument for
a comprehensive unified theory is of interest.
A comprehensive unified theory of and for architecture
is important if you are trying to lead 400 architects across a
multiplicity of projects, touching all aspects and components
of contemporary architecture in terms of programmatic
agendas and at all scales. With a unified theory one is better
prepared to manage the different designs, designers, and
approaches that run in different directions, fight each other,
contradict each other, and stand in each other's way. I am also
teaching at a number of schools, the Architectural Association
Design Research Laboratory [AA DRL] being one of them, an
expanding group that is now 150 to 160 students. Here again
there is an issue in trying to converge efforts so that people
don't trip over each other and get in each other's way. The
need for a unified theory is first of all to eliminate contradic
tions within one's own efforts - so one doesn't stand in one's
own way all the time. If you go around from jury to jury,
from project to project, you one thing here, another thing
there, and further ideas come to mind; by the third occasion
63
you might be saying and doing things that don't gel, don't
cohere. You might be developing ideas about architecture's
societal function. You might be concerned with what is
architecture, what is not architecture, to demarcate against
art, engineering, etc. You might think of yourself as pan of
something like an avant-garde and try to develop a theory of
the avant-garde. Or think about design media, the .
ARCHITECTURE S OTHER An Ontological Reading Of The Abject Relationship Wit...Joe Osborn
This document summarizes an article that examines the relationship between architecture and interior design through an ontological lens. It uses Julia Kristeva's concept of "abjection" to analyze how interior design constitutes architecture's "other". The document discusses how abjection relates to the process of separating and defining identities. It argues that interior design threatens architecture's identity by questioning its boundaries and ontology. The article aims to better understand the nature and professional boundaries of interior design through analyzing it as architecture's "abject other".
Architectural Prototype in Ambiguity Contexts: Degree Zero and Multidimension...CrimsonPublishersAAOA
This document discusses using architectural prototypes to guide regional architectural design in China. It begins by discussing China's rapid urbanization and issues of lost spatial sense. It then reviews Roland Barthes' concept of "Degree Zero" writing and how minimal units can be analyzed. Finally, it proposes that the true meaning in architectural works lies in prototypes and transforming them while maintaining connections to history and tradition can inspire new designs. By analyzing prototypes at multiple dimensions and contexts, regional design may better resonate with human experience.
Resistance and the problem of - Ortner Laura Calle
This document summarizes Sherry B. Ortner's article "Resistance and the Problem of Ethnographic Refusal" which was published in Comparative Studies in Society and History in 1995. The article traces how a lack of ethnographic perspective has limited studies of resistance. Ortner argues that resistance studies stand in for broader interdisciplinary work. She defines the ethnographic stance as a commitment to thickness through richness, texture, and detail. Ethnographic refusal involves a failure of thickness through a lack of holism or contextualization. The article then discusses how the concept of resistance has become more complicated with the recognition of less organized and everyday forms of resistance.
A structured approach to cultural studies of architectural spacedocanas35
This document proposes a conceptual structure for cultural studies of architectural space. It discusses:
1) Components of culture including technology, knowledge, and value systems spread along a spectrum.
2) The life-cycle of architectural space as a 4-stage process of problem formulation, design, construction, and use.
3) A graphical schema structuring areas of cultural study as the Cartesian product of the cultural component dimension and life-cycle stage dimension. Several example areas are illustrated.
4) Ways to differentiate the nature of cultural studies based on the subject matter, type of space, cultural groups, and cultural processes involved.
Autoethnographic Writing Inside And Outside The Academy And EthicsBryce Nelson
This document discusses the ethics of autoethnographic writing both inside and outside of academia. It notes that published writers entering PhD programs are often surprised by university ethics requirements for works involving personal elements. The paper examines how autoethnography connects the personal and social, making it difficult to discuss oneself without discussing others. It also considers challenges of applying a retrospective methodology in practice-led research, which clashes with universities' proactive ethics procedures. The document identifies nine practical problems that can arise and argues for best practices around consent, transparency, and dialogue regarding autoethnographic research ethics.
This document provides an overview of postmodernism and its implications for teaching English as a foreign language (TEFL). It discusses how postmodernism challenges modernist ideas of progress, rationality, and absolute truth in fields like science, education, and language teaching. Specifically, it recommends task-based language teaching (TBLT) as a suitable approach for TEFL in postmodern times, as it decentralizes authority and encourages eclecticism, relativism, and self-reflexivity.
The material-ideal dyad of culture and the revolutionary materialism of pract...Brendan Larvor
According to Theodore R. Schatzki, theorists who study practices tend to view them as materially present and changing over history, rather than as determined by rigid abstract structures. This amounts to a revolutionary materialist perspective. The author will illustrate this perspective and discuss how it presents dilemmas for philosophers of mathematical practices. They will also argue that culture is better viewed as the expression of values in practices, rather than as distinct anthropological units, in order to understand cultural change and facilitate cross-cultural communication without falling into materialism or post-humanism.
Anthropological Relocations And The Limits Of DesignJeff Nelson
This document summarizes Lucy Suchman's reflections on her experience working between anthropology and design. Some key points:
1) Suchman uses the concepts of "location" and "design" as touchstones to examine anthropology's history and positioning in relation to technological and social issues, as well as her own relocation into worlds of professional technology design.
2) She argues that while design has been proposed as a model for anthropology's future, it is better seen as a subject for anthropological study. A critical anthropology of design is needed to understand its cultural imaginaries and politics.
3) Drawing on her own experiences bridging the two fields, Suchman reflects on what insights they provide
This document provides an overview of constructionism and constructivism as research paradigms. It discusses key concepts including:
- Constructionism views knowledge and social phenomena as continually constructed through social interactions rather than existing in a fixed state.
- Social constructionism asserts that meanings are developed and transmitted through social processes and interactions within a social context.
- From a constructivist perspective, reality is constructed intersubjectively through meanings and understandings developed socially and experientially.
- Qualitative methodologies that are aligned with constructionism aim to understand local meanings and contexts rather than find universal truths, and consider knowledge as socially produced rather than objectively valid. Grounded theory and ethnography are provided as examples
What is the role of THEORY in Urbanism?Roberto Rocco
This is a presentation prepared for the course Methodology for Urbanism (Ar2U090) of the the TU Delft, Faculty of Architecture. In this presentation we discuss what is theory and why we need theories in Urbanism.
Urban environments are complex systems composed of interconnected human and physical elements. Traditional urban planning methods based on rationalism and reductionism have proved inadequate in addressing this complexity. Complexity theory provides an alternative framework using concepts like complex adaptive systems, emergence, and self-organization. This paper will introduce complexity theory metaphors and discuss their application to analyzing urban areas and revising urban planning approaches to better address the evolving complexity of cities.
Companies Act, 2013 - ICSI Thrissur - Directors, Meetings, Public vs Private ...SASPARTNERS
This presentation is solely the effort of SAS Partners Corporate Advisors Private Limited, Chennai.
It gives an insight on the provisions and compliances relating to Public vs Private Company - Degree of Indifference, Directors, Meetings, Audit & Accounts, Role of Company Secretary and other new concepts which have been introduced.
This presentation will also act as a ready reckoner for practising and corporate professionals to have an access to easy first hand information and will help in better understanding of the law.
A sole proprietorship is a business owned and operated by one individual. It has several key characteristics: the owner is personally responsible for debts and liabilities; it is easy to set up and maintain; and no legal registration is required. Advantages include complete control for the owner, minimal startup costs, and quick decision making. However, the owner has unlimited liability, raising capital is difficult, and the business ends if the owner dies. The document then provides an example of a sole proprietorship business called Laiba's Collection, which sells women's clothing and offers tailoring in Pakistan.
Strategic Management Issues of Multinational Companies (MNCs): A Case Study ...Zafour
The document provides an overview of strategic management issues faced by multinational companies, using Coca-Cola as a case study. It discusses Coca-Cola's objectives, products, history of growth, quality control strategies, factors affecting their strategies, strategic alternatives, and SWOT and PEST analyses. Coca-Cola aims to connect with customers through quality products and implements strategies tailored to different country contexts based on local conditions and customer responses to gain satisfaction.
This document provides information on company auditors, including their appointment, qualifications, rights, duties, and removal. It defines auditing as the systematic examination of a company's books and records to verify financial operations. An auditor must be independent, have integrity, be objective, and have communication skills. Their rights include access to records and attendance of shareholder meetings. Duties include complying with standards, reporting fraud, and signing audit reports. Auditors are typically appointed by directors or shareholders and can be removed before their term with proper notice and representation rights.
The document discusses the role of a business analyst, including their responsibilities in requirements gathering, documentation, and user training. It outlines the skills required such as communication, analytical skills, and problem solving. It also covers the software development life cycle and methodologies like waterfall, spiral, iterative, and agile. Key business analysis techniques are described like requirements elicitation, documentation standards, and UML diagrams.
