Honeywell offer a wide range of Research Chemicals under their own brands Burdick & Jackson™, Fluka™, Honeywell™,Riedel-de-Haën™, Chromasolv™, Hydranal™, LabReady™ Blends, TraceSLECT™. Covering all applications, including, Bioanalysis, Biosynthesis, Chemical Synthesis, Chromatography, Electrophoresis, Karl Fischer Titration, Octane Determination, Spectroscopy, Titration, Trace Analysis and Wet Chemistry.
KINETICS OF ESTERIFICATION REACTION USING ION-EXCHANGE RESIN CATALYSTJournal For Research
The reaction kinetics of esterification between n-butanol and acetic acid on acidic solid catalyst named SERALITE SRC-120 under atmospheric pressure was investigated in this work. Reaction experiments were carried out in a stirred batch reactor at temperature range of 353 to 356 K, under various catalyst loads and various starting reactants feed ratios. The experimental data were fitted to estimate the kinetic parameters for reaction mechanisms. The chemical equilibrium composition was measured and kinetic information was obtained at the same temperature range. The results show that the activation energy of n-butanol esterification reaction was found to be 622.28 KJ/mol. Finally the results of produced reaction mechanisms were compared with Experimental results to validate the reaction mechanism. Then it was conclude that the model results with the regressed kinetic parameters are in excellent agreement with the experimental results.
KINETICS OF ESTERIFICATION REACTION USING ION-EXCHANGE RESIN CATALYSTJournal For Research
The reaction kinetics of esterification between n-butanol and acetic acid on acidic solid catalyst named SERALITE SRC-120 under atmospheric pressure was investigated in this work. Reaction experiments were carried out in a stirred batch reactor at temperature range of 353 to 356 K, under various catalyst loads and various starting reactants feed ratios. The experimental data were fitted to estimate the kinetic parameters for reaction mechanisms. The chemical equilibrium composition was measured and kinetic information was obtained at the same temperature range. The results show that the activation energy of n-butanol esterification reaction was found to be 622.28 KJ/mol. Finally the results of produced reaction mechanisms were compared with Experimental results to validate the reaction mechanism. Then it was conclude that the model results with the regressed kinetic parameters are in excellent agreement with the experimental results.
Ninhydrin Based Visible Spectrophotometric Determination of GemigliptinRatnakaram Venkata Nadh
A simple method is described to determine the amount of gemigliptin in bulk and tablet formulation by visible spectrophotometry. Basis of the proposed method is the reaction of the primary amine present on gemigliptin with ninhydrin in alkaline pH (alkaline borate buffer) medium to produce a purple color (Ruhemann’s purple) which has maximum absorption at 558 nm. The method was validated as per the current ICH guidelines. The obtained regression equation (y = 0.0148x+0.0011) in the range of 5-30 μg mL-1 has a good correlation coefficient (> 0.999). As the method does not require any separation, it is rapid and simple. The recovery levels of the drug were in the range of 99.73 – 99.96. This method is a green method as it no organic solvents were employed
Studies on Nitration of Phenol over Solid Acid Catalyst by Lipika Das, Koushi...crimsonpublisherspps
Phenol was selectively nitrated in liquid phase to produce ortho-nitrophenol using dilute nitric acid (30%) at room temperature in presence of hydrochloric acid treated γ-alumina. Initially Al (NO3) and NH4HCO3 were reacted to prepare Al (OH)3 which on successive calcinations at 550 0C for 5h produce γ-alumina. The γ-alumina was characterized by BET, XRD, SEM and NH3-TPD analysis. The XRD profile confirmed the crystalline structure of the solid acid catalyst γ-alumina. The NH3-TPD analysis showed the development of lewis acidity on the surface of hydrochloric acid treated γ-alumina. The effects of various parameters such as concentration of reactants, types of catalyst, weight of the catalyst, solvent, temperature and time of reaction have been studied. The kinetics of the reaction was also investigated
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Synthesis of new chelating ion exchange resins derived from guaran and diviny...IOSR Journals
New chelating ion exchange resin containing hydroximate of 5 amino salicylic acid was synthesized by incorporating it in divinylbenzene styrene (DVBS) copolymer. Hydrophilic polysaccharidematrix ofguaran was also used to incorporate hydroximate of 5 amino salicylic acid in it. The resin characteristics were studied by determining its bulk density, specific bulk volume, moisture content, degree of substitution and ion exchange capacity. The resin was characterized by means of IR spectra, Nitrogen content and pH titration. The distribution coefficient values of different metal ions namely Fe(II), Cu(II) , Zn(II) , Cd(II) , Co(II) , Ni(II), Ca(II), U(VI), Cr(VI) & W(VI) was carried out on these resins as a function of pH . Metal analysis was done by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The hydroximate derivative of guaran is found to be more selective than that of diving benzene co-polymer.
