Aquametry is the analytical process of measuring the amount of water present in a product. It is commonly known as Karl Fischer titration which uses a Karl Fischer reagent to determine water content amperometrically. The water content of pharmaceutical products and materials is important to measure as water can be present as a solvent, absorbed water, or water of crystallization. The properties and stability of products are affected by their water content. Karl Fischer titration is a popular method for precise water determination and has applications in analyzing soils, foods, and other materials.
Liquid oral topic in Industrial Pharmacy contains many topics like solution, elixirs, syrups, emulsion, and suspension. This topic includes general introduction, types, formulation, components, uses, and Quality control tests. These are also beneficial in other subjects like Pharmaceutics.
These are the substances which are added in the formulation along the therapeutic agent so as to impart specific qualities in the formulation.
These are have very little or no therapeutic value but are necessary in the manufacture of various dosage forms.
Purposes served by Additives:
Provide bulk to the formulation.
Facilitate drug absorption or solubility and other pharmacokinetic considerations.
Aid in handling of “API” during manufacturing .
Provide stability and prevent from denaturation etc
Liquid oral topic in Industrial Pharmacy contains many topics like solution, elixirs, syrups, emulsion, and suspension. This topic includes general introduction, types, formulation, components, uses, and Quality control tests. These are also beneficial in other subjects like Pharmaceutics.
These are the substances which are added in the formulation along the therapeutic agent so as to impart specific qualities in the formulation.
These are have very little or no therapeutic value but are necessary in the manufacture of various dosage forms.
Purposes served by Additives:
Provide bulk to the formulation.
Facilitate drug absorption or solubility and other pharmacokinetic considerations.
Aid in handling of “API” during manufacturing .
Provide stability and prevent from denaturation etc
Isolation, Identification and Analysis of PhytoconstituentsDr. Siddhi Upadhyay
Isolation, Identification and Analysis of Phytoconstituents
a) Terpenoids: Menthol, Citral, Artemisin
b) Glycosides: Glycyrhetinic acid & Rutin
c) Alkaloids: Atropine,Quinine,Reserpine,Caffeine
d) Resins: Podophyllotoxin, Curcumin
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DEGRADATION OF PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS.
Physical Factors
Loss of volatile constituents
Loss of water
Absorption of water
Crystal growth
Polymorphism changes
Colour changes
Chemical factors
Hydrolysis
Oxidation
Carboxylation
Decarboxylation
Isomerization
Polymerization
Isolation, Identification and Analysis of PhytoconstituentsDr. Siddhi Upadhyay
Isolation, Identification and Analysis of Phytoconstituents
a) Terpenoids: Menthol, Citral, Artemisin
b) Glycosides: Glycyrhetinic acid & Rutin
c) Alkaloids: Atropine,Quinine,Reserpine,Caffeine
d) Resins: Podophyllotoxin, Curcumin
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DEGRADATION OF PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS.
Physical Factors
Loss of volatile constituents
Loss of water
Absorption of water
Crystal growth
Polymorphism changes
Colour changes
Chemical factors
Hydrolysis
Oxidation
Carboxylation
Decarboxylation
Isomerization
Polymerization
Description of Effluent treatment plant ,its process,types of waste water discharge , Regulations And Guideline Overview , Designing of ETP , special test for tretment of water , etc
Its about use of Osmotic dehydration in food processing, its principle, factors affecting OD, advantages and disadvantages of OD process, impact of OD on quality properties of fruits
This presentation will give you the information about the standardization and preservation of herbal drug
It will also predict the information about the drawbacks or false of which we will get while in the synthesis of drug
Understanding Isotherms: What vapor sorption can and can’t tell youMETER Group, Inc. USA
Moisture content and water activity. Each has its assigned roles and responsibilities. They’re often used separately, and for very different purposes. But can they work together?
In this live webinar, our METER experts will break down how and why mapping moisture content and water activity together – and how they change over time – can open a new world of valuable information.