Guidance notes on audit and auditor under companies act, 2013Amit Kumar
1. The document outlines the provisions related to appointment, eligibility, qualifications, duties and liabilities of auditors under the Companies Act 2013. It discusses the process for appointment and removal of auditors for both government and non-government companies.
2. The duties and powers of auditors are specified which include examining books of account, requiring information from company officers, and reporting on financial statements. Services which auditors cannot provide to their client companies are also listed.
3. The eligibility criteria and disqualifications for auditors are defined. Penalties for companies, officers and auditors for non-compliance with auditor-related provisions are also mentioned.
A Theoretical Base For Interior Design A Review Of Four Approaches From Rela...Kelly Lipiec
This paper reviews four theoretical approaches - Gestalt, semiotic, phenomenological, and rational - that can be applied to interior design despite being developed in related fields. It summarizes each approach and provides an example of its application to interior spaces or design concepts. The goal is to identify areas where these theories could help develop an interior design theory by providing organizational tools and guiding principles for concepts and forms.
This document outlines a proposal for a new formalism called an evolving transformation system (ETS) to represent structural or symbolic information. ETS aims to address longstanding issues with existing representational formalisms, which are largely based on numeric models and do not adequately capture the temporal, structural nature of objects. The proposal discusses obstacles that have prevented the development of structural representation formalisms, and argues that ETS provides the first framework for understanding classes as evolving structural entities rather than static sets.
This document outlines a proposal for a new formalism called an evolving transformation system (ETS) to represent structures symbolically. ETS aims to address shortcomings in existing representations by modeling objects as evolving entities formed through a generative process, and classes as sets of similar objects produced by a common generating system. The proposal argues existing representations treat objects as static points rather than evolving structures, and do not define classes in a way that prevents class overlap, as ETS aims to do. ETS is presented as a potential foundational framework for inductive learning processes like pattern recognition.
ZAHA RADm ARCHITECTS, BEUING CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT COM.docxdanielfoster65629
ZAHA RADm ARCHITECTS, BEUING
CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT COM
PETITION PROPOSAL, 2010. STUDIES
OF FORMAL MUTATIONS. ALL IMAGES
COURTESY ZAHA RADIO ARCHITECTS.
Patri!? Schumacher
Editor's Note: This text is
excerpted from a lecture Patri!?
Schumacher gave in Los Angeles
at SCI-Arc in September 2010.
Pararnetricisrn
And the Autopoiesis
Of Architecture
It's great to be at SCI-Arc. I had two great days to see what's
going on here, and I think what I have to say speaks, to a
certain extent, critically to what is going on here. The lecture
is a variation on a lecture I have been giving this year. I've
added an element that relates to my forthcoming book, The
Autopoiesis ofArchitecture, which is an attempt to create a
comprehensive and unified theory of architecture, and which
features parametricism as the last chapter of volume two. The
argument is that parametric ism continues the autopoiesis of
architecture, which is the self-referential, closed system of
communications that constitutes architecture as a discourse
in contemporary society. The book is in two volumes. Volume
one, a new framework for architecture, is coming out in
December [released December 7,2010] and then a new agenda
for architecture appears in volume two, probably four to six
months later. It is difficult to summarize, but just to raise a
bit of curiosity about this, I will make an argument for
a comprehensive unified theory is of interest.
A comprehensive unified theory of and for architecture
is important if you are trying to lead 400 architects across a
multiplicity of projects, touching all aspects and components
of contemporary architecture in terms of programmatic
agendas and at all scales. With a unified theory one is better
prepared to manage the different designs, designers, and
approaches that run in different directions, fight each other,
contradict each other, and stand in each other's way. I am also
teaching at a number of schools, the Architectural Association
Design Research Laboratory [AA DRL] being one of them, an
expanding group that is now 150 to 160 students. Here again
there is an issue in trying to converge efforts so that people
don't trip over each other and get in each other's way. The
need for a unified theory is first of all to eliminate contradic
tions within one's own efforts - so one doesn't stand in one's
own way all the time. If you go around from jury to jury,
from project to project, you one thing here, another thing
there, and further ideas come to mind; by the third occasion
63
you might be saying and doing things that don't gel, don't
cohere. You might be developing ideas about architecture's
societal function. You might be concerned with what is
architecture, what is not architecture, to demarcate against
art, engineering, etc. You might think of yourself as pan of
something like an avant-garde and try to develop a theory of
the avant-garde. Or think about design media, the .
ARCHITECTURE S OTHER An Ontological Reading Of The Abject Relationship Wit...Joe Osborn
This document summarizes an article that examines the relationship between architecture and interior design through an ontological lens. It uses Julia Kristeva's concept of "abjection" to analyze how interior design constitutes architecture's "other". The document discusses how abjection relates to the process of separating and defining identities. It argues that interior design threatens architecture's identity by questioning its boundaries and ontology. The article aims to better understand the nature and professional boundaries of interior design through analyzing it as architecture's "abject other".
Architectural Prototype in Ambiguity Contexts: Degree Zero and Multidimension...CrimsonPublishersAAOA
This document discusses using architectural prototypes to guide regional architectural design in China. It begins by discussing China's rapid urbanization and issues of lost spatial sense. It then reviews Roland Barthes' concept of "Degree Zero" writing and how minimal units can be analyzed. Finally, it proposes that the true meaning in architectural works lies in prototypes and transforming them while maintaining connections to history and tradition can inspire new designs. By analyzing prototypes at multiple dimensions and contexts, regional design may better resonate with human experience.
Resistance and the problem of - Ortner Laura Calle
This document summarizes Sherry B. Ortner's article "Resistance and the Problem of Ethnographic Refusal" which was published in Comparative Studies in Society and History in 1995. The article traces how a lack of ethnographic perspective has limited studies of resistance. Ortner argues that resistance studies stand in for broader interdisciplinary work. She defines the ethnographic stance as a commitment to thickness through richness, texture, and detail. Ethnographic refusal involves a failure of thickness through a lack of holism or contextualization. The article then discusses how the concept of resistance has become more complicated with the recognition of less organized and everyday forms of resistance.
A structured approach to cultural studies of architectural spacedocanas35
This document proposes a conceptual structure for cultural studies of architectural space. It discusses:
1) Components of culture including technology, knowledge, and value systems spread along a spectrum.
2) The life-cycle of architectural space as a 4-stage process of problem formulation, design, construction, and use.
3) A graphical schema structuring areas of cultural study as the Cartesian product of the cultural component dimension and life-cycle stage dimension. Several example areas are illustrated.
4) Ways to differentiate the nature of cultural studies based on the subject matter, type of space, cultural groups, and cultural processes involved.
Autoethnographic Writing Inside And Outside The Academy And EthicsBryce Nelson
This document discusses the ethics of autoethnographic writing both inside and outside of academia. It notes that published writers entering PhD programs are often surprised by university ethics requirements for works involving personal elements. The paper examines how autoethnography connects the personal and social, making it difficult to discuss oneself without discussing others. It also considers challenges of applying a retrospective methodology in practice-led research, which clashes with universities' proactive ethics procedures. The document identifies nine practical problems that can arise and argues for best practices around consent, transparency, and dialogue regarding autoethnographic research ethics.
This document provides an overview of postmodernism and its implications for teaching English as a foreign language (TEFL). It discusses how postmodernism challenges modernist ideas of progress, rationality, and absolute truth in fields like science, education, and language teaching. Specifically, it recommends task-based language teaching (TBLT) as a suitable approach for TEFL in postmodern times, as it decentralizes authority and encourages eclecticism, relativism, and self-reflexivity.
The material-ideal dyad of culture and the revolutionary materialism of pract...Brendan Larvor
According to Theodore R. Schatzki, theorists who study practices tend to view them as materially present and changing over history, rather than as determined by rigid abstract structures. This amounts to a revolutionary materialist perspective. The author will illustrate this perspective and discuss how it presents dilemmas for philosophers of mathematical practices. They will also argue that culture is better viewed as the expression of values in practices, rather than as distinct anthropological units, in order to understand cultural change and facilitate cross-cultural communication without falling into materialism or post-humanism.
Anthropological Relocations And The Limits Of DesignJeff Nelson
This document summarizes Lucy Suchman's reflections on her experience working between anthropology and design. Some key points:
1) Suchman uses the concepts of "location" and "design" as touchstones to examine anthropology's history and positioning in relation to technological and social issues, as well as her own relocation into worlds of professional technology design.
2) She argues that while design has been proposed as a model for anthropology's future, it is better seen as a subject for anthropological study. A critical anthropology of design is needed to understand its cultural imaginaries and politics.
3) Drawing on her own experiences bridging the two fields, Suchman reflects on what insights they provide
This document provides an overview of constructionism and constructivism as research paradigms. It discusses key concepts including:
- Constructionism views knowledge and social phenomena as continually constructed through social interactions rather than existing in a fixed state.
- Social constructionism asserts that meanings are developed and transmitted through social processes and interactions within a social context.