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Studies on Nitration of Phenol over Solid Acid Catalyst | Crimson PublishersDanesBlake
Phenol was selectively nitrated in liquid phase to produce ortho-nitrophenol using dilute nitric acid (30%) at room temperature in presence of hydrochloric acid treated γ-alumina. Initially Al(NO3) and NH4HCO3 were reacted to prepare Al (OH)3 which on successive calcinations at 550 ᴼC for 5h produce γ-alumina. The γ-alumina was characterized by BET, XRD, SEM and NH3-TPD analysis. The XRD profile confirmed the crystalline structure of the solid acid catalyst γ-alumina. The NH3-TPD analysis showed the development of lewis acidity on the surface of hydrochloric acid treated γ-alumina. The effects of various parameters such as concentration of reactants, types of catalyst, weight of the catalyst, solvent, temperature and time of reaction have been studied. The kinetics of the reaction was also investigated.
Ninhydrin Based Visible Spectrophotometric Determination of GemigliptinRatnakaram Venkata Nadh
A simple method is described to determine the amount of gemigliptin in bulk and tablet formulation by visible spectrophotometry. Basis of the proposed method is the reaction of the primary amine present on gemigliptin with ninhydrin in alkaline pH (alkaline borate buffer) medium to produce a purple color (Ruhemann’s purple) which has maximum absorption at 558 nm. The method was validated as per the current ICH guidelines. The obtained regression equation (y = 0.0148x+0.0011) in the range of 5-30 μg mL-1 has a good correlation coefficient (> 0.999). As the method does not require any separation, it is rapid and simple. The recovery levels of the drug were in the range of 99.73 – 99.96. This method is a green method as it no organic solvents were employed
Studies on Nitration of Phenol over Solid Acid Catalyst by Lipika Das, Koushi...crimsonpublisherspps
Phenol was selectively nitrated in liquid phase to produce ortho-nitrophenol using dilute nitric acid (30%) at room temperature in presence of hydrochloric acid treated γ-alumina. Initially Al (NO3) and NH4HCO3 were reacted to prepare Al (OH)3 which on successive calcinations at 550 0C for 5h produce γ-alumina. The γ-alumina was characterized by BET, XRD, SEM and NH3-TPD analysis. The XRD profile confirmed the crystalline structure of the solid acid catalyst γ-alumina. The NH3-TPD analysis showed the development of lewis acidity on the surface of hydrochloric acid treated γ-alumina. The effects of various parameters such as concentration of reactants, types of catalyst, weight of the catalyst, solvent, temperature and time of reaction have been studied. The kinetics of the reaction was also investigated
https://crimsonpublishers.com/pps/fulltext/PPS.000505.php
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Please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com
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Please click on: https://crimsonpublishers.com/pps/
Synthesis of new chelating ion exchange resins derived from guaran and diviny...IOSR Journals
New chelating ion exchange resin containing hydroximate of 5 amino salicylic acid was synthesized by incorporating it in divinylbenzene styrene (DVBS) copolymer. Hydrophilic polysaccharidematrix ofguaran was also used to incorporate hydroximate of 5 amino salicylic acid in it. The resin characteristics were studied by determining its bulk density, specific bulk volume, moisture content, degree of substitution and ion exchange capacity. The resin was characterized by means of IR spectra, Nitrogen content and pH titration. The distribution coefficient values of different metal ions namely Fe(II), Cu(II) , Zn(II) , Cd(II) , Co(II) , Ni(II), Ca(II), U(VI), Cr(VI) & W(VI) was carried out on these resins as a function of pH . Metal analysis was done by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The hydroximate derivative of guaran is found to be more selective than that of diving benzene co-polymer.
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Studies on Nitration of Phenol over Solid Acid Catalyst | Crimson PublishersDanesBlake
Phenol was selectively nitrated in liquid phase to produce ortho-nitrophenol using dilute nitric acid (30%) at room temperature in presence of hydrochloric acid treated γ-alumina. Initially Al(NO3) and NH4HCO3 were reacted to prepare Al (OH)3 which on successive calcinations at 550 ᴼC for 5h produce γ-alumina. The γ-alumina was characterized by BET, XRD, SEM and NH3-TPD analysis. The XRD profile confirmed the crystalline structure of the solid acid catalyst γ-alumina. The NH3-TPD analysis showed the development of lewis acidity on the surface of hydrochloric acid treated γ-alumina. The effects of various parameters such as concentration of reactants, types of catalyst, weight of the catalyst, solvent, temperature and time of reaction have been studied. The kinetics of the reaction was also investigated.
Notes* for the subject 'Advanced Pharmaceutical Analysis'Sanathoiba Singha
As per the syllabus prescribed by Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka, for M. Pharm (Pharmaceutical Analysis) 1st semester.
*not all topics have been included in this collection of notes.
Antioxident Activity of Greenly Synthesized Anhydrideijtsrd
One pot synthesis of acid esters by Stobbe condensation of alkylidene / arylidene succinates and aldehydes or ketones, their subsequent hydrolysis to diacids hasreported. TheStobbe condensation of various aromatic aldehydes or ketones with dimethyl succinate gives different types of cyclized productsthrough green approach. The improved yields of Fulgenic acid and its anhydridehave observed by the green approach method as compared with other classical methods employed so far.The antioxidant activity of anhydride compounds have done by using DPPH. Yadav Hanuman Singh | Gani Saba"Antioxident Activity of Greenly Synthesized Anhydride" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-1 , December 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd5847.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/5847/antioxident-activity-of-greenly-synthesized-anhydride/yadav-hanuman-singh
A STUDY ON FORMATION OF SALYCILIC ACID FORMALDEHYDE POLYMER SAMPLEEDITOR IJCRCPS
Condensation of salicylic acid (0.02 mole) with formaldehyde (0.016 mole) in presence of aqueous 40% H2SO4.