You’ll learn:
— Why MC and aW combined can tell you more than they would separately
— All the ways to create isotherms, plus the strengths and weaknesses of each method
— How to interpret and use your moisture sorption isotherms
— Why isotherms can predict texture changes so precisely
— Why shelf life and packaging decisions can be made faster using isotherms
— How to extract business value from your isotherms – both in and out of the R&D department
refractive index, pH, specific gravity, viscosity, alcohol content, fineness of the particles, saponification value, Acid value, iodine value, Reducing sugars, quantitative inorganic analysis, loss on drying, determination of ash value.
Ensuring potable water for public consumption is a major Public Health Concern. This presentation sums up all the necessary and prioritized parameters conducted for water analysis.
FORMULATION OF PARENTERAL PRODUCTS REQUIREMENTS, FORMULATION DEVELOPMENT, PRETREATMENT OF WATER ,REVERSE OSMOSIS ,STERILE WATER FOR INJECTION USP ,PYROGENS,
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2. Aquametry
AQUAMETRY AQUA- means water METRY- means measurement
Aquametry is a analytical process to measure the water present in any
product.
Determining micro quantities of water by the use of Karl Fischer Reagent by
the application of current is known as aquametry. It is also been known as
amperometry.
3. Importance of water determination
Quantitative determination of water is important because many drugs contain
water:
As a solvent
As absorbed water
As water of crystallization
As an adulterant
Physical properties of a drug or a raw material are modified by its water content.
Pharmaceutical procedures of granulation, tablet formation & coating operations
are affected by water content.
4. Methods of Water Determination
Methods of Water determination can be of
two types
1. Thermal Methods:
Loss on drying
Azeotropic Distillation Method
2. Chemical Methods:
Karl Fischer Titration
5. Importance of aquametry
1.Quantitative Determination of Water in pharmaceutical products is
important.because H2O may be present in the products as – Solvent Absorbed
water. water of Crystallization
2.This is important, because – Physical properties of a drug or raw material is
modified by the presence of H2O
3. Physical stability of the product may be hampered in presence of water.
So , we should determine whether it possesses water or not.
4. Water content of drugs may also be important for other reasons i.e- when
crude drugs
6. The principle of Karl Fischer titration
Fundamental Reaction
The fundamental principle behind the Karl Fischer Titration is based on the Bunsen
reaction between iodine and sulphur dioxide in an aqueous medium shown below:
I2+ SO2+2H2O → 2HI+ H2SO4
Karl Fischer discovered that this reaction could be modified to be used for the
determination of water in a non-aqueous system containing an excess of
sulphurdioxide. He used a primary alcohol (methanol) as the solvent, and a base
(pyridine) as the buffering agent. So the reaction changed into
py. I2+ py ·SO2+H2O+ py → 2py ·HI+ py ·SO3
7. Preparation of Karl Fischer titration
Into a glass- stoppered flask (about 750 ml capacity) anhydrous methanol (400
ml,containing not more than .03% water ) is placed and pure dry pyridine(80 g)
is taken.
Flask is immersed in a freezing mixture and slowly sulphur dioxide is passed
into the cold solution , with continuous agitation, until the increase in weight is
20 g .
Finally iodine is added (45 g) , and shaked well to dissolve and the mixture is
allowed to stand for 24 hr before use.
8. Advantages of Karl Fischer Titration
Karl Fischer Titration Method is very popular for a large practical advantage which
it holds over other moisture determination technique,
These includes
Easy Sample Preparation
High Accuracy and Precision
Independence of presence any volatile materials
Nearly Unlimited Measuring Range
Short Analysis Duration
Small Sample Quantities required
Suitability for analysing-
Solids
Liquids
Gases
9. Application
Soil quality: The appearance of large information banks on soil properties in
Europe was provoked by necessity of increasing of agricultural production
economics, i.e. the commercial price of soil as the production medium.
Quality of food materials and products: Moisture content affects food quality,
i.e. texture, taste, appearance and stability of foods depends on the amount of
water they contain. A knowledge of the moisture content is often necessary to
predict the behavior of foods during processing, e.g. mixing, drying,
transportation, flow through a pipe or packaging, storage stability or shelf-life