- From a constructivist perspective, reality is constructed intersubjectively through meanings and understandings developed socially and experientially.
- Qualitative methodologies that are aligned with constructionism aim to understand local meanings and contexts rather than find universal truths, and consider knowledge as socially produced rather than objectively valid. Grounded theory and ethnography are provided as examples
What is the role of THEORY in Urbanism?Roberto Rocco
This is a presentation prepared for the course Methodology for Urbanism (Ar2U090) of the the TU Delft, Faculty of Architecture. In this presentation we discuss what is theory and why we need theories in Urbanism.
Urban environments are complex systems composed of interconnected human and physical elements. Traditional urban planning methods based on rationalism and reductionism have proved inadequate in addressing this complexity. Complexity theory provides an alternative framework using concepts like complex adaptive systems, emergence, and self-organization. This paper will introduce complexity theory metaphors and discuss their application to analyzing urban areas and revising urban planning approaches to better address the evolving complexity of cities.
This document discusses the concepts of ekphrasis and proposes a new related term, exphrasis. Ekphrasis refers to verbal descriptions of visual works of art, while exphrasis would refer to the process industrial designers use to translate written briefs into designed objects that do not yet exist. The key differences are that ekphrasis describes existing works, while exphrasis deals with envisioning future, unexisting objects. Applying the term exphrasis could enhance creativity by making designers more consciously reflective of translating needs into new designs. The document analyzes these concepts through various theoretical lenses and perspectives from design scholars.
Sypnosis reading 4 kenneth frampton towards a critical regionalismewenjiannnnn
Kenneth Frampton's concept of critical regionalism from the 1980s remains relevant for resisting universal techniques and cultivating local identity. Critical regionalism mediates universal civilization by maintaining self-consciousness of local needs and context. Modern urban design has degenerated and led to a phenomenon of placelessness, as discussed by Heidegger, with space becoming an endless continuum. For architecture of resistance, bounded domains favor creation against continuous changes to urban areas, as the planned form of a megalopolis will inevitably change over time.
The laboratoryandthemarketinee bookchapter10pdf_mergedJeenaDC
This document discusses two modes of scientific knowledge production:
(1) Modus 1 knowledge is produced within established disciplines through deductive reasoning and empirical testing. It aims to build consistent theoretical systems.
(2) Modus 2 knowledge is produced transdisciplinarily to solve practical problems. It is shaped by social and economic factors beyond any single discipline. Knowledge takes the form of narratives that guide practices rather than deductive systems.
The key difference is that Modus 1 seeks fundamental theoretical understanding while Modus 2 focuses on knowledge applicable to real-world problems across disciplinary boundaries. Both make use of models, analogies, and metaphors to give meaning and applicability to formal theories and findings.
The document discusses a research paper assignment for an art education cognitive research course. The paper is to analyze 4 sources on a relevant topic, summarizing arguments and discussing philosophical orientations. The summary should draw conclusions on the dominant orientation in the field based on these sources. The paper should be 4 pages, incorporating class materials and following formatting guidelines.
Architecture Research A Possible StructureMichele Thomas
This document discusses architectural research and proposes a structure for research in architecture. It begins by outlining two types of architectural knowledge: disciplinary knowledge and practice knowledge. It then discusses different types of architectural research, including disciplinary research, practice-based research, and practice-led research. The document proposes that disciplinary research includes fundamental and strategic research, while practice research includes applied research and action research. It emphasizes that all types of architectural research can generate both theoretical and practical knowledge. Finally, it outlines three main areas of architectural research: processes, products, and performances.
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELijaia
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Road construction is not as easy as it seems to be, it includes various steps and it starts with its designing and
structure including the traffic volume consideration. Then base layer is done by bulldozers and levelers and after
base surface coating has to be done. For giving road a smooth surface with flexibility, Asphalt concrete is used.
Asphalt requires an aggregate sub base material layer, and then a base layer to be put into first place. Asphalt road
construction is formulated to support the heavy traffic load and climatic conditions. It is 100% recyclable and
saving non renewable natural resources.
With the advancement of technology, Asphalt technology gives assurance about the good drainage system and with
skid resistance it can be used where safety is necessary such as outsidethe schools.
The largest use of Asphalt is for making asphalt concrete for road surfaces. It is widely used in airports around the
world due to the sturdiness and ability to be repaired quickly, it is widely used for runways dedicated to aircraft
landing and taking off. Asphalt is normally stored and transported at 150’C or 300’F temperature
Tools & Techniques for Commissioning and Maintaining PV Systems W-Animations ...Transcat
Join us for this solutions-based webinar on the tools and techniques for commissioning and maintaining PV Systems. In this session, we'll review the process of building and maintaining a solar array, starting with installation and commissioning, then reviewing operations and maintenance of the system. This course will review insulation resistance testing, I-V curve testing, earth-bond continuity, ground resistance testing, performance tests, visual inspections, ground and arc fault testing procedures, and power quality analysis.
Fluke Solar Application Specialist Will White is presenting on this engaging topic:
Will has worked in the renewable energy industry since 2005, first as an installer for a small east coast solar integrator before adding sales, design, and project management to his skillset. In 2022, Will joined Fluke as a solar application specialist, where he supports their renewable energy testing equipment like IV-curve tracers, electrical meters, and thermal imaging cameras. Experienced in wind power, solar thermal, energy storage, and all scales of PV, Will has primarily focused on residential and small commercial systems. He is passionate about implementing high-quality, code-compliant installation techniques.
Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstein 1 Platform.
Rejoignez Philippe Ozil pour une session de workshops qui vous guidera à travers les détails de la plateforme Einstein 1, l'importance des données pour la création d'applications d'intelligence artificielle et les différents outils et technologies que Salesforce propose pour vous apporter tous les bénéfices de l'IA.
This study Examines the Effectiveness of Talent Procurement through the Imple...DharmaBanothu
In the world with high technology and fast
forward mindset recruiters are walking/showing interest
towards E-Recruitment. Present most of the HRs of
many companies are choosing E-Recruitment as the best
choice for recruitment. E-Recruitment is being done
through many online platforms like Linkedin, Naukri,
Instagram , Facebook etc. Now with high technology E-
Recruitment has gone through next level by using
Artificial Intelligence too.
Key Words : Talent Management, Talent Acquisition , E-
Recruitment , Artificial Intelligence Introduction
Effectiveness of Talent Acquisition through E-
Recruitment in this topic we will discuss about 4important
and interlinked topics which are
Open Channel Flow: fluid flow with a free surfaceIndrajeet sahu
Open Channel Flow: This topic focuses on fluid flow with a free surface, such as in rivers, canals, and drainage ditches. Key concepts include the classification of flow types (steady vs. unsteady, uniform vs. non-uniform), hydraulic radius, flow resistance, Manning's equation, critical flow conditions, and energy and momentum principles. It also covers flow measurement techniques, gradually varied flow analysis, and the design of open channels. Understanding these principles is vital for effective water resource management and engineering applications.
Accident detection system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The Rapid growth of technology and infrastructure has made our lives easier. The
advent of technology has also increased the traffic hazards and the road accidents take place
frequently which causes huge loss of life and property because of the poor emergency facilities.
Many lives could have been saved if emergency service could get accident information and
reach in time. Our project will provide an optimum solution to this draw back. A piezo electric
sensor can be used as a crash or rollover detector of the vehicle during and after a crash. With
signals from a piezo electric sensor, a severe accident can be recognized. According to this
project when a vehicle meets with an accident immediately piezo electric sensor will detect the
signal or if a car rolls over. Then with the help of GSM module and GPS module, the location
will be sent to the emergency contact. Then after conforming the location necessary action will
be taken. If the person meets with a small accident or if there is no serious threat to anyone’s
life, then the alert message can be terminated by the driver by a switch provided in order to
avoid wasting the valuable time of the medical rescue team.
2. Architectural And Type
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 45 editor@iaeme.com
and representation by Boyer Dictionary. Type in its strict importance utilized by Greek means impact. The
Greek meaning of the thought shaped the base for the seventeenth century normal definition, perform by
the accompanying .
Oxford English Dictionary expresses the accompanying Prototype in Greek shape type [French, or Late
Latin models from Greek prototypes] the first or sort of something; the foundation of which a duplicate,
subordinate, or enhanced from exists or is made; an example, a plan, a paradigm. That of which a model is
a duplicate on a diminished scale. Clark, they take a gander at blooms and trees as delightful items, as well
as models of the awesome (Oxford English Dictionary: 2002:2380 .(In so far as its first starting point, it
implies review for a psychical relationship and a reasonable estimation for things, structures or nuts and
bolts contrasted with acquired or gained occasions or wonders, or it is a push to discover a dialect of
discourse with reiterations to find its privileged insights keeping in mind the end goal to get a sort of
control, comprehension, execution and forecast (Al Guesbi: 2005:8).