Keywords: pipette,thermometer,spectro-photometer,conicalflakk,waterbath.
CHE235L4Spring2017.pdf
FW
(g/mol)
mp (
o
C) bp (
o
C) mmol mass (g)
density
(g/mL)
volume
(mL)
N/A
N/A
bismuth(III) nitrate pentahydrate N/A N/A N/A N/A
sodium chloride, saturated (brine) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
ethyl acetate N/A N/A
cis -1,2-cyclohexanediol N/A N/A N/A
trans -1,2-cyclohexanediol, (±) N/A N/A N/A
Prelab 4: Green Lewis Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis of Cyclohexene Oxide
Name:
Reaction equation:
Note: For those reagents that are in solution, the FW, mmol, and mass columns refer to the solute in the
solution.
Limiting reagent:
Reagent Table
water
Theoretical yield:
Chemical
cyclohexene oxide
EXPERIMENT #4
GREEN LEWIS ACID-CATALYZED HYDROLYSIS OF CYCLOHEXENE OXIDE
Introduction:
Epoxides are three-membered ethers. They are special because unlike most ethers, they can react
with nucleophiles to form a new bond between carbon and the nucleophile and break a bond
between that carbon and oxygen. This ring-opening reaction makes epoxides versatile functional
groups for organic synthesis. (In fact epoxide is the functional group that makes epoxy resins
possible.)
Scheme 1. Ring opening of an epoxide in the presence of a nucleophile.
Ring-opening of the epoxide can occur under basic or acidic conditions. Under basic conditions,
the reaction is similar to an SN2 reaction so that the nucleophile attacks the less substituted carbon
of an unsymmetrical epoxide by backside attack. Sodium ethoxide reacts with this epoxide in the
following reaction.
Scheme 2. Ring opening of an unsymmetrical epoxide under basic conditions.
Under acidic conditions, the reaction is more complicated. It is similar to an SN2 reaction because
the nucleophile reacts by backside attack. However, because there is partial positive charge on the
Reference Material:
MAHHS Chapter 1: Safety in the Laboratory
MAHHS Chapter 2: Protecting the Environment
MAHHS Chapter 3: Laboratory Notebooks and Prelaboratory Information
MAHHS Chapter 4: Laboratory Glassware
MAHHS Chapter 5: Measurements and Transferring Reagents
MAHHS Chapter 10: Filtration
MAHHS Chapter 11: Extraction
MAHHS Chapter 12: Drying Organic Liquids and Recovering Reaction Products
MAHHS Chapter 17: Thin-Layer Chromatography, especially section 17.8
MAHHS Chapter 20: Infrared Spectroscopy
Klein Chapter 14: Ethers and Epoxides; Thiols and Sulfides
three atoms of the epoxide ring, the nucleophile attacks where the partial positive charge is more
stabilized, the more substituted carbon of an unsymmetrical epoxide. Ethanol in the presence of
sulfuric acid reacts with this epoxide in the following reaction.
Scheme 3. Ring opening of an unsymmetrical epoxide under acidic conditions.
While sulfuric acid is an inexpensive acid catalyst, it is difficult to handle. It is very corrosive and
can cause severe burns. In addition, it is viscous, which makes it difficult to handle on the scale of
the reactions perfor ...
Spotlight on Analytical Applications Complete e-Zine Vol. 1PerkinElmer, Inc.
This document provides key analytical applications to help laboratories address the pressing concerns of the changing global landscape. Specifically, Volume 1 includes applications for Children's Product Safety, Environmental, Food & Beverage and Semiconductor.
In this work a new prodrug polymer was
prepared with two attachment groups (amid-ester), using di
functional spacer such as ethanol amine, which could react with
polyacrylic acid producing amide group, with remain ethanol
terminal group which could react with captopril acyl chloride,
producing ester group with extended the arm substituted drug to
improve the hydrolysis and to prevent the steric effect of polymer
chains. Many advantages enhanced the prodrug of polymer. The
prepared polymers were characterized by FTIR, 1H –NMR
spectroscopies. Controlled drug release was studied in different
pH values at 37℃, using UV. Spectra with comparing with
calibration curve. The modification percentage test was studied,and swelling percentage was calculated and all physical properties were observed.
Honeywell offer a wide range of Research Chemicals under their own brands Burdick & Jackson™, Fluka™, Honeywell™,Riedel-de-Haën™, Chromasolv™, Hydranal™, LabReady™ Blends, TraceSLECT™. Covering all applications, including, Bioanalysis, Biosynthesis, Chemical Synthesis, Chromatography, Electrophoresis, Karl Fischer Titration, Octane Determination, Spectroscopy, Titration, Trace Analysis and Wet Chemistry.
PFAS Testing Solutions from Greyhound Chromatography.
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PFAS Testing Solutions from Greyhound Chromatography. An overview of the products available that focus specifically on PFAS analysis.
As a global supplier of chromatography consumables and reference standards, Greyhound
Chromatography have brought together in this catalogue, the best products for the analysis of
PFAS compounds from the leading manufacturers in the field.
