This document proposes a conceptual structure for cultural studies of architectural space. It discusses:
1) Components of culture including technology, knowledge, and value systems spread along a spectrum.
2) The life-cycle of architectural space as a 4-stage process of problem formulation, design, construction, and use.
3) A graphical schema structuring areas of cultural study as the Cartesian product of the cultural component dimension and life-cycle stage dimension. Several example areas are illustrated.
4) Ways to differentiate the nature of cultural studies based on the subject matter, type of space, cultural groups, and cultural processes involved.
DISS - Introduction, Research, Disciplines:History, Political Science, Langua...RomlaineOlaso1
This document provides an overview of various social science disciplines including:
- History is the study of past events and uses evidence from the past to understand the present. It examines periods, locations, military, religion, society, culture, diplomacy, economics and more.
- Linguistics is the study of language, examining elements like phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax and the functions of language.
- Political science examines power and influence, studying fields like comparative politics, international relations, political theory, and public policy.
- Psychology explores the human mind and behavior through perspectives like structuralism, functionalism, psychodynamic, behaviorism, cognitive and socio-cultural approaches.
This lighting talk aims to explore, from an holistic point of view as opposed to the reductionist thinking, how the Lean Agile methodologies can be considered as part of the “turning point” in the crisis of Western reductionist way of thinking. Recent scientific discoveries indicate that all life – from the most primitive cells, up to human societies, corporations and nation-states, even the global economy – is organized along the same basic patterns and principles: those of the network. Both (Lean & Agile) offer a thinking tool set that allow us to create new models and different approaches. Hence, in this lighting talk I would like to affirm how tightly humans are connected with the fabric of life and make it clear that it is imperative to organize our world according to a different set of values and beliefs.
Conceptualizing Rurality with Michel de Certeausbrown08
This SlideShare presentation contains a brief introduction to the ideas of Michael de Certeau and some possible avenues for reconnecting his work with the "cultural turn" in contemporary rural studies.
Manuel Manga
www.evolutionleader.com
This work created by Manuel Manga is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License
Innovation as history making. ontological design and the disclosure of the newGoldsmiths design
The document discusses innovation and related concepts from several perspectives. It covers innovation theory from scholars like Joseph Schumpeter, open innovation concepts from Henry Chesbrough, and discussions of knowledge and learning from thinkers like Donald Schon and Chris Argyris. Additionally, it references the work of philosophers like Michel Foucault and theorists of complex systems like Haridimos Tsoukas. The document aims to provide a comprehensive overview of discourses related to innovation from various fields.
This document discusses several theories of technology, including social and group theories as well as descriptive and critical theories. Descriptive theories attempt to define technology and examine its relationship with human and social aspects. Critical theories build upon descriptive theories to question how that relationship can be changed. Some key descriptive social theories discussed are actor-network theory, social construction of technology, structuration theory, and systems theory. Bandura's social learning theory and Lave and Wenger's situated learning theory are also summarized.
This document summarizes key differences between analytic and continental philosophy traditions. It then provides an overview and ordering of articles in the collection that discuss ideas from hermeneutics, post-modernism, and critical realism. The document examines debates between thinkers like Rorty, Foucault, Bhaskar, and Harre regarding the nature of truth, power/knowledge, and the relationship between individuals and social structures.
Critical Theory and Creative Research: Epigraphspncapress
This document contains a collection of epigraphs and quotes from various authors on the topics of critical theory, creative research, the role of the intellectual, and the relationship between knowledge and society. The quotes address ideas like the importance of marginal domains of knowledge, the aesthetic dimensions of innovation, and how our senses are shaped by social and historical forces.
DISS - Introduction, Research, Disciplines:History, Political Science, Langua...RomlaineOlaso1
This document provides an overview of various social science disciplines including:
- History is the study of past events and uses evidence from the past to understand the present. It examines periods, locations, military, religion, society, culture, diplomacy, economics and more.
- Linguistics is the study of language, examining elements like phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax and the functions of language.
- Political science examines power and influence, studying fields like comparative politics, international relations, political theory, and public policy.
- Psychology explores the human mind and behavior through perspectives like structuralism, functionalism, psychodynamic, behaviorism, cognitive and socio-cultural approaches.
This lighting talk aims to explore, from an holistic point of view as opposed to the reductionist thinking, how the Lean Agile methodologies can be considered as part of the “turning point” in the crisis of Western reductionist way of thinking. Recent scientific discoveries indicate that all life – from the most primitive cells, up to human societies, corporations and nation-states, even the global economy – is organized along the same basic patterns and principles: those of the network. Both (Lean & Agile) offer a thinking tool set that allow us to create new models and different approaches. Hence, in this lighting talk I would like to affirm how tightly humans are connected with the fabric of life and make it clear that it is imperative to organize our world according to a different set of values and beliefs.
Conceptualizing Rurality with Michel de Certeausbrown08
This SlideShare presentation contains a brief introduction to the ideas of Michael de Certeau and some possible avenues for reconnecting his work with the "cultural turn" in contemporary rural studies.
Manuel Manga
www.evolutionleader.com
This work created by Manuel Manga is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License
Innovation as history making. ontological design and the disclosure of the newGoldsmiths design
The document discusses innovation and related concepts from several perspectives. It covers innovation theory from scholars like Joseph Schumpeter, open innovation concepts from Henry Chesbrough, and discussions of knowledge and learning from thinkers like Donald Schon and Chris Argyris. Additionally, it references the work of philosophers like Michel Foucault and theorists of complex systems like Haridimos Tsoukas. The document aims to provide a comprehensive overview of discourses related to innovation from various fields.
This document discusses several theories of technology, including social and group theories as well as descriptive and critical theories. Descriptive theories attempt to define technology and examine its relationship with human and social aspects. Critical theories build upon descriptive theories to question how that relationship can be changed. Some key descriptive social theories discussed are actor-network theory, social construction of technology, structuration theory, and systems theory. Bandura's social learning theory and Lave and Wenger's situated learning theory are also summarized.
This document summarizes key differences between analytic and continental philosophy traditions. It then provides an overview and ordering of articles in the collection that discuss ideas from hermeneutics, post-modernism, and critical realism. The document examines debates between thinkers like Rorty, Foucault, Bhaskar, and Harre regarding the nature of truth, power/knowledge, and the relationship between individuals and social structures.
Critical Theory and Creative Research: Epigraphspncapress
This document contains a collection of epigraphs and quotes from various authors on the topics of critical theory, creative research, the role of the intellectual, and the relationship between knowledge and society. The quotes address ideas like the importance of marginal domains of knowledge, the aesthetic dimensions of innovation, and how our senses are shaped by social and historical forces.