The sort could be practical or advanced, for example, the computerized movements, this mean the kind
of the straight line would be as a boundless succession effortlessly comprehended of equivalent straight -
line fragments; as the base of the sort is a sort of minor equivalent contrasts or frame institutionalization.
To know the sort in a bend line; we have to know the starting point, the normal prevailing varieties - the
normal and the base of the sort here is minor and equivalent contrasts as well. That is the reason; sort could
be resolved in bends or some other geometrical shapes by searching for the distinctions and varieties. Sort
can likewise be seen in irregular as well (Al Guesbi: 2005:8) .There must be a sort, whatever the case.
along these lines, Disorder has no importance, and even what is alluded to truly as irregular occasions,
they happen in a justifiable and describable arrangement with the end goal that could be recognized from
other arbitrary occasions and appear - in their primitive - sorts - state basic and abstractive. Typology in
dialect, workmanship, music, recreations, design, and religious ceremonies is little and minor, as these
fields of learning are influenced by the encompassing environment. Really, the analyst for sort ought to be
acquainted with every one of these points of interest, the perceptions and the significance. Model is found
in nature, in physical frameworks and non-living articles minor yet unbounded (Al Guesbi: 2005:8).
THE ROOT OF TYPE PHILOSOPHY
The sort characterized as bearing the scholarly measurements of a thing which is dark for logic, by and
large, Model having typical measurements covered up at the top of the priority list and physically
exemplified which speaks to an extraordinary instance of the sort that is clear and of commit elements. The
introduction of sort relies on upon the crisis of ensuing social items which have normal Conceptual Forms
and have answers for thought, practical, religious, social and ideological prerequisites. Thus the sort is
viewed as a standout amongst the most imperative method for protest beginning. Additionally , Antoine-
ChrysostomeQuatremère de Quincy keeps up that a sort doesn't present - to a great extent - a picture of
something that can be duplicated, comparable or imitated nearly as much as what it speaks to as a thought
for the component which thus goes about as a base for the example or the model. A sort doesn't speak to a
steady formal esteem yet speaks to a scholarly relationship and a fundamental esteem without exhibiting
certain constrained qualities or the relationship that gives the building uncommon personality
(Merza:2000:125)(Argan:1996:240) (Abdul Aziz : 2007).
THE UNDERLYING FOUNDATIONS OF ROOT IN THE COMMON METHODS
OF INSIGHT OF THE NON-ROMANTIC AND THE ARISTOTELIAN
In the Dispassionate and in the Aristotelian presentations, The idea of Sort especially showed up by
William John Mitchell (1944 - 2010) the Australian engineer and urban architect expressed that the idea of
sort is related with both the Non-romantic goals and the Aristotelian structures through clarifying that the
idea of sort has a long and complex history, in which thoughts drawn from a few unique fields get to be
joined. It might be followed back to Plato's goals and Aristotle's frame rationally (Mitchell: 1992:246) .(
The Non-romantic optimism and the Aristotelian authenticity are associated with the pith of nature
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attributable to the way that it is the starting point of creative works (Al Bustani: 1996:60) .The
dispassionate speculation verified that a craftsman reproduces a general thought found in his mind looking
for the privilege and finish type of something or Perfect structures; while the Aristotelian perspective
considers that the Greek have understood the under quintessence of things optically. Along these lines, the
Greeks respect the universe of taking on a similar mindset as an outcome of run of the mill frames
exhibited in a special example (Mitchell: 1992:89) (Abdul Aziz : 2007).
THE UNDERLYING FOUNDATIONS OF SORT IN THE COMMON METHODS
OF INSIGHT OF THE NON-ROMANTIC AND THE ARISTOTELIAN
In the Dispassionate and in the Aristotelian presentations, The idea of Sort especially showed up by
William John Mitchell (1944 - 2010) the Australian engineer and urban architect expressed that the idea of
sort is related with both the Non-romantic goals and the Aristotelian structures through clarifying that the
idea of sort has a long and complex history, in which thoughts drawn from a few unique fields get to be
joined. It might be followed back to Plato's goals and Aristotle's frame rationally (Mitchell: 1992:246) .(
The Non-romantic optimism and the Aristotelian authenticity are associated with the pith of nature
attributable to the way that it is the starting point of creative works (Al Bustani: 1996:60) .The
dispassionate speculation verified that a craftsman reproduces a general thought found in his mind looking
for the privilege and finish type of something or Perfect structures; while the Aristotelian perspective
considers that the Greek have understood the under quintessence of things optically. Along these lines, the
Greeks respect the universe of taking on a similar mindset as an outcome of run of the mill frames
exhibited in a special example (Mitchell: 1992:89) (Abdul Aziz : 2007).
THE UNDERLYING FOUNDATIONS OF SORT IN THE COMMON METHODS
OF INSIGHT OF THE NON-ROMANTIC AND THE ARISTOTELIAN
In the Dispassionate and in the Aristotelian presentations, The idea of Sort especially showed up by
William John Mitchell (1944 - 2010) the Australian engineer and urban architect expressed that the idea of
sort is related with both the Non-romantic goals and the Aristotelian structures through clarifying that the
idea of sort has a long and complex history, in which thoughts drawn from a few unique fields get to be
joined. It might be followed back to Plato's goals and Aristotle's frame rationally (Mitchell: 1992:24).
The Non-romantic optimism and the Aristotelian authenticity are associated with the pith of nature
attributable to the way that it is the starting point of creative works (Al Bustani: 1996:6).
The dispassionate speculation verified that a craftsman reproduces a general thought found in his mind
looking for the privilege and finish type of something or Perfect structures; while the Aristotelian
perspective considers that the Greek have understood the under quintessence of things optically. Along
these lines, the Greeks respect the universe of taking on a similar mindset as an outcome of run of the mill
frames exhibited in a special example (Mitchell: 1992:89) (Abdul Aziz : 2007).
THE POSITION OF TRADE NAME IN ARCHITECTURAL PRESENTATIONS AT
THE CIVILIZATION TIME 1750 – 1830
At the center of the eighteenth century saw the development of the philosophical development, a learning
insurgency against obliviousness, whose preeminent perfect was solidified from two sections: the nature
and the brain (Abdul Aziz: 2007). The idea of sort showed up in the presentations of some of its scholars at
which the advancement and development of typology ideas amid this period have become visible
accordingly for the accompanying variables -:
• The improvement of objective philosophical ideas because of René Descartes .
• The improvement of logical ideas, physical sciences specifically .
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• The start of the modern renaissance that saw differing qualities in structures' capacities (Broadbent: 1977:60)
(Vidler: 1977:106)(Abdul Aziz: 2007).
THE ROOT OF TYPE IN THE PRESENTATIONS OF MARC-ANTOINE
LAUGIER
An engineering scholar, abbé Marc-Antoine Laugier (1713 - 1769) was a Jesuit cleric. Laugier is best
known for his Essay on Architecture distributed in 1753.
The Enlightenment age was separated by a division of its scholars between the realists who bolster
getting design sources back to the primitive cabin - Adam's home - and the symbolists who back it up
getting it back to the religious structure - the place of God - (Vidler: 1977:97) (Abdul Aziz : 2007).
This period saw the improvement of the primary structural ordinary hypothesis in which the idea of
sort as a rule was connected with the possibility of primitive beginnings trying to rising the design essential
components, and the bases that made their creation, in 1753 on account of Marc-Antoine Laugier. An early
scholars Laugier who exchanged the standards of levelheaded logic into configuration, requesting like
René Descartes the reception of normal sciences system, Newton's thought specifically
(Broadbent:1990:87).
Marc-Antoine Laugier felt that the standards of engineering can be transfered from one of the examples
that Marcus Vitruvius Pollio says as potential causes for design spoke to by a primitive bungalow
developed from props, bars and bow - molded rooftop. Therefore, Marc-Antoine Laugier concluded that
the substance of engineering comprises of props, bars and bow-molded rooftop, by which he displays a
general design model (Broadbent: 1990:88)(Mitchell: 1992:90).
THE ROOT OF TYPE IN THE PRESENTATIONS OF DE CHAMOUT
Treading in the means of Marc-Antoine Laugier's thoughts in setting up the primitive cabin as a sort for
every single fruitful engineering, De Chamout qualities the regular cause of design structures and
recognizing sort as remaining for, "the main endeavors of man to ace the nature, adjusted it as per his
needs, utilization and cravings". He, too, characterized model as embodying, the things that are picked by
the craftsman from the nature, to illuminate and trigger his creative energy, So the trees are rendered
unique sorts - models - of sections' sort in the limit of being one of the engineering essential components
(Viddler:1977: 97:99).