PFAS (per and polyfluoroalkyl substances) is the collective name for almost 5000 compounds
which have been produced since the 1940s. These compounds are not naturally occurring in
nature so the problems of global pollution are entirely the result of human activity. The utility of
these compounds has resulted in their rapid adoption which has resulted in them being found in
cookware, stain repellents, food packaging, cosmetics, firefighting foams and many
manufacturing processes.
PFAS are known as ‘forever chemicals’ in that they are very persistent in the environment and the
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Considerable research has been undertaken to develop products which are specifically suited for
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PFAS Focus presented by Greyhound Chromatography . Details of products that are available, for laboratory use, for the testing and analysis of PFAS.
Products available from Greyhound Chromatography under their own brand the Q-Range, Reference Standards and Materials from Wellington Laboratories and Chromatography consumables from Macherey-Nagel.
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Greyhound’s extensive range covers all areas of Environmental, Petrochemical, Food, Fragrance, Forensics, Chemical and Pharmaceutical analysis, holding stock of many popular products for prompt delivery via our extensive logistics network.
Greyhound prides itself on personal service which provides prompt, efficient, cost-effective, safe delivery of all products. With state-of-the art facilities and highly trained staff, Greyhound provides technical advice and distribution of Chromatography consumables across all disciplines. Our service is designed to provide a wide range of products, to help our clients to achieve excellent, cost-effective results. Greyhound manufactures its own range of Capillary Columns, Syringe Filters, SPE Cartridges and HPLC Columns, the 'Q' Range, as well as representing the industry’s best known manufacturers.
Established in 1981, Greyhound Chromatography has been supplying high quality Chromatography consumables to Research and Analysis laboratories around the world for over 40 years. Greyhound's Managing Director, Paul Massie, founded the company which operates from its UK warehouse and office facility, located in Birkenhead, Merseyside.
Greyhound Chromatography is a leading global manufacturer and distributor of the highest quality chromatography columns, consumables, certified reference standards and materials, research chemicals, solvents, reagents and laboratory consumables available today.
Greyhound supplies scientists working in all disciplines, including HPLC and Gas Chromatography. Greyhound Chromatography is probably the leading single source of chromatography products and chemical standards anywhere in the world.
What are Reference Standards?
A pharmaceutical reference standard is a highly characterized material
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The reference standard is the test, combination of tests, or
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High Purity Standards has proudly served the scientific community
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Approximately one half of High Purity Standards' business is in the
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New products of note include expanded spiked filter products in
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Wellington are committed to the distribution of quality products as well as the
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allow us to monitor and maintain the highest level of quality and service .
Is Vaping the right solution for giving up smoking nicotine products?
Is Vaping just a case of smoke and mirrors?
Should we be concerned about health issues caused by vaping?
With the vast increase in Vaping being led by the thought
it can stop a users addiction of smoking, do we really have
all the facts we need to determine if this is the truth?
Although e-cigarettes date back to being invented in the
1920’s, it wasn’t until the mid 2000’s that a Chinese
company, owned by pharmacist Hon Lik, created the first
modern vaping device to be sold on the high street.
Recently there has been a lot of media coverage regarding
e-cigarettes and the affect that they have on human
health, there is almost no proven scientific evidence to
say that vaping is better for people than smoking.
We are all aware that smoking is able to cause many known
illnesses and can commonly lead to death, but new stories
have come to light recently, show that vaping has a huge
detrimental effect in the same way that smoking does.
Laws have been implemented in the US since 2016 regarding
the use of vape devices which states it is illegal to
sell e-cigarettes to minors but advertising to adults is
still permitted. There isn’t as much concern that vaping
will effect children in the UK in the same way, as we
have strict limits on the levels of nicotine that can be
included in e-liquids, whereas the US do not.
Considering e-cigarettes were introduced to the market as
a less harmful alternative to smoking, there has been an
increased concern that people have taken up vaping
although they never smoked to begin with.
Electronic Cigarettes (A vape) are small devices that
use different flavoured nicotine oils, also known as
e-juices, to create smoke in a vapour form.
A vaping device does not include or contain tobacco and
therefore doesn’t allow you to produce carbon monoxide
or tar that can be formed from resins that are active
in cigarettes.
How is vape oil (e-juice) made?
Vape juices are generally made by mixing together
different flavours and nicotine with a solvent which
is usually propylene glycol.
Sometimes people will optionally use vegetable
glycerine. The solvent that is used within the mix is
the main chemical that is included in the vape oil.
Propylene glycol is an organic chemical compound that
is most commonly used within foods as an additive to
improve the flavour, colour or texture of different
products.
Currently in the UK, there is estimated to be 3.6 million people who are vaping. It is becoming
more and more common that people have taken up vaping in place of their addictive cigarette
habit, as they believe that this will be “better” for them in the long run. It has been proven
that if there is repeated high exposure to this vapour then very harmful risks could occur.
Recently there have been many cases related to e-cigarettes and the effects that they can cause.
Chem Service, Inc. produces high purity standards for use as reference
materials and for other laboratory purposes. More than 95% of the Standards Grade
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are a quality product.
Why is Pesticide Testing Important?
Pesticides are an effective tool used by farmers all across the globe to prevent insects, rodents and other pests from
eating or spoiling their crops. Although, because these chemical compounds are deadly to these pests, it has been
important to ensure that pesticides do not have poisonous effects past insects to humans and other aspects of nature.