What factors influence the style of a building 3indiacourse1
The style of a building is influenced by many factors, including politics, religion, location, climate, industry, available materials, and cultural norms. These factors shape characteristics like the shape, decoration, and surrounding area of buildings in different parts of India, such as the Buddhist Family House in the Himalayas, typical desert houses in Rajasthan, and modern luxury homes in Delhi.
Factors Affecting the Continuity of Architectural Identitydrboon
The architectural literatures propose various factors in determining the continuity of architectural identity. In terms of visual appearance, these factors are grouped in five different areas namely: Mass and Articulation, Openings, Architectural Detail, Materials and Principles of façade arrangements. In spite of the diversity of the subject in the field of research, the mutual influence of factors on one another still uncovered. Approach: This study aims to examine the significant correlation between factors affecting the continuity of architectural identity in Erbil City. A proper questionnaire has been adapted to be used as measuring scale. Results: The Pearson product-moment coefficient correlation results show that all factors are correlated positively with continuity of architectural identity with the exception of (principles of façade arrangements) factor. Conclusion: Based on the hypotheses testing, this study reveals a positive association between house façade modernization factors and the continuity of architectural identity. The results conclusively prove that (mass and articulation, openings, architectural detail, materials) factors have a crucial impact on the continuity of architectural identity.
Презентация содержит основные фрагменты исследования одного из классиков урбанистики Амоса Рапопорта. Автор исследует взаимосвязь культуры и форм жилых домов.
Understanding Factors Affecting House FormPratik Zaveri
This document provides an introduction to factors affecting house form for the Gurjar Kshatriya community in Kutch, India. It discusses how shelter is a basic human need and how culture and society developed. It explains that a community's culture is reflected in its built environment, including houses. The document outlines the methodology used for the study and identifies the objectives as understanding how cultural, traditional, and lifestyle factors influence house form. It also lists the scope and limitations of focusing only on house form for this community.
Inter relation between religion and architecture is explained in detail . It describes different religions and impacts on architectural style of he followers
The architecture of Goa is a blend of Indian, Islamic, and Portuguese styles. Hindu houses show little Portuguese influence and have an inward-facing design centered around a courtyard, while Catholic houses from the 18th-20th centuries are more outward facing and ornamental, featuring balcões (covered porches). Portuguese rule encouraged the adoption of European designs, but houses combined these influences with local materials and styles. Windows, balcões, and facades increasingly became more decorative over time in both Hindu and Catholic homes. The result is a unique hybrid architecture across Goa.
The traditional residence in Maharashtra was called a wada. Wadaa were large multi-story buildings arranged around open courtyards. There were two types: those housing many families like an apartment, and those for a single rich family. This document describes the Kharadkar wada built in 1875 for a wealthy moneylender. It had distinct public, private, and service areas. Features included underground water storage, thick privacy walls, and wooden construction techniques. The wada design balanced social and cultural needs over strict climate considerations.
This portfolio document provides a summary of Gopal N.P.'s academic and professional qualifications and works. It includes projects from his Bachelor of Architecture degree focusing on vernacular architecture in South India and urban design studies. It also lists internship experience with architecture firms in New Delhi and Gandhinagar. The portfolio highlights a regional information center design project in Rajkot respecting the local building traditions and a hypothetical city design exploring urban planning strategies.
The document summarizes the traditional pol house architecture of Ahmedabad, Gujarat. [1] Pols are enclosed residential neighborhoods entered through gates, featuring narrow streets and shared community spaces. [2] They originated from rural khadki settlements for security, with homes adjoining and enclosing shared yards. [3] Pol houses are organized around central courtyards (chowks), with rooms along three walls and an entrance platform (oatla) on the fourth, providing light, ventilation, and climate control in Gujarat's hot, dry climate.
The document provides information about the city of Ahmedabad, India. It discusses that Ahmedabad was formerly the capital of Gujarat and was originally known as Karnavati. It is situated on the banks of the Sabarmati River. Important sites mentioned include Sabarmati Ashram, where Mahatma Gandhi lived, as well as other cultural sites, festivals, and places to visit like museums and monuments. The document also provides details on Ahmedabad's cuisine, language, art, and the design process for branding the city.
Architectural case study of IIM ahemdabad by louis i khanRajat Katarne
This document provides details about the Indian Institute of Management in Ahmedabad, India, which was completed in 1963. It was designed by famous architect Louis Kahn, with B.V. Doshi and Anant Raje. The campus includes academic buildings such as classrooms and faculty blocks arranged around a central plaza, as well as dormitories, a library, auditorium, and management development center spread across 66 acres. Brick is the primary building material. The layout separates academic and residential areas while integrating social activities between students and staff.
Anthropological Relocations And The Limits Of DesignJeff Nelson
This document summarizes Lucy Suchman's reflections on her experience working between anthropology and design. Some key points:
1) Suchman uses the concepts of "location" and "design" as touchstones to examine anthropology's history and positioning in relation to technological and social issues, as well as her own relocation into worlds of professional technology design.
2) She argues that while design has been proposed as a model for anthropology's future, it is better seen as a subject for anthropological study. A critical anthropology of design is needed to understand its cultural imaginaries and politics.
3) Drawing on her own experiences bridging the two fields, Suchman reflects on what insights they provide
The material-ideal dyad of culture and the revolutionary materialism of pract...Brendan Larvor
According to Theodore R. Schatzki, theorists who study practices tend to view them as materially present and changing over history, rather than as determined by rigid abstract structures. This amounts to a revolutionary materialist perspective. The author will illustrate this perspective and discuss how it presents dilemmas for philosophers of mathematical practices. They will also argue that culture is better viewed as the expression of values in practices, rather than as distinct anthropological units, in order to understand cultural change and facilitate cross-cultural communication without falling into materialism or post-humanism.
BUS 1 Mini Exam – Chapters 05 – 10 40 Points S.docxhartrobert670
BUS 1
Mini Exam – Chapters 05 – 10
40 Points
Short Answer – Mind your time
Answer four questions from #1 - #6. Must answer #3 and #6. Answer
the XC question for extra credit. Question point count weighted equally.
It is all about business, so make sure to demonstrate / synthesize the bigger picture of business in each and
every answer.
Like all essays, specifying an exacting target word count is rather problematic. I am thinking each answer
would be about 250 - 300 words each, depending upon writing style. If you tend to be descriptive and whatnot,
that number could be 350 - 450 words.
Sidebar: Gauge your knowledge level in this way. This exam should take about 90 – 120 minutes to complete.
Students taking much longer may want to work with me to assess / discuss ways to help master this material in
a future conference session.
1. Although most new firms start out as sole proprietorships, few large firms are organized this way. Why
is the sole proprietorship such a popular form of ownership for new firms? What features of the sole
proprietorship make it unattractive to growing firms?