THE ROOT OF TYPE IN THE PRESENTATIONS OF JACQUES-FRANÇOIS
BLONDEL
A French designer, Jacques-François Blondel (1705 - 1774). He was the grandson of François Blondel,
whose course of design had showed up in four volumes in 1683 .The scholarly characterization showed up
toward the end of the eighteenth century on account of Jacques-François Blondel trying to pass on the
developed thoughts of normal sciences to the compositional hypothesis, when he included - in his
aggregations - different classes of structures that existed in the draftsman's hold, recognizing their general
sorts, for example, theaters and healing centers… , affirming the nearness of the general model for every
sort by which any individual building is constituted. Every essential sort in the compositional practice was
portrayed, its projects were put forward in detail and its uncommon character was precisely delineated.
Anthony Viddler demonstrates that the possibility of eccentricity was then limited to structures' outward
appearance (Viddler: 1977:99:101) (Abdul Aziz: 2007).
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THE ROOT OF TYPE IN THE PRESENTATIONS OF ANTOINE
CHRYSOSTOMEQUATREMÈRE DE QUINCY
Antoine-ChrysostomeQuatremère de Quincy's presentations are viewed as a standout amongst the most
noteworthy engineering literary works that have managed the idea of sort. They were embraced by post-
innovation scholars and pundits in working up their hypotheses and feedback about the idea. The article
composed by de Quincy about the Type in the third area of his reference book late in 1825 trying to set up
the first and the abstractive significance of model - the germ, the repetition - at which he speaks to the
compositional model from his perspective, the design model was on the double previous germ, starting
point and primitive cause (Viddler: 1977:104) (Abdul Aziz: 2007).
The creator brought up that a huge number of things of every sort, come down to us by means of
standard and that one of the essential undertakings of logic is spoken to via looking for its essential roots
and causes destinations as it can acknowledged, and this is called sort in engineering (Bell:1991:27).
What's more, he supported Marc-Antoine Laugier's perspective in coming back to the great birthplaces
spoke to by the primitive cabin, de Quincy expected his dreams on sort exhibiting that, " the composed
building workmanship is created from a previous source and this source remain for the possibility of
model. He clarifies his idea on the perfect sort as takes after: the word model introduces less the picture of
a thing to duplicate or copy totally than the possibility of a component which should itself to serve when in
doubt for the model (Rowe: 1988: 191)(Broadbent:1990:90) (Viddler:1977:191).
The presentations of De Quincy recognizes the model and the model expressing that, a model stands
for a thing that can be rehashed as it may be, as an absolute opposite of model by which we can understand
works hate each other. Likewise he affirms that, the entire could be exact and guessed in the model,
though, in sort, the entire is pretty much uncertain (Broadbent: 1990:91).
While David Bell's presentations have indicated out the typical ramifications of the idea of the perfect
sort in de Quincy's definition, understanding that de Quincy's meaning of sort demonstrates that it is
something light up with importance, exemplifies and even communicates fundamental and noteworthy
compositional basics all through history (Bell: 1991:23).
THE ROOT OF TYPE IN THE PRESENTATIONS OF JEAN-NICOLAS-LOUIS
DURAND
Jean-Nicolas-Louis Durand showed another perspective on sort. His presentations have affirmed that great
requests don't recreate the common primitive cabin or the human body. Along these lines it can't be viewed
as a pith for engineering, and would be in inconsistency with the previous compositional hypothesis and
actually, embracing the Positive view which surprisingly required the self - adequate and self-governing
structural hypothesis, and the one that is specific and constituted solely from sane obvious realities and
down to business values (Gomez: 1984: 299:300) (Abdul Aziz: 2007).
Jean-Nicolas-Louis Durand began the nineteenth century venture of sort development based concurring
the manage of structure inside and the utilitarian part of things as an intelligent result of levelheaded
arrangement of the Enlightenment development, setting up recognized shapes for every sort and gathering
the design's essential components that couldn't be lessened like dividers, segments and openings… ,
appropriately with derived tenets for every sort to yield the valid source of the abstractive normal plans.
This specialty of gathering and sorting out of every sort was coordinated by a program got from an
investigation of all past indistinguishable projects and is stifled to the prevailing law of economy (Viddler:
1977:108).
Jean-Nicolas-Louis Durand was likewise intrigued by run of the mill arrangements, recognizing the
sort nature that is identified with its development and structure and ignoring the design model's outward
properties, along these lines the preparatory stride spoke to amassing and contrasting classes by means of
collecting and coordinating engineering models of every sort, the old and the advanced ones (Viddler:
1977:107).
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A portion of the impacts of Jean-Nicolas-Louis Durand's request are his accidental meaning of the
authentic thought in design accuracy. So his straightforward thought regarding progress tried to
predominance for every sort, by means of the inner comprehension of the laws that building sorts and the
dynamic changes of such laws under the impact of the outward change or the inward necessities which
could make ready towards understanding a kind of advancement in engineering (Viddler: 1977:108).
THE ROOTOF TYPE IN ARCHITECTURAL PRESENTATIONS AT THE
MODERNISM AGE 1900 - 1960
Taking after the new style of the Enlightenment age, sort restored again following forty years to be in light
of a legitimate concern for the second modern transformation Its realistic positivism contributed in
intertwining the idea of sort in two noteworthy cauldrons as takes after: functionalism and
standardization(Abdul Aziz : 2007).
THE ROOT OF TYPE IN PETER REYNERBANHAM'S STUDY
The productive engineering pundit and essayist Peter ReynerBanham (1922 - 1988) talked about in his
book Theory And Design In The First Machine Age the scholarly base of the advancement and the
improvement of the idea of sort in innovation design, showing to the foundation of the essentials of
hypothesis of sort by a few individuals from the Cubism development in France influenced by regular slant
towards Plato's ambiguous thoughts, and affirming on the similitude amongst workmanship and machine
impacted by the call to come back to arrange ,and to the exacting importance of returning once more from
Cubism to Classicism to midway noticeable things and those of institutionalized development
(Banham:1976:220).
The presentations affirmed that, the possibility of basic geometrical outlines which are effectively
created all in all spoken to a typical property before the end of 1920s', and that the explanation for its broad
is reconciliation with the hypothesis of sorts and additionally with the thought of Purists on question -
protest, at which their discourses prompted to question - sort or question - standard that remained for live
combination of future ideas, Cubism and Classicism (Banham:1976:225).
Moreover, Banham indicated out the part of capacity and economy in solidifying current sorts,
clarifying that Purism brought into view the mechanical law of picking which sets up things of determined
sorts rising between the optimism of most extreme advantage and correspondence with temperate
assembling requirements (Banham: 1976:229).
THE ROOT OF TYPE IN SHERBANCANTACUZINO'S STUDY
SherbanCantacuzino think about talked about a portion of the idiosyncrasy in the parts of the idea of sort in
the time of innovation, calling attention to the principle engagement of the advanced development,
identified with investigating and creating building models sorts. It implies that the engineering models
sorts have not been found some time recently. In any case, in the 1920's, inquiry had turned out to be more
sorted out and identified with the rule to serve the necessities of the general public that had been incredibly
influenced by WWI The pundit likewise affirmed that the idea of sort is identified with the ideas of
institutionalization and generation in general considering that, since the engineers of Modernism
concentrate on the comprehensive re-testing of the general public's new needs, plan will turn into a sort of
model which can be rehashed in huge amounts by means of fabricated creation (Cantacuzino:1977:
337:338).
THE ROOT OF TYPE IN JUAN PABLO BONTA'S STUDY
The investigation of Juan Pablo Bonta's indicated out specific parts of the idea of sort eccentricity in the
presentations of innovation, clarifying that the adjusted average scholarly introduction towards practical
typologies in the mid twentieth century was of a down to business base that goes for helping men of the
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equivalent specialty taking care of their planning issues through the hierarchical examples and dimensional
matters spoke to by realistic gauges, specialized and dimensional data. He likewise indicates out the
boundless of written works on the classes of utilitarian design models' sorts (private, business and
mechanical) in books and articles that concentrate on the current examples among them (Bonta: 1979:126).
THE ROOT OF TYPE IN FRESERICK A. JULES' STUDY
The investigation of Freserick A. Jules' characterizes this sort from Modernism perspective, which
demonstrates the design show sort, and considering that structures can be gathered in classes like schools,
houses and healing facilities…, every sort remains for an image of its capacity in the general public and
having a conventional place with regards to that society. The concentrate likewise demonstrates that, the
sort of the compositional model has precursors spoken to by the mental pictures which symbolize the
capacity of that engineering model in the general public (Jules: 1979:245).
Jules' presentations brought up the idea of model as speaking to particular examples in view of cautious
research into the ideal frame for their particular utilize. These examples are called models. Draftsmen are
persistently searching for these ideal requesting designs, both in the structural model they visit and in the
preparatory research they accomplish for a specific protest. Jules characterizes the significance of the
models for the originator, considering that the beginning stage in many planning endeavors incorporates
the ID of models that are appropriate for the uncommon circumstance (Jules: 1979:161:162).
THE ROOT OF TYPE IN ARCHITECTURAL PRESENTATIONS AT THE POST
MODERNISM AGE AFTER 1960
The idea of sort rose in the presentations of this period, as its scholars were keen on scanning for theory
and plan philosophies to be as an option for the former innovation engineering. In their presentations, the
scholars of this period affirm the part of typology in creating a typical ceaseless engineering (Abdul Aziz:
2007).