However, it can be difficult for communities to police pesticides and it is not as effective to test pesticide use after it
has already been applied to a field or farm. For these reasons, there have been a number of international bodies that
have joined together to create testing guidelines to ensure that the pesticides used in the U.S., Australia, Africa and
anywhere else will not result in unwanted repercussions for humans nearby. Pesticide users and manufacturers can
use certified and approved standards to check whether their pesticides meet quality and specification requirements
to work effectively without harmful consequences.
Countries Work Towards a Common Goal
Since the 1960 formation of the Convention on the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development,
countries including the U.S, U.K., Mexico, Japan, Chile and Germany have created a set of pesticide testing protocols.
The OECD pointed to nearly 100 testing methods for the testing of these chemicals. The international group both
creates guidelines for pesticide uses as well as tests the residue of pesticides in OECD and non-OECD countries to
study their effects and determine further usage plans.
Separate from the OECD, the Collaborative International Pesticide Analytical Council, the Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations, and the World Health Organization also work to regulate safe pesticide use on an
international scale. In a 2005 report published by all three organizations outlining the quality to be used in national
laboratories, they explained the importance of using standards from approved international providers.
Protecting Bees From Pesticides
As far as humans are concerned, bees are one of the most important
insects. Though they aren't the only type of bug that pollinates plants,
they are one of the most common. Bees ensure that plants produce
fruits and vegetables. Without them, whole industries would die and
many would be without a source of food. However, pesticides meant to
rid crops of other harmful insects are having an adverse effect on bee
populations around the world.
PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl
substances), known as “forever
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Generally used to prevent corrosion
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and as a consequence are “forever
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Are all PFAS toxic to humans?
This is a question that remains to be answered.
Research over many years will provide the data
needed to analyse the impact PFAS has on the
environment. Some PFAS, sometimes used in
construction materials are not released into the
air or water table when it rains but they are
released when buildings are demolished and the
debris is sent to landfill.
Some PFAs are of a more immediate concern as they are released into the environment when they
are used or when they come into contact with water. Small residual PFAS molecules wash off
easily and are carried to the soil, air and water very quickly. Many short-chain PFAS dissolve in
water. Gradually, over time, the PFAS sinks to the depths of oceans and rivers, settles in the
sediment and becomes a concern as marine life feeds on plants and other animals that are in the
sediment. Some PFAS such as PFOA act like detergents, they repel water and rise back to the
surface, they are then released into the atmosphere as droplets. Some scientists believe that spray
from the oceans is the biggest source of atmospheric PFAS.
Wellington Laboratories has been committed to providing high quality reference standards and exceptional customer service since its inception in 1980.
The primary source of Standards for EPA Methods 23, 513, 1613, 1668, 8280, 8290, European Method EN-1948 and World Health/EPA Standards, C13 and Native Dioxins, Furans, PCBs and Brominated Diphenyl Ethers, Brominated Dioxins and Furans, Methylated PCDDs and PCDFs, Fluorinated Compounds and more.
Greyhound Chromatography provides a wide range of PFAS related products for testing and analysis.
Wellington Laboratories has been committed to providing high quality reference standards and exceptional customer service since its inception in 1980.
The primary source of Standards for EPA Methods 23, 513, 1613, 1668, 8280, 8290, European Method EN-1948 and World Health/EPA Standards, C13 and Native Dioxins, Furans, PCBs and Brominated Diphenyl Ethers, Brominated Dioxins and Furans, Methylated PCDDs and PCDFs, Fluorinated Compounds and more. Wellington Laboratories' offer a large range of native and mass-labelled per- and poly-fluorinated compounds.
Greyhound Chromatography's trademarked Q-Range Chromatography Laboratory products include Syringe Filters, Vials, Caps and Closures, Seals., HPLC Pump Spares, HPLC Columns, Capillary Columns, Membrane filters.
Established in 1981,Greyhound Chromatography has been supplying high quality Chromatography consumables to Research and Analysis Laboratories around the world for 40 years. Greyhound's Managing Director, Paul Massie founded the company which operates from its UK warehouse and office facility, located in Birkenhead, Merseyside.
Greyhound supplies Certified Reference Standards and Materials, Research Chemicals; including Solvents and Reagents and Laboratory consumables. New products are constantly added to Greyhound's e-commerce website, be sure to register to the website to view product prices.
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Chem Service's range of Certified Reference Standards are available from Greyhound Chromatography and Allied Chemicals for fast delivery all over the world.
Greyhound Chromatography offers an extensive range of HPLC pumps and UHPLC pumps for analytical, preparative and fluid-metering applications. With a choice of either stainless steel or inert PEEK flow paths, their precision flows and pressure settings ensure reproducible separations time after time.
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For Over 35 years Wellington Laboratories Inc. has been internationally recognised as a trusted source of high quality reference standard solutions for use in environmental/analytical testing and toxicological research. Wellington Laboratories offers an extensive inventory of individual certified reference standards and solution mixtures of native and mass-labelled halogenated organic compounds including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, polychlorinated biphenyls, halogenated flame retardants and perfluorinated compounds. Wellington Laboratories also offer a variety of calibration sets and support solutions designed to be used for common regulatory methods or modified in-house methods.