2. List and discuss at least three causes of small business failure. Workarounds, fixes, or methods to avoid
failure should be discussed.
3. Describe three different leadership styles and give an example of a situation in which each style could be
most used effectively.
4. Discuss Max Weber's views on organization theory. Is there a few principles that particularly resonate
in business today?
5. How has the emphasis of quality control changed in recent years? Describe some of the modern quality
control techniques that illustrate this change in emphasis.
6. Explain how managers could motivate employees by using the principles outlined in expectancy
theory? Create a story/example of expectancy theory at work, incorporating the three questions that
according to expectancy theory employees will ask.
7. XC – What is selective perception? Can you describe a business-centric scenario where selective
perception may hinder a businessperson’s ability to respond to a customer need?
I
Fireworks, Manifesto, 1974.
The Architectural Paradox
1. Most people concerned with architecture feel some sort
of disillusion and dismay. None of the early utopian ideals
of the twentieth century has materialized! none of its social
aims has succeeded. Blurred by reality! the ideals have turned
into redevelopment nightmares and the aims into bureau
cratic policies. The split between social reality and utopian
dream has been total! the gap between economic constraints
and the illusion of all-solving technique absolute. Pointed
Space
out by critics who knew the limits of architectural remedies,
this historical split has now been bypassed by attempts to
reformulate the concepts of architecture. In the process, a
new split appears. More complex, it is not the symptom of
prof ...
This document provides a formal definition of culture. It begins with an introduction that discusses how culture has been defined in anthropology and how the concept of culture is relevant to modeling agent societies and online communities. It then presents a formal definition of culture as a set of traits shared by a set of agents that were transmitted between agents. The formal definition models agents, their cultural traits, and how traits can change as agents perform behaviors that change the state of the world. An example is provided to illustrate the concepts.
Urban environments are complex systems composed of interconnected human and physical elements. Traditional urban planning methods based on rationalism and reductionism have proved inadequate in addressing this complexity. Complexity theory provides an alternative framework using concepts like complex adaptive systems, emergence, and self-organization. This paper will introduce complexity theory metaphors and discuss their application to analyzing urban areas and revising urban planning approaches to better address the evolving complexity of cities.
2009 a conceptual and analytical framework for interpreting the spatiality ...Lee Pugalis
This paper provides a framework for understanding the phenomenon of the discursive-material production of space, and also, for considering how unknowns may be organised. Language is instrumental to the production of place but has been overshadowed by investigations of material transformations. This is partly being redressed by the ‘linguistic turn’ in urban policy analysis over recent decades which recognise the performative aspects of language. However, the methodological ‘gap’ between discursivities and materialities remains as too often analysis of urban policy discourse has taken an aspatial analytic approach. Representations of space cannot be divorced from spatial practices and vice versa. Based on my premise that many visions, plans and strategies never materialise, and even some that do materialise have little bearing on what is produced, a mixed-method approach is required that considers the recursive interactions between spatial practices and representations of space. Grounded in the theories of Henri Lefebvre and Michel Foucault, which conceptualis space as a social process and broaden discourse to embrace spatial practice respectively, I devise a conceptual and operational analytics which I refer to as interpretive-spatial analysis with the goal of helping to bridge the problematic ontological, epistemological and methodological divide between discursivities and materialities.
This document discusses the information professions and how they are affected by the information society. It addresses commonalities between information professions and examines how they may evolve. Specifically, it explores how information work can be better explained as a discipline through developing a theoretical framework describing its knowledge domain. This would help establish a metacommunity of information professionals with conceptual clarity around their social purpose and responsibilities. The document argues that a profession requires both a disciplinary theoretical base and a clear social role to distinguish it from other occupations.
1. The document discusses the role of culture in qualitative research on intercultural communication. It outlines the history and conceptual approaches to studying culture and intercultural communication.
2. Culture influences all aspects of qualitative research, from the content gathered to the interpersonal relationships and language used. Different conceptualizations of culture impact the analysis and interpretation of research.
3. Qualitative research on intercultural communication must consider how the researcher and participants' cultures shape the research process and outcomes at every stage.
This document discusses teaching anthropology to industrial design students. It describes two case studies:
1) Teaching the classic anthropology introduction course failed to engage design students. Using the "Nacirema" article as an example, students did not appreciate its insights.
2) A redesigned course focused on design ethnography was more successful. It started with qualitative research methods then introduced anthropological theories. Students found this approach more relevant to their work compared to the traditional introduction course structure.
The document argues applied anthropology is well-suited to collaborating with design fields by bringing socio-cultural knowledge and perspectives. However, bridging differences between disciplines can be challenging.
This document discusses the multi-dimensional aspects of culture and its potential role in planning built environments in India. It defines key terms like culture, tradition, religion, and heritage. Culture consists of activities like arts and philosophy that are important for civilization. Tradition refers to long-standing customs passed down through generations. The document examines how culture is embedded in the built environment through elements like art, diversity, and human relationships. It also discusses different approaches to cultural studies and divides cultural variables into efficiency orientation and social orientation. Finally, it presents challenges of incorporating culture into planning and showcases Amity School of Architecture and Planning's exhibition on the topic.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
This document discusses positivism and postpositivism in relation to engineering. It begins by introducing positivism as referring to objectively describing reality that exists and can be observed. It then discusses how positivism has been the philosophical foundation of engineering methodology for undertaking projects. However, it notes that postpositivism emerged as a new paradigm that recognizes the interaction between the observer and observed. The document concludes that while engineering methodology remains positivist, engineers must also be able to link to other disciplines through a transdisciplinary understanding, as problems today require input from different fields of knowledge.
What factors influence the style of a building 3indiacourse1
The style of a building is influenced by many factors, including politics, religion, location, climate, industry, available materials, and cultural norms. These factors shape characteristics like the shape, decoration, and surrounding area of buildings in different parts of India, such as the Buddhist Family House in the Himalayas, typical desert houses in Rajasthan, and modern luxury homes in Delhi.
Factors Affecting the Continuity of Architectural Identitydrboon
The architectural literatures propose various factors in determining the continuity of architectural identity. In terms of visual appearance, these factors are grouped in five different areas namely: Mass and Articulation, Openings, Architectural Detail, Materials and Principles of façade arrangements. In spite of the diversity of the subject in the field of research, the mutual influence of factors on one another still uncovered. Approach: This study aims to examine the significant correlation between factors affecting the continuity of architectural identity in Erbil City. A proper questionnaire has been adapted to be used as measuring scale. Results: The Pearson product-moment coefficient correlation results show that all factors are correlated positively with continuity of architectural identity with the exception of (principles of façade arrangements) factor. Conclusion: Based on the hypotheses testing, this study reveals a positive association between house façade modernization factors and the continuity of architectural identity. The results conclusively prove that (mass and articulation, openings, architectural detail, materials) factors have a crucial impact on the continuity of architectural identity.