THE ROOT OF TYPE IN CARLO AYMONINO'S STUDY
Carlo Aymonino (1926 - 2010) an Italian engineer and urban organizer best known for the Gallaretese
lodging complex in Milan ,characterized the design demonstrate sort as the investigation of the potential
relationship of components to acquire a characterization for the compositional requests through sorts. The
study characterized the component as speaking to a part of an entire that can be isolated by investigation.
He theorized that a component can be just be the right in respect to the entire (Aymonino: 1985:49).
He promote recognizes two sorts of typologies as indicated by two sorts of components that
characterize them as takes after: firstly, expressive and formal components, and also the auxiliary and
authoritative components .
Sorts of expressive and formal components in which order is accomplished by method for formal or
free sorts endeavor to present a technique for breaking down and contrasting aesthetic wonders. This is
likewise ignoring the individual aesthetic assessment and the recorded presentation of the grouped works.
So it goes for hunting down the design as a self-ruling wonder through composed characterization of
formal basics (Aymonino: 1985:50).
Sorts of auxiliary and hierarchical components in which order is accomplished by method for useful or
connected sorts go for breaking down the wonder far from the judgment of the tasteful esteem, mulling
over the verifiable presentation of works. These sorts are relevant on engineering as an urban marvel
through composed order of the auxiliary essentials (Aymonino: 1985:49).
Aymonino demonstrates that the engineering model sort for this situation remains for the investigation
of basic components which are modernly composed - design models, as well as dividers, afforested streets,
cultivates… the entire structure of the developed city - alongside the point of ordering them with the worry
of the urban shape for a particular chronicled period or a particular urban frame. He considers that the
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arrangement inside them remains for a sorted out instrument of the wonder that sets up the relationship
among various substances parts by means of an examination regarding its association with the urban shape.
Along these lines, typology speaks to an instrument, not a class, and it is one of the fundamental devices
being able to do contemplate on the urban wonder (Aymonino: 1985:50).
THE ROOT OF TYPE IN CHRISTIAN NORBERG-SCHULZ'S STUDIES
Christian Norberg-Schulz (1926 - 2000) the Norwegian designer, compositional student of history and
scholar expresses that his presentations were a response for Modernism dismissing the run of the mill
terms in its formal dialect. He considers that, present day engineering nullified the typical sorts of the past
and supplanting them by the useful authoritative opinion, which trusts that structures are produced by
capacities. In this way its engineering had slanted toward basic capability. It, for example, decreases the
city lobby into an administrative building and the Cathedral into a meeting corridor. In this manner there
had been a requirement for the development of new prime example and model structures in new gatherings
and understandings that present typical and unique design (Schulz: 1986:14).
He likewise considers that classes of engineering works are generally known as being design models
sorts. He affirms that the sort gets to be obvious in the special work as a mental picture or a figure (Schulz:
1985:26:29).
Schulz facilitate clarifies his perspective towards the relationship of sort with dialect by saying the
sorts is the forces of engineering, comparing to the names of talked dialect. Names have a place with
things, and in this manner assign the substance of our regular daily existence world (Schulz: 1985:29).
He then characterizes the average terms as unmistakable authenticity, demonstrating to the things that
constitute our man - made environment and its importance is communicated by its typical formal quality
like a tower, a section, a house, a sanctuary and a road… He arranged these terms into :
• General terms: spoke to by models that are recognized by being, speaking to no single unique thing yet
countless that have a typical embodiment like a tower .
• Functional terms: spoke to by the utilitarian sorts that are recognized by being, speaking to a sub gathering
of general wonders , and which can be effectively perceived in certain place and time like a tower of a
German Gothic house of prayer (Schulz: 1986: 18).
Schulz keeps up that utilitarian sorts depend on the models and those models are recognized by being
steady over history and having a general validity. They vanish and turn out again and are - in at whatever
time - quelled to new translations. These translations don't totally transform from a state into another, as
nearby and fleeting circumstances have certain constancy containing extraordinary recollections added to
the typical model figure (Schulz:1985:129).
Schulz considers that the implications borne by the typical figures as regular yields that put the mental
picture in meaning model. He certifies that they incorporate an extra importance and discredits the
sociological perspective which sees the figures as speaking to signs or images (Schulz: 1986:19).
THE ROOT OF TYPE IN ANDREA KAHN'S STUDY
Andrea Kahn, in his presentations, avows two fundamental speculations on the idea of sort, which are :
• Type is submitted to changes as indicated by changes in the epistemological social atmosphere .
• These progressions prompt to a perspective bound to a particular class, which is not in
concordantcontemporary basic introductions with respect to importance and representation in design (Kahn:
1991:107).
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Andrea Kahn concedes the twofold way of the idea of sort is as per the following :
• First: The sort is a breaking down instrument for arranging compositional works by means of frame or
capacity by which the sort turns into a formal and useful indication .
• Second: The sort is a standard more non-romantic and less practical. It is a fundamental yet not a
determinant calculates for the developed frame. It remains for the real thought of engineering (Kahn:
1991:109) (Abdul Aziz: 2007).
Kahn scrutinizes the wrong elucidations of Quatremère de Quincy's definitions which incorporates sort
as a rule that takes into consideration innovation. Sort rose up out of necessities and nature and producing
comparable structures for comparable use conveying the importance of standard, custom and history on the
idea of sort, which has been comprehended as a sort of dualism prompting to receive one of the
understandings to the detriment of the other. He considers that the uneven way of the past elucidations of
sort from Jean-Nicolas-Louis Durand to Giulio Carlo Argan is flawed. Insisting that dualism in the idea of
sort with one backings creativity and oddity, though alternate backings standard, convention and history, it
can be connected with a relationship indistinguishable to the one found in the exacting and the figural
implications going with metaphorical artistic articulations (Kahn:1991:109:110).
Kahn calls for making both cases out of sort where standard and curiosity coordinate in a double
relationship, rather than being a substitution. He goes for another perusing for the sort identified with
yielding implications in engineering, and contributing the relationship - resemble/is not - a model set up by
the hypothesis of allegory to such an extent that can be in concurrence with the double structure of
Quatremère de Quincy's definition (Kahn: 1991:110).
Kahn clarifies the way of his new vision on sort by contrasting it and the idea of creative energy
characterized by Paul Ricoeur (1913 - 2005) the French thinker and which speaks to, the capacity to
deliver new classes by method for perception, delivering and putting resources into dislike of contrasts.
Creative energy is set apart by having the capacity to yield new classes and new importance like the
allegorical structure of the idea of sort - resemble/is not - which contributes strain amongst similitude and
disparity and take into consideration yielding new significance and new structures (Kahn: 1991:111:112).
He promote reprimands the contemporary building atmosphere, which lessens sort and makes it bound
on the importance just, despite whether this significance was the acquired or the obtained one borne by the
shape. He likewise affirms that his presentations are predictable with the current epistemological
perspective as indicated by which the contemporary hypothesis and feedback fields are described by the
crumbling of its calculated structures that are limited to particular elucidations in their endeavor to address
post-Modernism state .
Kahn clarifies the significance of his idea of sort in considering the double idea of sort ensures the
basic pertinence from the one hand and keeping it far from distortion from the other. Estimating the base
for building up a perspective on sort in the limit of being an outlining instrument not restricted on a given
class can be used similar to a basic structure firmly identified with the treatment of contemporary issues on
importance, representation in design and in other unmistakable issues on validness and reiteration that is
connected with the past part inside the present compositional creation (Kahn: 1991:112:113).
THE ROOT OF TYPE IN DAVID BELL'S STUDY
David Bell characterizes the idea of model similar to a sort of unclear inspirer that enacts improvements in
formal innovation over the span of forerunners' investigation. He clarifies the way of the typological
thought in post-innovation engineering, considering that the ascent of the typological thought inside the
most recent thirty years that went before his study, came about because of the proclaimed worries to build
up design as a self-governing powerful guideline and the produced rule that can be embraced, and which
consider the city as an unpredictable theoretical of the materialistic culture and hence affirming the self-
independence of design (Bell: 1991:19) (Abdul Aziz : 2007).
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Ringer declares into the typical way of model, expressing that the meaning of Quatremère de Quincy of
the idea of model as demonstrated as the thing that sparkles with importance. Giulio Carlo Argan's
definition then again allude to the model as the protect to the social standards and values and the vessel
that conveys them over history, with the end goal that offering authenticity to the aggregate human
learning in certain building developments (Bell: 1991:23).