Wellington’s Reference Standards are used mainly in Environmental/analytical testing and toxicological research. Wellington offers an extensive inventory of individual certified reference standards and solution mixtures of native and mass-labelled halogenated organic compounds including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, polychlorinated biphenyls, halogenated flame retardants and perfluorinated compounds. Wellington also offer a variety of calibration sets and support solutions designed to be used for common regulatory methods of modified in-house methods.
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Adam Equipment started in 1972 with the goal to provide quality weighing equipment and services at affordable prices, offering superior value to its customers. Adam scales and balances are sold throughout the world, supported by a diversified network of distributors. Adam Equipment and OEM branded products are used by various customers daily. You will see Adam products in the scientific, medical, educational, industrial, manufacturing and retail sectors.
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2. Water content can affect product quality, texture, shelf
life, chemical stability and reactivity. Karl Fischer titration
is a universally accepted method for measuring water
content in all types of substances, including chemicals,
oils, pharmaceuticals and food. In 1979, researcher Dr.
Eugen Scholz improved Karl Fischer titration by replacing
noxious pyridine with imidazole. This innovation became the
foundation of Hydranal™, the world’s leading pyridine-free
reagents for Karl Fischer titration.
From Dr. E. Scholz’s pioneering research to the ongoing
product improvements of today, Honeywell offers a wide
range of Karl Fischer reagents for both volumetric and
coulometric titrations for nearly all types of samples,
completed by a broad range of standards.
With the inclusion of Fluka™ into Honeywell Research
Chemicals, Hydranal became an important part of the
overall product portfolio. Hydranal reagents and water
standards have always been developed and produced in
our plant in Seelze, Germany, meaning you can be sure to
enjoy the same composition, quality, service and technical
support you always have.
Honeywell is your
partner for reliable
and easy-to-use
pyridine-free
Karl Fischer reagents
Advantages of
HYDRANAL Reagents:
• High titration speed
• Stable end points
• Accurate results
• Long shelf life
• Wide applicability
• World leading
technical support
2
HYDRANAL Product Line at a Glance
Product Line Product Description
HYDRANAL-Composite The most flexible and commonly used reagents for one-component volumetric titration
HYDRANAL Special Media Special reagents like Methanol Rapid, E-Types and K-Types
HYDRANAL-Titrant/Solvent Reagents for two-component volumetric titration
HYDRANAL-Coulomat Reagents for coulometric titration for samples with low water content
HYDRANAL-Water Standards
Standards with verified water content for titer determination, monitoring precision, accuracy,
validation and inspection of Karl Fischer titrators
HYDRANAL-CRM Water Standards
Certified Reference Materials for titer determination, monitoring precision, accuracy, validation
and inspection of Karl Fischer titrators
HYDRANAL™ Reagents from Honeywell Research Chemicals
3. 2
The Chemistry of Karl Fischer Titration
The Karl Fischer technique for water determination, invented in 1935 by Karl Fischer, is a titration based on the
Bunsen reaction. In 1979 it was postulated by Dr. E. Scholz as a two-step equation:
The oxidation of alk ylsulfite to alk ylsulfate in reaction (2) consumes water, which ideally comes only from the sample.
Since water and iodine are consumed in a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio, the amount of water in the original sample is calculated
by the amount of iodine required to complete the reaction. The iodine is measured either volumetrically directly by volume
or coulometrically by the amount of current required for the generation of iodine.
How the Base Affects Reaction Kinetics
The t ype of base (R’N) and its concentration affect the overall reaction rate. Traditionally, pyridine was used as the base.
However, because of its weak basicit y, pyridine cannot completely neutralize the alk yl-sulfurous acid intermediate. As a
result, reaction (1) is slow, does not go to completion and the end point is not stable. Because of this lack of stabilit y, the
repeatabilit y of the results is of ten ver y poor. In addition, pyridine has a noxious odor.
Imidazole and 2-Methylimidazole as Alternatives to Pyridine
Dr. E. Scholz and his research team sought to replace the pyridine with a stronger base with a higher af finit y for the
alk ylsulfite. Imidazole was found to have even more benefits than pyridine besides not having the noxious odor.
Imidazole allows reaction (1) to go to completion rapidly and provides a stable end point. Later on researchers found
that adding a second base, 2-methylimidazole, to the imidazole, enhances stabilit y and reduces the appearance of
undesired cr ystallization.
(2) [R’NH]SO R + H O + I + 2R’N 2[R’NH]I + [R’NH]SO R
3 2 2 4
(1) ROH + SO + R’N [R’NH]SO R
2 3
ROH = alcohol, typically methanol
R’N = base
3
4. HYDRANAL-Composite
Hydranal-Composite is the world‘s most frequently used pyridine-free
Karl Fischer reagent. This one-component reagent has been proving
its capabilities in volumetric titration for more than thir t y five years
in a large range of applications in the most diverse fields of research
and industr y. Ongoing development work has achieved significant
improvements to this reagent.
Improved Composition
Hydranal-Composite contains all the reactants including iodine,
sulfur dioxide, and the bases imidazole and 2-methylimidazole,
dissolved in diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (DEGEE). Adding
2-methylimidazole in addition to imidazole improves the stability
and eliminates the formation of cr ystals which can interfere with
the titrator’s performance. The cr ystallization of the reagent was
occasionally obser ved under the influence of airborne moisture
and also af ter prolonged residence of the reagent in the Karl
Fischer titrator‘s tube system. This effect is prevented by a new
and improved formulation.