Презентация содержит основные фрагменты исследования одного из классиков урбанистики Амоса Рапопорта. Автор исследует взаимосвязь культуры и форм жилых домов.
Understanding Factors Affecting House FormPratik Zaveri
This document provides an introduction to factors affecting house form for the Gurjar Kshatriya community in Kutch, India. It discusses how shelter is a basic human need and how culture and society developed. It explains that a community's culture is reflected in its built environment, including houses. The document outlines the methodology used for the study and identifies the objectives as understanding how cultural, traditional, and lifestyle factors influence house form. It also lists the scope and limitations of focusing only on house form for this community.
Inter relation between religion and architecture is explained in detail . It describes different religions and impacts on architectural style of he followers
The architecture of Goa is a blend of Indian, Islamic, and Portuguese styles. Hindu houses show little Portuguese influence and have an inward-facing design centered around a courtyard, while Catholic houses from the 18th-20th centuries are more outward facing and ornamental, featuring balcões (covered porches). Portuguese rule encouraged the adoption of European designs, but houses combined these influences with local materials and styles. Windows, balcões, and facades increasingly became more decorative over time in both Hindu and Catholic homes. The result is a unique hybrid architecture across Goa.
The traditional residence in Maharashtra was called a wada. Wadaa were large multi-story buildings arranged around open courtyards. There were two types: those housing many families like an apartment, and those for a single rich family. This document describes the Kharadkar wada built in 1875 for a wealthy moneylender. It had distinct public, private, and service areas. Features included underground water storage, thick privacy walls, and wooden construction techniques. The wada design balanced social and cultural needs over strict climate considerations.
This portfolio document provides a summary of Gopal N.P.'s academic and professional qualifications and works. It includes projects from his Bachelor of Architecture degree focusing on vernacular architecture in South India and urban design studies. It also lists internship experience with architecture firms in New Delhi and Gandhinagar. The portfolio highlights a regional information center design project in Rajkot respecting the local building traditions and a hypothetical city design exploring urban planning strategies.
The document summarizes the traditional pol house architecture of Ahmedabad, Gujarat. [1] Pols are enclosed residential neighborhoods entered through gates, featuring narrow streets and shared community spaces. [2] They originated from rural khadki settlements for security, with homes adjoining and enclosing shared yards. [3] Pol houses are organized around central courtyards (chowks), with rooms along three walls and an entrance platform (oatla) on the fourth, providing light, ventilation, and climate control in Gujarat's hot, dry climate.
The document provides information about the city of Ahmedabad, India. It discusses that Ahmedabad was formerly the capital of Gujarat and was originally known as Karnavati. It is situated on the banks of the Sabarmati River. Important sites mentioned include Sabarmati Ashram, where Mahatma Gandhi lived, as well as other cultural sites, festivals, and places to visit like museums and monuments. The document also provides details on Ahmedabad's cuisine, language, art, and the design process for branding the city.
Architectural case study of IIM ahemdabad by louis i khanRajat Katarne
This document provides details about the Indian Institute of Management in Ahmedabad, India, which was completed in 1963. It was designed by famous architect Louis Kahn, with B.V. Doshi and Anant Raje. The campus includes academic buildings such as classrooms and faculty blocks arranged around a central plaza, as well as dormitories, a library, auditorium, and management development center spread across 66 acres. Brick is the primary building material. The layout separates academic and residential areas while integrating social activities between students and staff.
Anthropological Relocations And The Limits Of DesignJeff Nelson
This document summarizes Lucy Suchman's reflections on her experience working between anthropology and design. Some key points:
1) Suchman uses the concepts of "location" and "design" as touchstones to examine anthropology's history and positioning in relation to technological and social issues, as well as her own relocation into worlds of professional technology design.
2) She argues that while design has been proposed as a model for anthropology's future, it is better seen as a subject for anthropological study. A critical anthropology of design is needed to understand its cultural imaginaries and politics.
3) Drawing on her own experiences bridging the two fields, Suchman reflects on what insights they provide
The material-ideal dyad of culture and the revolutionary materialism of pract...Brendan Larvor
According to Theodore R. Schatzki, theorists who study practices tend to view them as materially present and changing over history, rather than as determined by rigid abstract structures. This amounts to a revolutionary materialist perspective. The author will illustrate this perspective and discuss how it presents dilemmas for philosophers of mathematical practices. They will also argue that culture is better viewed as the expression of values in practices, rather than as distinct anthropological units, in order to understand cultural change and facilitate cross-cultural communication without falling into materialism or post-humanism.
BUS 1 Mini Exam – Chapters 05 – 10 40 Points S.docxhartrobert670
BUS 1
Mini Exam – Chapters 05 – 10
40 Points
Short Answer – Mind your time
Answer four questions from #1 - #6. Must answer #3 and #6. Answer
the XC question for extra credit. Question point count weighted equally.
It is all about business, so make sure to demonstrate / synthesize the bigger picture of business in each and
every answer.
Like all essays, specifying an exacting target word count is rather problematic. I am thinking each answer
would be about 250 - 300 words each, depending upon writing style. If you tend to be descriptive and whatnot,
that number could be 350 - 450 words.
Sidebar: Gauge your knowledge level in this way. This exam should take about 90 – 120 minutes to complete.
Students taking much longer may want to work with me to assess / discuss ways to help master this material in
a future conference session.
1. Although most new firms start out as sole proprietorships, few large firms are organized this way. Why
is the sole proprietorship such a popular form of ownership for new firms? What features of the sole
proprietorship make it unattractive to growing firms?
2. List and discuss at least three causes of small business failure. Workarounds, fixes, or methods to avoid
failure should be discussed.
3. Describe three different leadership styles and give an example of a situation in which each style could be
most used effectively.
4. Discuss Max Weber's views on organization theory. Is there a few principles that particularly resonate
in business today?
5. How has the emphasis of quality control changed in recent years? Describe some of the modern quality
control techniques that illustrate this change in emphasis.
6. Explain how managers could motivate employees by using the principles outlined in expectancy
theory? Create a story/example of expectancy theory at work, incorporating the three questions that
according to expectancy theory employees will ask.
7. XC – What is selective perception? Can you describe a business-centric scenario where selective
perception may hinder a businessperson’s ability to respond to a customer need?
I
Fireworks, Manifesto, 1974.