Ringer proposes that customary or the social normal propensity and even the geometric principles in
itself are begun in models and in certainty should sparkle out as critical parts of their significance. So the
yield for this situation communicates the interpretable sort by the engineering society and this model
proclaims the authenticity of compositional social item as a waterway that passes on and propagates the
fundamental sort. He additionally calls attention to that Quatremère de Quincy's meaning of model as a
gathering of standards, or as something without a clear shape avows the paradigm of the started ambiguity
in the model as something significant and pushing it towards conceivable translation of the model
(Bell:1991:24:25).
Chime thusly derived that, issues of elucidations on sort or model and its objectivity in engineering
shows toward the end, many worries about things and its association with importance. This is on account
of had we understood that significance is essentially started in things, or being an interpretive activity by
method for a few human organizations, then we will find that the traditional thoughts regarding things and
implications as introduced by typology, are changed (Bell: 1991:26).
He keeps on auditing the relationship of model with the source, considering that the essential common
consequence of our affirmation on model as something that sparkles with importance is spoken to by being
unique as well, underestimating that the standards building the sort have their establishments in a past
occasion. So the source speaks to the interval support which is alluded to as the typological minute, when
these standards come to presence as an amassing of everlasting answers for ceaseless building model
issues. Along these lines, model is seen later similar to the first cause that is hidden behind the design
frame , and every shape keeps on having such a unique cause. David Bell refers to Quatremère de Quincy's
perspective on the relationship of model with the beginning, as indicated by which the typological thought
speaks to this unique nature of sort which gives the authenticity and which can't be isolated from
Quatremère de Quincy's meaning of sort as an a motivating force to the thing that sparkles with
significance (Bell:1991:27).
Ringer confirms that, the first believing is the model considering, which hunts to set up the significance
once for the entire and to unify it at this source. He likewise goes into various class of starting points,
clarifying that they come about because of demonstrating holiness, sentimental nature or incredible
legends. Chime expresses that the third kind stands for the perspective of contemporary typological
modelers who consider the starting point of sorts, results from the group and creative activity of culture
and history encapsulated in a frame ,through the materialistic means (Bell:1991:28) (Abdul Aziz : 2007).
Chime infers that model speaks to the unifier and the underwriter of the structural accord, since the
typological intuition is a kind of applied device for setting up and extending standards in the design hone
(Bell: 1991:29).
THE ROOT OF TYPE IN DENNIS ALAN MANN'S STUDY
Looking at between the idea of nature for the model in each of the building presentations and also the
philosophical religious presentations decides the essential distinction between them, where the idea in the
design presentations centers its inquiry on the start or the birthplaces, not at all like the idea nature in the
philosophical presentations where the possibility of flawlessness is engaged upon. For draftsmen,
flawlessness is revealed to start with in a type of shadowy pictures dissimilar to the religious typology
where flawlessness is found later on, as typical figures more than could be found in birthplaces
(Mann:1991:125) (Abdul Aziz : 2007).
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Dennis Alan Mann in his presentations covers the most exceptional qualities of the religious typology
that are advantageous to the building typological thought and which can be advised in the accompanying
viewpoints :
• First: Religious typology is described by being mentally situated towards history through the idea of
reiteration, which implies returning in another shape. It doesn't speak to historicism, revivalism or even
diversity; however it speaks to a type of millennialism which expresses that the future will be more
immaculate by method for contributing the accessible possibilities by the past. Thus, the possibility of the
fresh start of the model looks for flawlessness and speaks to one of the most grounded components of
typology at which flawlessness involves reinterpretation time permitting and put alongside its own
innovation and for its extraordinary social state (Mann: 1991:133).
• Second: Religious typology meets with compositional typology to its greatest advantage in concocted
obvious requests by method for model in one hand, and by the significance of the social unit from alternate
as being focal standards for keeping up the steady and entrenched society. In this way, religious typology
avoids dubiousness, mystery structures or implications the length of it goes for continuation and at the
unification of typological relationship parts. This is on account of that it adjusts with the overwhelming
typology in the building hypothesis spoke to by the accompanying typological classes :
• Architectural models sorts, which speak to unmistakable conceivable institutional structures .
• Syntactical sorts, which speak to formal noticeable and repeatable models .
• Technological sorts, which speak to basic development models .
These typological classes are described by being identifiable as per nearby and provincial
circumstances. They speak to building typological classes that advance conduct and conventional social
qualities. Along these lines, typology is client - situated not a maker - arranged (Mann: 1991:134) (Abdul
Aziz: 2007).
• Third: Religious typology speaks to an auxiliary wonder. This implies the sort in the philosophical
viewpoint speaks to a principle rehashed thought of an authentic coherence and the model takes into account
numerous elucidations, depending in the translation of the common code on reasonable forecast as a sort of
typical structures or typical figures, iconography and other sign requests. Along these lines, typology as
needs be speaks to a technique for building sign requests that are recognizable by the scholarly group of
onlookers. It have a procedure, which goes for passing on an expected message at which owning recorded
likenesses that are known to the gathering of people is a condition (Mann:1991:130).
• Fourth: Both religious and compositional typologies depend on genuine articles. In this manner, sort and
model speak to current reasonable things found in the relationship between the ward/autonomous. In this
way, being reliant in recorded relationship and autonomous in having their own particular lives, we acquire
sorts, and we make models (Mann: 1991:134).
THE ROOT OF TYPE IN WILLIAM JOHN MITCHELL'S STUDY
William John Mitchell characterizes the idea of tokens as sort yields by esteeming that they speak to
individual physical substances put in certain time and place. This happens where every token
demonstrations as per the sort it speaks to, and tokens are alluded to the sort itself by temperance of having
something normal to frame for an occurrence (Mitchell:1992:86) (Abdul Aziz : 2007).
Mitchell clarifies his idea of sort through separating between the Essential properties and the
Accidental properties of a thing, at which he characterizes the Essential properties of a thing as speaking to
the basic properties between the tokens in a solitary sort. While he characterizes the Accidental properties
of a thing as speaking to the properties that change from token to another inside the sort, he considers that
the Essential properties speak to the basics that are alluded to as the quintessence of sort or model. In this
way Mitchell characterizes model as coming about because of the deliberation of the basic properties that
are comparative among the individuals from a things' sure class (Mitchell: 1992:87).
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Moreover in his presentations, he separates between sorts of outright quintessence, sorts of relative
embodiment and sorts of ostensible pith, by portraying them as :
• Absolute pith: It is a steady and unchangeable quintessence as per which the exhibition of the embodiment
of something is near the show of a numerical or a logical truth. Along these lines, the outright embodiment is
more worried with consensuses in contrast with eccentricities. He contends that the sorts in Modernism and
Classicism have outright characters, and thusly models and models are likewise considered of total
embodiments (Mitchell: 1992:88:90).
• Relative quintessence: It is despite what might be expected of the outright pith where the basic and the
coincidental contrasts are derived by different strategies. So the relative quintessence of something basically
relies on upon our worry in a given minute, and sorts by its uprightness are considered a private case more
than being a general one. Mitchell expresses that the historical backdrop of design acquaints the relative
state of mind with uncover an extensive variety of differences in characters' definitions, even inside the
Classical custom (Mitchell: 1992:91:92).
• Nominal embodiment: A kind of definitions distinguishing things that are called by names where the
contrast between the basic and the inadvertent properties is gathered with reference to the alphabetic being
utilized (Mitchell: 1992:94).
He then keeps on indicating out the significance of sorts similar to the vocabularies of the structural
dialect utilized by the planner as a part of taking care of the outlining issue by underscoring its part in
understanding the shape and afterward translating it. Mitchell regards that, arranging learning inside a
system to a request of sorts empowers us perusing the building drawings, standard models and different
depictions developed inside the universes of outlining." He additionally contends that, sort definitions set
up the implications of the general names and give the structure of information a helpful method
(Mitchell:1992:100:180) (Abdul Aziz : 2007).
RESULTS
In short we could state that the foundation of sort - sort - existed as an idea in the etymological and
philosophical fields and has an uncommon implying that can be characterized and recognized through
these fields demonstrating to (Table:1.0).
Table: 1.0 The Most Prominent Aspects Related to - Prototype - the Root of Type in Language
Essence - Source of PrototypeLanguage - Grammar of Prototype
Stands for a symbol or a figure
An idea, Symbol, Law, Principle and
Divine origin
Linguistically
A language of dialogueSearching for a mental relationshipTerminologically
Dialect: We can state that the base of sort - sort - is communicated as an idea, thought, image, rule and a
law and has two covering levels from a solitary structure, having all the earmarks of being source-
substance, dialect linguistic use which gives the possibility of the foundation of sort - Prototype - the
attributes of the idea which tries to analyze the creativity of a specific social item .
Theory: We can state that the foundation of sort - sort - has a long and complex history, in which thoughts
drawn from a few distinct fields get to be joined. In theory it might be followed back to Plato's Ideals and
Aristotle's Forms, and it has been persistently under talk since the Platonic and the Aristotelian
Philosophies and the religious methods of insight or philosophy .
In The Worldly Philosophies we discover the foundation of sort –type related with their real structures
source - pith, dialect - punctuation however the philosophical dreams contrast in characterizing these
structures. For example, we find that quintessence differs between the perfect and this present reality.