Enhancement of Titer Stability
When comparing the old and new formulation it becomes obvious
that the new formulation is significantly more stable with a loss of
concentration less than 5% per year vs. approx. 10% for the old
formulation. Hydranal-Composite is additionally stabilized with
DEGEE as a solvent. The results of the tests into titer decline are
shown in Figure 1.
Product
Number
Product Name Description Packaging
34827 HYDRANAL-Composite 1 One-component reagent, titer ~1 mg/mL 500 mL; 1 L
34806 HYDRANAL-Composite 2 One-component reagent, titer ~2 mg/mL 500 mL; 1 L; 2.5 L
34805 HYDRANAL-Composite 5 One-component reagent, titer ~5 mg/mL 500 mL; 1 L; 2.5 L
34816 HYDRANAL-Composite 5 K One-component reagent for titration of ketones and
aldehydes, titer ~5 mg/mL
500 mL; 1 L; 2.5 L
Figure 1. Results of the titer stability tests
HYDRANAL-
Composite
Media
4
Advantages of HYDRANAL
One-Component Reagents:
• Unlimited water capacity
• Convenient and easy to use
• The greatest flexibility in working media selection
• Suitable for methanol-reacting compounds,
e.g. ketones and aldehydes
• Long shelf life (three years)
Volumetric One-Component Titration - Titrating Agents
5. With one-component reagents the medium (i.e. the solvent
required) is chosen according to the dissolution and chemical
proper ties of the sample substance being analyzed. The
most commonly used medium is dr y methanol.
The speed, time taken and accuracy of the Karl Fischer reaction is
influenced by the medium used in the titration vessel. The Hydranal-
Composite, one-component reagents, are already buffered to an
optimum of pH by using imidazoles. Thus the performance of the
titrating agent is optimized to ensure a rapid Karl Fischer titration,
however, there is still room for improvement on the use of the solvent.
Product
Number
Product Name Description Packaging
37817 HYDRANAL-Methanol Rapid Medium containing accelerators 1 L; 2.5 L
34741 HYDRANAL-Methanol Dry Medium for general use 1 L; 2.5 L
34734 HYDRANAL-CompoSolver E Ethanol-based medium containing accelerators 1 L; 2.5 L
34697 HYDRANAL-Solver (Crude) Oil Working medium containing methanol, xylene and chloroform for titration in
oils
1 L; 2.5 L
37855 HYDRANAL-LipoSolver CM Working medium containing methanol and chloroform for titration in
non-polar samples
1 L
37856 HYDRANAL-LipoSolver MH Working medium containing methanol and 1-hexanol for titration in
non-polar samples
1 L
34698 HYDRANAL-Medium K Less toxic working medium containing chloroform for ketones and aldehydes 1 L
34738 HYDRANAL-KetoSolver Working medium free of halogenated solvents for ketones and aldehydes 500 mL; 1 L
34817 HYDRANAL-Working Medium K Working medium containing chloroform and 2-chloroethanol for ketones
and aldehydes
1 L
HYDRANAL-Methanol Rapid
Methanol is the most commonly used medium in the titration vessel,
however it is an unbuffered solvent. When using Hydranal-Methanol
Rapid, you will see a clear improvement in speed and accuracy of
the titration. This is due to the accelerators in the medium, which
are unique to Hydranal-Methanol Rapid and enable an optimal
Karl Fischer titration (see Figure 2).
HYDRANAL-CompoSolver E
In case a less toxic solvent is preferred, Hydranal-CompoSolver E,
an ethanol based medium, has a similar performance to Hydranal-
Methanol Rapid.
HYDRANAL-Solver (premixed)
Many non-polar samples (e.g. oils, fats, organic components)
appear with a poor solubility in methanol and require the addition
of a solubilizer. To overcome these challenges, a series of specially
designed media has been developed based on the most suitable
solvent mix.
HYDRANAL-K Media
For compounds reacting with methanol, like ketones and aldehydes,
three different media have been developed. Comparing the three
media based on their toxicity and capacity to suppress side effects,
we recommend the use of Hydranal-Medium K as the first choice.
Figure 2. Titration of 20 mg water
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
0 100 200
Time [s]
300
Volume [mL]
Methanol Rapid
Methanol Dry
▼
▼
5
Advantages of
HYDRANAL- Methanol Rapid:
• Much shorter titration time
• Rapid end point
• High accuracy of the analysis
Volumetric One-Component Titration - Media
6. HYDRANAL-Titrant / Solvent
Two-component reagent have been developed to use the stability
advantage of a pure alcoholic solution of iodine. Additionally, the
buffered system provides a ver y fast titration performance.
Composition
In two-component reagents the Karl Fischer reactants are separated
into two solutions: the titrant and the solvent. Hydranal-Titrant
contains iodine dissolved in an alcohol with a precisely defined
concentration. Hydranal-Solvent is an alcoholic solution of sulfur
dioxide and imidazole.
The alcohol is either methanol for standard reagents or ethanol for
E-type reagents.