The Architectural Paradox
1. Most people concerned with architecture feel some sort
of disillusion and dismay. None of the early utopian ideals
of the twentieth century has materialized! none of its social
aims has succeeded. Blurred by reality! the ideals have turned
into redevelopment nightmares and the aims into bureau
cratic policies. The split between social reality and utopian
dream has been total! the gap between economic constraints
and the illusion of all-solving technique absolute. Pointed
Space
out by critics who knew the limits of architectural remedies,
this historical split has now been bypassed by attempts to
reformulate the concepts of architecture. In the process, a
new split appears. More complex, it is not the symptom of
prof ...
This document provides a formal definition of culture. It begins with an introduction that discusses how culture has been defined in anthropology and how the concept of culture is relevant to modeling agent societies and online communities. It then presents a formal definition of culture as a set of traits shared by a set of agents that were transmitted between agents. The formal definition models agents, their cultural traits, and how traits can change as agents perform behaviors that change the state of the world. An example is provided to illustrate the concepts.
Urban environments are complex systems composed of interconnected human and physical elements. Traditional urban planning methods based on rationalism and reductionism have proved inadequate in addressing this complexity. Complexity theory provides an alternative framework using concepts like complex adaptive systems, emergence, and self-organization. This paper will introduce complexity theory metaphors and discuss their application to analyzing urban areas and revising urban planning approaches to better address the evolving complexity of cities.
2009 a conceptual and analytical framework for interpreting the spatiality ...Lee Pugalis
This paper provides a framework for understanding the phenomenon of the discursive-material production of space, and also, for considering how unknowns may be organised. Language is instrumental to the production of place but has been overshadowed by investigations of material transformations. This is partly being redressed by the ‘linguistic turn’ in urban policy analysis over recent decades which recognise the performative aspects of language. However, the methodological ‘gap’ between discursivities and materialities remains as too often analysis of urban policy discourse has taken an aspatial analytic approach. Representations of space cannot be divorced from spatial practices and vice versa. Based on my premise that many visions, plans and strategies never materialise, and even some that do materialise have little bearing on what is produced, a mixed-method approach is required that considers the recursive interactions between spatial practices and representations of space. Grounded in the theories of Henri Lefebvre and Michel Foucault, which conceptualis space as a social process and broaden discourse to embrace spatial practice respectively, I devise a conceptual and operational analytics which I refer to as interpretive-spatial analysis with the goal of helping to bridge the problematic ontological, epistemological and methodological divide between discursivities and materialities.
This document discusses the information professions and how they are affected by the information society. It addresses commonalities between information professions and examines how they may evolve. Specifically, it explores how information work can be better explained as a discipline through developing a theoretical framework describing its knowledge domain. This would help establish a metacommunity of information professionals with conceptual clarity around their social purpose and responsibilities. The document argues that a profession requires both a disciplinary theoretical base and a clear social role to distinguish it from other occupations.
1. The document discusses the role of culture in qualitative research on intercultural communication. It outlines the history and conceptual approaches to studying culture and intercultural communication.
2. Culture influences all aspects of qualitative research, from the content gathered to the interpersonal relationships and language used. Different conceptualizations of culture impact the analysis and interpretation of research.
3. Qualitative research on intercultural communication must consider how the researcher and participants' cultures shape the research process and outcomes at every stage.
This document discusses teaching anthropology to industrial design students. It describes two case studies:
1) Teaching the classic anthropology introduction course failed to engage design students. Using the "Nacirema" article as an example, students did not appreciate its insights.
2) A redesigned course focused on design ethnography was more successful. It started with qualitative research methods then introduced anthropological theories. Students found this approach more relevant to their work compared to the traditional introduction course structure.
The document argues applied anthropology is well-suited to collaborating with design fields by bringing socio-cultural knowledge and perspectives. However, bridging differences between disciplines can be challenging.
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Organizational Culture
Edgar H. Schein
I I I I II I II
ABSTRACT: The concept of organizational culture has
received increasing attention in recent years both from
academics and practitioners. This article presents the au-
thor's view of how culture shouM be defined and analyzed
if it is to be of use in the field of organizational psychology.
Other concepts are reviewed, a brief history is provided,
and case materials are presented to illustrate how to an-
alyze culture and how to think about culture change.
To write a review article about the concept of organiza-
tional culture poses a dilemma because there is presently
little agreement on what the concept does and should
mean, how it should be observed and measured, how it
relates to more traditional industrial and organizational
psychology theories, and how it should be used in our
efforts to help organizations. The popular use of the con-
cept has further muddied the waters by hanging the label
of"culture" on everything from common behavioral pat-
terns to espoused new corporate values that senior man-
agement wishes to inculcate (e.g., Deal & Kennedy, 1982;
Peters & Waterman, 1982).
Serious students of organizational culture point out
that each culture researcher develops explicit or implicit
paradigms that bias not only the definitions of key con-
cepts but the whole approach to the study of the phe-
nomenon (Barley, Meyer, & Gash, 1988; Martin & Mey-
erson, 1988; Ott, 1989; Smircich & Calas, 1987; Van
Maanen, 1988). One probable reason for this diversity of
approaches is that culture, like role, lies at the intersection
of several social sciences and reflects some of the biases
of eachwspecifically, those of anthropology, sociology,
social psychology, and organizational behavior.
A complete review of the various paradigms and
their implications is far beyond the scope of this article.
Instead I will provide a brief historical overview leading
to the major approaches currently in use and then de-
scribe in greater detail one paradigm, firmly anchored in
social psychology and anthropology, that is somewhat in-
tegrative in that it allows one to position other paradigms
in a common conceptual space.
This line of thinking will push us conceptually into
territory left insufficiently explored by such concepts as
"climate," "norm," and "attitude." Many of the research
methods of industrial/organizational psychology have
weaknesses when applied to the concept of culture. If we
are to take culture seriously, we must first adopt a more
clinical and ethnographic approach to identify clearly the
kinds of dimensions and variables that can usefully lend
themselves to more precise empirical measurement and
Sloan School of Management,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
I I [ Illll
hypothesis testing. Though there have been many efforts
to be empirically precise about cultural phenomena, there
is still insufficient linkage of theory wit.
Organizational Culture Edgar H. Schein I I I I II I II .docxvannagoforth
Organizational Culture
Edgar H. Schein
I I I I II I II
ABSTRACT: The concept of organizational culture has
received increasing attention in recent years both from
academics and practitioners. This article presents the au-
thor's view of how culture shouM be defined and analyzed
if it is to be of use in the field of organizational psychology.
Other concepts are reviewed, a brief history is provided,
and case materials are presented to illustrate how to an-
alyze culture and how to think about culture change.