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Furthermore, in The Theological Religious Philosophies we discover the base of sort - Prototype - conveys
what needs be as an image and as a base for intuition as postulations presentations underlined that learning
by sort is viewed as the regular type of human considering. They have likewise introduced these two
covered levels of the sort root considering that the Torah's writings are rendered - starting sorts - that create
progressive sorts communicated by the writings of elucidation and clarification and receiving closeness,
redundancy, and finding the always advanced connections all through history (Table:1.1).
Table: 1.1: The Most Prominent Aspects Related to - Prototype - the Root of Type in Philosophy
Essence - Source of PrototypeLanguage - Grammar of Prototype
An ideological and ideal essence
Materialistic and real essence
Natural origin
Worldly Philosophies
-Is a style of interpretation and
explanation that employs the
religious meaning as an ideal.
-Typical classification is the key
to understanding and
interpretation the historical
process.
- Represents the constant and
interrelated relations throughout
history .
Torah thought
The divine authority represented by
the Torah texts.
Religious
Philosophies
Moreover, in the wake of introducing the building concentrates together and all through the four
improvement times of the idea, it is discovered that it has two covered levels dropping from a solitary
structure equivalent to its two levels regarding dialect and theory which is the possibility of the model that
speaks to the base of sort. Additionally, these levels relate in design similarly dialect respects the principle
structures which speak to the substance or source, which is punctuations where :
• Quintessence Source: The hall among the presentations amid the four time frames identified with the
authentic advancement of the sort idea (Tables: 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, and 1.5).
Table: 1.2 The Most Prominent Aspects Related to the Root of Type Essence - Source of Architectural Prototype -
in Architectural Presentations at the Pre Enlightenment Age Before 1750.
Essence - Source of Architectural Prototype
An idea.
Mental conception of a materialistic icon.
Original archetypes like; human and legends.
Origins represented by architecture.
Pre- Enlightenment
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Table: 1.3 The Most Prominent Aspects Related to the Root of Type Essence - Source of Architectural Prototype -
in Architectural Presentations at the Enlightenment Age 1750- 1830.
Essence - Source of Architectural Prototype
A principle that defines architecture essence by means of the
basic elements.
Nature system embodied in the primitive rural cottage.
Laugier's
Presentations
Natural origins of archetypes such as primitive cottage and tree.
De Chamout's
Presentations
The basic characteristics related to appearance.
The architectural origin.
Blondel's
Presentations
Ideal type of an intellectual nature.
Relative type of a materialistic.
Primary origins and reasons such as the nature represented by
a primitive cottage.
De Quincy's
Presentations
Structural system for formation of basic abstract architectural
elements.
Pragmatic facts related to architecture.
Durand's
Presentations
Table: 1.4: The Most Prominent Aspects Related to the Root of Type Essence - Source of Architectural Prototype -
in Architectural Presentations at the Modernism Age 1900 - 1960.
Essence - Source of Architectural Prototype
System.
The origin of the object.
The machine is the origin from which modernization derives its
principle.
Banham's Study
A principle that meets the destructive needs of the society via
wars.
An architectural prototype constructed according to the society
needs.
The design is according to the prototype, which is repeated in
big quantities by the means of machines.
Cantacuzino's
Study
Basic, Regulative and abstract models.
Intellectual and pragmatic bases.
Bonta's Study
Systematic model.
Thinking processes and search for the optimum system.
A symbol in the society.
Jules's Study
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Table: 1.5 The Most Prominent Aspects Related to the Root of Type - Essence - Source of Architectural Prototype -
in Architectural Presentations at the Post Modernism Age After 1960.
Essence - Source of Architectural Prototype
The correlation amongst structural, regulative and abstract
elements.
The origin is connected to the architecture.
Aymonino's Study
Real and tangible i.e. expresses its symbolic value.
The original archetypes like a tower or a house.
Appears in works in a shape of a figure.
Using original archetypes originating in symbolic architecture.
Schulz's Study
Dual natures that combines both materialistic and intellectual
natures.
The origin is connected with previous cultural products.
Merging the tradition with the invention and reviving the
symbolic meaning.
Kahn's Study
Effective principle
Essential value for the architectural model.
Conceptual tool.
Origins represented by historical and cultural products
Represents the object, which reflects the symbolic meaning.
Bell's Study
Basic formal perceptions.
Structural formal perceptible model
The origin is related to popular local and regional architecture
models.
Represents a system of understandable, interpretable and
perceptible relationship.
Mann's Study
A common basic properties between a set of models
representing root of type.
The essence is either an absolute constant or a relative variable.
Related to the vocabularies of architectural language ranging
between the whole architectural model and its parts.
Represent a critical language that helps perceiving and then
interpreting the shape.
Mitchell's Study
From what can be found in the structure Essence-Source of model, the idea is connected with thoughts
like: The aggregate memory, the mental craving, the incomparable social perfect and the soul of the age .
• Dialect Grammars: presentations differed on how they concentrate on this structure amid the four time
frames identified with the verifiable advancement of the sort idea (Tables: 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, and 1.9).
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Table: 1.6 The Most Prominent Aspects Related to the Root of Type - Grammars of Architectural Prototype - in
Architectural Presentations at the Pre Enlightenment Age Before 1750.
Language - Grammars of Architectural Prototype
Connected to the repetition process of the
previous traditional shapes of the buildings.
The connection of the type’s roots with the
architectural categories known on the
civilizations levels.
Asserting the role of type's roots in the
continuity of architectural traditions throughout
history.
Pre- Enlightenment
Table: 1.7 The Most Prominent Aspects Related to the Root of Type - Grammars of Architectural Prototype - in
Architectural Presentations at the Enlightenment Age 1750 1830.
Language - Grammars of Architectural Prototype
Represents a principle for architecture construction.
Laugier's
Presentations
None.
De Chamout's
Presentations
Related to the academic classifications in accordance with the
formalexternal appearance of buildings.
Blondel's
Presentations
Related to meaning and the ideal.
Represents a base for model construction.
De Quincy's
Presentations
Related to the shape formation based on the programmed
function of the internal constructs.
Related to the academic classifications according to the
formational and structural characteristics.
Asserting the existence of typological changes throughout
history.
Durand's
Presentations
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Table: 1.8 The Most Prominent Aspects Related to the Root of Type -Grammars of Architectural Prototype - in
Architectural Presentations at the Modernism Age 1900 - 1960.
Language - Grammars of Architectural Prototype
The root of type is a mean to construct the geometrical shapes
in a standard way and which is produced as aggregate.
Banham's Study
None.
Cantacuzino's
Study
The functional root of type help the craftsmen in the design
process.
Bonta's Study
The prototype represents the optimum shape of the different
uses.
Jules's Study
Table: 1.9: The Most Prominent Aspects Related to the Root of Type - Grammars of Architectural Prototype - in
Architectural Presentations at the Post Modernism Age After 1960.
Language - Grammars of Architectural Prototype
Aims at classifying the architectural systems into formal and
style types or regulative and structural types.
The independent prototype is isolated from the historical
definition temporally and spatially.
The applied prototype is defined historically, temporally and
spatially.
Aymonino's Study
Its design is a process that invests the basic principles of the
shape and the organized space.
The original types or prototype remains constant throughout
history.
The functional root of type is realized in specific time and
place.
Schulz's Study
It is a major factor but it is specific in form construction.
It is an analytical tool, which classifies the architectural works
by means of form or function.
Kahn's Study
It represents an ambiguous motive that activates improvements
in the formal technology through the analyzing antecedents.
It is a tool for establishing and expanding architectural
traditions.
Aims at reproducing history.
Bell's Study
Using architectural models that result in the total formation of
the shape.
Using technical and structural root types in the partial
formation of the shape.
Aims at reinterpreting history in a new form in accordance
with space and time.
Mann's Study
Used in the field of design due to the fact that they are the
vocabularies of the architectural language.
Results from the abstraction of similar characteristics amongst
members of the same class.
It is related to models established in specific time and place.
Mitchell's Study
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From what can be found in Essence-Source of model, the idea is connected with thoughts like: The
social species and the Main Regulating Lines or lineaments.
CONCLUSION
In the wake of displaying every one of these studies which have talked about the base of sort all in all and
as characterized phonetically, insightfully and compositionally one might say that the model is the idea
through which it can be analyzed the inventiveness of the social and design item. This implies the
recognizable proof in its levels and structures in dialect and logic from one perspective, and the design on
alternate, makes it the idea that can be viewed as a connection between the mental expression structures,
which can prompt to the development of any social item in its present shape, and the engineering
expressions structure spoke to by the social item itself .
Henceforth, we could state that the possibility of the model and its fundamental structures - the
substance - source, the dialect - linguistic use - empowers us to see it as an idea which can analyze the
creativity of the and social and engineering item by and large through its principle structures or its root.
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