To write a review article about the concept of organiza-
tional culture poses a dilemma because there is presently
little agreement on what the concept does and should
mean, how it should be observed and measured, how it
relates to more traditional industrial and organizational
psychology theories, and how it should be used in our
efforts to help organizations. The popular use of the con-
cept has further muddied the waters by hanging the label
of"culture" on everything from common behavioral pat-
terns to espoused new corporate values that senior man-
agement wishes to inculcate (e.g., Deal & Kennedy, 1982;
Peters & Waterman, 1982).
Serious students of organizational culture point out
that each culture researcher develops explicit or implicit
paradigms that bias not only the definitions of key con-
cepts but the whole approach to the study of the phe-
nomenon (Barley, Meyer, & Gash, 1988; Martin & Mey-
erson, 1988; Ott, 1989; Smircich & Calas, 1987; Van
Maanen, 1988). One probable reason for this diversity of
approaches is that culture, like role, lies at the intersection
of several social sciences and reflects some of the biases
of eachwspecifically, those of anthropology, sociology,
social psychology, and organizational behavior.
A complete review of the various paradigms and
their implications is far beyond the scope of this article.
Instead I will provide a brief historical overview leading
to the major approaches currently in use and then de-
scribe in greater detail one paradigm, firmly anchored in
social psychology and anthropology, that is somewhat in-
tegrative in that it allows one to position other paradigms
in a common conceptual space.
This line of thinking will push us conceptually into
territory left insufficiently explored by such concepts as
"climate," "norm," and "attitude." Many of the research
methods of industrial/organizational psychology have
weaknesses when applied to the concept of culture. If we
are to take culture seriously, we must first adopt a more
clinical and ethnographic approach to identify clearly the
kinds of dimensions and variables that can usefully lend
themselves to more precise empirical measurement and
Sloan School of Management,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
I I [ Illll
hypothesis testing. Though there have been many efforts
to be empirically precise about cultural phenomena, there
is still insufficient linkage of theory wit ...
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The document discusses different theoretical approaches to architecture, including its relationships with sociology, technology, politics, art, philosophy, history, science, human perception, the city, and ecology. It notes that theory of architecture aims to define architecture's relationship with other institutions in society and how the architectural language expresses or represses the symbolic and organizational character of these other institutions. The various theoretical approaches analyze how factors like social changes, new technologies, power structures, artistic influences, and environmental concerns shape architectural form and urban design.
Similar to A structured approach to cultural studies of architectural space (20)
A structured approach to cultural studies of architectural space
1. A STRUCTURED APPROACH TO CULTURAL STUDIES OF ARCHITECTURAL
SPACE
Mustafa Pultar
Faculty of Art, Design and Architecture, Bilkent University
Abstract
This paper examines the areas and nature of cultural studies of architectural space and presents a
conceptual structure for thinking about, delineating and discussing such studies. Following a
brief examination of the concept of architectural space as used in the study, the main argument of
the paper is presented in four sections:
1. Discussion of the components of culture as they are related to space. Essentially, these
components may be identified as technology (interpreted as a collective notion consisting of
technics, techniques and an accumulated body of problem solutions), knowledge and value
systems. A spectrum is proposed over which these cultural components may be spread.
2. Discussion of the life-cycle of architectural space as a process of human problem solving. This
process comprises the stages of problem definition, design, construction and use, and is closely
related with ecological and cultural factors.
3. Presentation of a graphical schema for the identification of areas of cultural study. This
schema is structured as the Cartesian product of the dimensions of life-cycle stages and cultural
components. Several areas are illustrated by examples.
4. Discussion of the nature of study in these areas as differentiated by the subject matter, the type
of space studied, the bases used in the formation of cultural groups and the cultural process
involved. Several works are referred to as examples.
Keywords: Culture, cultural studies, architectural space, theory.
Introduction
Cultural studies of space are found in many disciplines, where they serve a central function in
explanations. Despite this importance, Aiello and Thompson claim, for example, that "only a
small proportion of ... research [on the description and comparison of differences in the
structuring and use of space] has examined spatial behavior within a cultural context" (1980,
107-108). Furthermore, there appears to be no well-established, coherent and systematic
structure for a discussing the areas, scope and nature of issues related to the cultural studies of
space.
This paper attempts to address the problem in a limited context by proposing such a structure,
utilizing two fundamental concepts: a spectrum of cultural sudies and the life-cycle of
architectural space. Although the model proposed appears to be founded on the conception of a
professional, industrialized building process, some reflection will reveal how it can, in reality, be
applied to many different instances of the analysis of spatial problems.
2. Some of the concepts introduced in this paper are ones which have varied uses and definitions.
Accordingly, introductory sections of the paper are devoted to discussions of these concepts, and
seek to define specific contexts in which these concepts will be used.
Architectural Space
Space is a concept that is central to many different areas of study and has varied meanings,
ranging from totally abstract notions such as mathematical space, to physical ones such as
astronomical space, to more earthly ones such as the expanse that surrounds us, to behavioral
notions such as territorial space and personal space. "This great variety of possible 'types' of
space ... makes any definition of space [in planning and design] difficult. Intuitively, however,
space is the three-dimensional extension of the world around us, the intervals, distances and
relationships between people and people, people and things, and things and things" (Rapoport
1980, 11). Although they are thought to have bearing on and are influenced by space to some
extent (Rapoport 1980, 26-27), people to people relations have a scope that extends much
beyond the interests of this paper. However, the relations between people and things shall be
included insofar as they define and affect the use of space as outlined below.
Our main concern in this paper shall be with architectural space, as defined by Baykan and Pultar
(forthcoming) in a set-theoretic fashion to mean subsets of the three-dimensional extension of the
world around us such that it is entered by man, includes definite material elements, especially a
base, that allow one to perceive its boundaries and is perceived as a whole, serves human
functions of habitation, shelter or circulation, and is intentionally built or appropriated by man to
serve such functions. According to this definition, not only well defined spaces such as halls and
rooms, but also arrangements of furniture so as to define a spatial expanse, allowing it to be
perceived as a whole, should be considered as an architectural space, too. The notion of
architectural space should also be understood to include structures of space, i.e., sets of spaces so
interrelated to each other that the functions they serve extend through these spaces (Baykan and
Pultar, forthcoming). Thus, just as rooms and halls in buildings may be individually considered
architectural spaces, so can buildings as structures of spaces.
An important characteristic of architectural space is man's involvement in its generation and his
partaking of life in it. In this sense, architectural space is diachronic in addition to its spatially
expansive nature. This diachronic aspect aspect will be indicated by our use of the term life-cycle
of architectural space.
Hereafter in this paper, the term space will be used to mean architectural space.
Components of Culture
"Culture" is used in a variety of meanings which are often related, albeit loosely. Disregarding
uses of the word for such notions as cultivation (of crops), development of intellectual faculties
(as in a cultured man) or acquaintance with and taste in the arts (as in centers or ministers of
culture), there remain those understandings which may be considered relevant within the context
3. of this study. These refer to all things created by man as distinct from natural things, as well as
the shared ideals and the common way of life of a group of people. Rapoport, stressing the
plurality of definitions and uses of the concept of culture, suggests that "... all definitions fall into
one of three views ... [the first] as a way of life typical of a group, the second as a system of
symbols, meanings, and cognitive schemata transmitted through symbolic codes, the third as a
set of adaptive strategies for survival related to ecology and resources. Increasingly, these three
views are seen not as being in conflict but rather as complementary" (1980, 9). Thus, it is the
totality of "ways of life, symbols, meanings, cognitive schemata, and adaptive strategies" that
forms culture. With this approach, culture should be understood as a human essence by which
human groups may be differentiated, be they tribes, religious communities, companies,
professions or others.
In order to establish an operational basis for dealing with the nature of cultural studies of space,
it is necessary to attempt to separate culture into its constituent components. One way of doing
this may be to view cultural components as comprising technology, knowledge and value
systems.
Ways of life and adaptive strategies are composed of solutions that have been found to be
effective in dealing with various problems of life. These solutions may appear, among others, in
the form of processes of production, rules of conduct, techniques of doing, and various tools and
implements. Together, these constitute what we conveniently refer to as technology. Technology
consists of two different components: know-how knowledge and technics. This integration of
two essentially different elements is its peculiar characteristic.Know-how knowledge comprises,
on the one hand, an accumulated body of solutions to problems, ranging from rules of social
conduct to effective use of resources, and on the other, techniques for doing things in an effective
manner. Technics, the latter component, comprises all artifacts created by man for the purpose of
solving problems. Typically, it contains tools, implements, machines, apparati, containers, etc.; it
is also referred to as material culture.
Symbols and cognitive schemata form the essence of man's knowledge. Knowledge is formed
through the use of cognitive schemata and is transmitted among people and generations through
the use of symbols. Part of this knowledge (know-how knowledge) has been introduced above as
falling under the scope of technology. Two other types of knowledge used in solving problems
are instances of know-that knowledge: information (factual and historic knowledge and
hypothetico-theoretical knowledge. Obviously, these are components of culture.
What drive man into action regarding problems are conceptions of desirable situations as
described by value judgements. Value judgements are central in the conception, formulation and
solution of man's problems. Value systems, which are formed by value judgements in
interaction, are discussed by the author elsewhere (Pultar, forthcoming).
In conclusion to this brief discussion, we may assert that culture can be broken down into three
fundamental components: technology, knowledge and value systems. A graphical representation
of a spectrum describing this breakdown is shown in Figure 1.
4. We note that although an attempt has been made to separate the components into distinct
categories, this has not been possible; there are obvious overlaps in knowledge and beliefs. Thus,
one should consider this spread not as a categorization but rather an alignment of cultural
components along a spectrum. At the upper end are material elements such as technics and as
one proceeds down this spectrum, these change into techniques, which vary from acquaintance
with the bodily use of technics, through familiarity with conventions to technical knowledge,
which is an accumulated body of effective solutions. With this component, the spectrum begins
to cover to beliefs, which can be classified into two general types: knowledge and value
judgements. The former is belief in the truth of various statements. If these statements concern
the effectiveness of modes of action, the knowledge is technical. If the statements are
descriptions of facts, the knowledge is information. If they are related to hypotheses and, by
extension, to theories, the knowledge is hypothetico-theoretical.
The latter type of belief concerns the inherent goodness and worth that lies in certain choices.
These may vary from belief in goodness by habit, to goodness dictated by authority or goodness
justified by empirical evidence. Such beliefs in interaction with each other form value systems.
The spectrum of cultural components seen in Figure 1 constitutes one dimension of a schema of
cultural studies of space, as described later.
Life-cycle of Space
In a manner similar to that of a majority of human activities, the life-cycle of space consists a
four stage process: problem formulation, problem solution, implementation and use. This process
is cyclic; most spaces reach the end of their useful life due to some reason or other and, thereby,
lead to a repetition of the cycle in the form of renovation, remodeling, re-adaptation of use or the
generation of new spaces. The duration of this repetition is variable and often indeterminate.
In formalized, professional generation of space, the stage of problem formulation comprises the
planning and programming stage. Here, a misfit is recognized between the present state of a
space and some ideal conditions that are deemed to be desirable for that space. The former factor
can be described in terms of state descriptors which range from simple quantitative variables
such as size or qualitative behavioral descriptors such as spaciousness to complex composite
descriptors such as quality. The latter factor expresses what kind or level of the state variables
are acceptable or ideal. Whereas the description of the state variables requires the use of
knowledge in some form or other, the ideal conditions are obviously bound to value judgements.
The next stage, that of problem solution, corresponds to the stage of the design of the space. In
this stage decisions are made as to how the projected state of the space should be so that the
misfit between the state descriptors and the desirable conditions shall no longer exist. Here, the
design's outcome will reflect the designer's interpretation (re-formulation) of the problem, as well
as his own understanding of the desirable conditions that he deems are fit to the situation.
The period of the actual construction of the space is where a major transformation of materials,
energy, finance and manpower takes place, based on the decisions made in design. This is the
5. stage of solution implementation. Being a stage which is characterized by an intense
concentration of economic resources, construction will necessarily reflect the interests of the
parties concerned with it. What are now considered to be desirable are likely to be quite different
than those of the problem initiators (clients, owners) or the designer.
The stage of use is the longest stage of the life-cyle of a space. However, very often the user,
who shall be involved longest in the life-cycle has very little to say about its formation until he
occupies the space. It may even be the case that he remains unknown until much later.
These four stages of the life-cycle of space take place in a medium that is directly influenced by
ecological and cultural factors. Rapoport argues that "... sociocultural variables are primary, with
ecological ones, such as climate, materials and ways of making a livelihood [being] secondary,
constraining or modifying ... " (1980, 21). These primary cultural factors are the beliefs that
owners, users or professionals of space hold as to what is desirable and acceptable. Thus, the
life-cycle of space is intimatey bound to the cultural components.
The life-cycle of space is shown diagrammatically in Figure 2. Even though the process is an
open-ended one, it is cyclic and only one representation of that cycle has been shown in the
figure as representative.
This cycle forms the second dimension of the schema of cultural studies of space.
Areas of Cultural Studies of Space
Cultural studies of space spread both over the spectrum shown in Figure 1 and over the different
phases of the life-cycle shown in Figure 2. A convenient manner for describing the extent over
which such studies spread is to consider the Cartesian product of the two dimensions. This
product can be represented by a graphical image as shown in Figure 3.
The schema in Figure 3 allows one to delimit areas of cultural studies by identifying
a. the cultural component that forms the basic aspect of the study, and
b. the phase along the life-cycle of space that the study is concerned with.
Some randomly chosen examples are also shown shaded in Figure 3. Area A, for example,
concerns the value systems used in the design of space; these might involve the formation,
acceptance and application of technical value judgements as codified in building regulations, or
the perceptual value judgements (e.g. style-related judgements) that are in fashion at a particular
time and place (Pultar, forthcoming). In area B, cultural studies might be related to the technics
utilized in the daily use of the space, such as furniture, maintenance or heating equipment,
draperies, etc. An area such as C might concern the gathering of social and economic data for the
programming of space, and might involve the use of such techniques as surveys and interviews,
reliance on previously collected statistical data.
It is possible, of course, to extend studies over larger areas to include, in area D for example, the
technology of construction which would comprise the technics, techniques and the technical
6. solutions used in construction. Such extension, however, would bring along with it a loss of
focus and depth in the study.
Nature of Cultural Studies of Space
A cultural study, the area of which is delineated on the schema in Figure 3, may be differentiated
further when its nature or its approach is taken into account. Here, we may bring distinctions
based on
a. the subject matter of the study,
b. the nature of the space studied,
c. the nature of the group studied, and
d. the nature of the cultural process studied.
An area such as E in Figure 3 related to information used in construction empasizes the fact that
one needs caution when dealing with cultural studies. Such information might be related to the
cost of materials in a particular site at a particular time. Although very important for effective
implementation, that information, in itself, would hardly be considered a cultural study.
However, how that information is collected, stored and processed by firms is one. Thus, in most
cultural studies of space it is not the subject matter of the particular area but rather how it relates
to the life-cycle that is important. This distinction is readily apparent in studies of knowledge but
might not be so in other areas. A study of value judgements is not so readily separable from a
study of how they are used in or influence the life-cycle of space. Alternatively, an historical
study of the development of a particular technique (e.g. Bras and Crawford, 1995) or a material
(e.g. Simpson, 1995) may be considered cultural studies whereas studies of these techniques as
subject matter may not.
An obvious distinction in the nature of cultural studies is related to the type of the space studied.
Many cultural studies of space are limited to particular types of space or make comparative
studies of different spaces (e.g. Erman, 1997).
Culture is often associated with particular groups, so much so that groups which share a common
culture are sometimes referred to as cultures themselves. This association of culture with various
groups allows us to distinguish several types of studies on the basis of the group with which they
are concerned. It is possible to identify these groups in two ways:
a. On the basis of the clustering in the schema of cultural studies. A study of the culture of
designers, architects (e.g. Symes, 1990) or construction workers, for example, would concern
such groups.
b. On other bases such as geographic location, race, nationality (e.g. Nalbantoğlu, 1993).
As is the case in differention with respect to types of space, identification of groups on either of
the bases above allows one to make comparative studies of the cultural areas of these groups; this
cross-cultural approach is a very common one in cultural studies (e.g. Stea and Turan, 1993).
A further distinction regarding the nature of cultural studies might be based on the cultural
process involved in the study. We might distinguish studies concerned with the following
7. processes:
a. Enculturation, especially education (e.g. Brady, 1996).
b. Acculturation, specifically culture transfer such as technology transfer.
c. Cultural persistence or change (e.g. Meeson and Welch, 1993)
d. Accumulation and documentation of culture in written form or in material culture. (e.g.
Glassie, 1975 or Lawrence, 1987)
Conclusion
The analysis presented in this paper has the purpose of providing a structure for identifying the
area and nature of cultural studies of space by suggesting dimensions that may be used in the
analysis. Some aspects of these dimensions have been examined in connection with space-related
issues. The use of the structure proposed may lead one to identifying
a. areas of study which have reamined untouched, and
b. the scope within which such studies should be examined and criticised.
References
Aiello, John R. and Donna E. Thompson, 1980. "Personal Space, Crowding and Spatial Behavior
in a Cultural Context" in Altman, Rapoport and Wohlwill, 1980. 107-178.
Altman, Irwin, Amos Rapoport and Joachim F. Wohlwill (eds.), 1980. Human Behavior and
Environment. New York: Plenum.
Baykan, Can and Mustafa Pultar, forthcoming. "Structure of Space-activity Relations in Houses"
Proceedings. International Conference on Spatial Analysis in Environment-Behaviour Studies,
Eindhoven, November 29 - December 3, 1995.
Brady, Darlene A., 1996. "The Education of an Architect: Continuity and Change" Journal of
Architectural Education 50: 32-49.
Bras, Robert G. and Bert E. Crawford, 1995. "Resonant Cavities in the History of Architectural
Acoustics" Technology and Culture 35: 571-574.
Erman, Tahire, 1997. "Squatter (gecekondu) Housing versus Apartment Housing: Turkish Rural
to Urban Migrant Residents' Perspectives" Habitat International 21: 91-106.
Glassie, Henry, 1975. Folk Housing in Middle Virginia. Knoxville: University of Tennessee
Press.
Lawrence, Roderick J., 1987. Housing, Dwellings and Homes: Design Theory, Research and
Practice. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons.
8. Meeson, R.A. and C.M. Welch, 1993. "Earthfast Posts: The Persistence of Alternative Building
Techniques." Vernacular Architecture 24: 1-17.
Nalbantoğlu, Gülsüm B., 1993. "Between Civilization and Culture: Appropriation of Traditional
Dwelling Forms in Early Republican Turkey" Journal of Architectural Education 47: 66-74.
Pultar, Mustafa, forthcoming. "A Conceptual framework for Values in the Built Environment"
IAPS 14 Book of Proceedings. Proceedings of the IAPS 14 Conference, Stockholm, July 31 -
August 3, 1996.
Rapoport, Amos, 1980. "Cross-Cultural Aspects of Environmental Design" in Altman, Rapoport
and Wohlwill, 1980. 7-46.
Simpson, Pamela H., 1994. "Ornamental Sheet Metal in the United States, 1870-1930" Journal
of Architectural Planning and Research 11: 294-310.
Symes, Martin S., 1990. "The Culture of British Architects: 1968-1988" Culture, Space, History.
Proceedings of IAPS 11. Eds. H. Pamir, V. İmamoğlu and N. Teymur. Ankara: METU Faculty
of Architecture and Şevki Vanlı Foundation for Architecture, 5: 77-84.
Stea, David and Mete Turan, 1993. Placemaking: Production of Built Environment in Two
Cultures. Aldershot, Hants.: Avebury.
Figures
Figure 1