Further types of Solvent reagent based on different mixtures enable
to meet the sample dissolution properties.
Titrant
Solvent
Product
Number
Product Name Description Packaging
Methanol Based
34811 HYDRANAL-Titrant 2 Two-component reagent, titer ~2 mg/mL 500 mL; 1 L; 2.5 L
34801 HYDRANAL-Titrant 5 Two-component reagent, titer ~5 mg/mL 500 mL; 1 L; 2.5 L
34800 HYDRANAL-Solvent Working medium for two-component titration 1 L; 2.5 L
Ethanol Based
34723 HYDRANAL-Titrant 2 E Two-component reagent, titer ~2 mg/mL 1 L
34732 HYDRANAL-Titrant 5 E Two-component reagent, titer ~5 mg/mL 500 mL; 1 L; 2.5 L
34730 HYDRANAL-Solvent E Working medium for two-component titration 500 mL; 1 L; 2.5 L
Special Media
34812 HYDRANAL-Solvent CM Working medium for two-component titration, containing methanol and
chloroform for titration in non-polar samples
1 L; 2.5 L
34749 HYDRANAL-Solvent Oil Working medium for two-component titration, containing methanol and
1-hexanol for titration in non-polar samples
1 L
34697 HYDRANAL-Solver (Crude) Oil Working medium containing methanol, xylene and chloroform for
titration in oils
1 L; 2.5 L
6
Advantages of HYDRANAL
Two-Component Reagents:
• High titration speed
• Ideal accuracy for small amounts of water
• High buffer capacity
• Exact and stable titer
• E-type reagents: reduced toxicity compared
to methanol
• Long shelf life (three years for titrants,
five years for solvents)
Volumetric Two-Component Titration
7. HYDRANAL-Coulomat
Coulometric Karl Fischer titrations normally require two reagent
solutions: an anoly te (the solution in the anodic compartment) and
a catholy te (the solution in the cathodic compartment). Hydranal-
Coulomat A-type or E-type reagents are used as anoly tes. The anoly tes
contain iodide and a sulfur dioxide/imidazole buffer in suitable
solvents. Hydranal-Coulomat CG reagents are used as catholy tes.
Coulometric reagents based on different solvent compositions ser ve
to support the broad variety of samples analyzed, i.e. Hydranal-
Coulomat Oil contains methanol, xylene and chloroform for titration in
oils or methanol-free Hydranal-Coulomat AK for titration of ketones to
suppress negative side effects.Furthermore, some working techniques
are supported by special reagents i.e. the use of Karl Fischer oven by
Hydranal-Coulomat AG-Oven or the use of a cell without diaphragm by
Hydranal-Coulomat AD.
Coulometric Cells
There are two different types of coulometric cells: those with and
those without a diaphragm. The diaphragm separates the anode
chamber from the cathode chamber. Oxidation of I⁻ to I occurs at the²
anode, whereas the reduction of protons to H occurs at the cathode.²
For cells without a diaphragm the anodic and cathodic compartments
are not separated and only one reagent, the anoly te, is needed.
Though the latter coulometric cell may seem more convenient to use,
the cell with diaphragm achieves the highest accuracy down to the
trace range of water. Recommendation details are given in description
below the table.
* In theory all Hydranal-Coulomat anolytes may be used with either type of generator electrode: with or without a diaphragm. However,
the anolytes which contain a co-solvent in addition to methanol show increased recoveries when used with a diaphragmless generator
electrode. Therefore we recommend using a diaphragm generator electrode when working with a co-solvent containing anolyte. This will
require the use of the appropriate catholyte.
Advantages of HYDRANAL
Coulometric Reagents:
• Easy to use
• High accuracy for trace
amounts of water
• Stable conditions of the
titration vessel
• Broad product range
• Long shelf life
(up to five years)
A C
HYDRANAL-
Coulomat
(Catholyte)
HYDRANAL-
Coulomat
(Anolyte)
Product
Number
Product Name Description Packaging
34807 HYDRANAL-Coulomat A Anolyte preferred for cells with diaphragm* 500 mL
34836 HYDRANAL-Coulomat AG Anolyte suitable for cells with and without diaphragm 500 mL; 1 L
34843 HYDRANAL-Coulomat AG-H Anolyte for titration of long-chained hydrocarbons, preferred for cells
with diaphragm*
500 mL
34739 HYDRANAL-Coulomat AG-Oven Anolyte for determination with Karl Fischer oven, suitable for cells with and
without diaphragm
500 mL
34820 HYDRANAL-Coulomat AK Anolyte for titration of ketones, preferred for cells with diaphragm* 500 mL
34868 HYDRANAL-Coulomat Oil Anolyte for titration of oils, preferred for cells with diaphragm* 100 mL; 500 mL
34726 HYDRANAL-Coulomat E Anolyte based on ethanol, suitable for cells with and without diaphragm 500 mL
34810 HYDRANAL-Coulomat AD Anolyte preferred for cells without diaphragm 500 mL
34840 HYDRANAL-Coulomat CG Catholyte 10 x 5 mL
34821 HYDRANAL-Coulomat CG-K Catholyte for titration of ketones 10 x 5 mL
7
Coulometric Titration
8. Titer Standardization and Instrument Inspection
8
Advantages of HYDRANAL-Water Standards:
• Broad product range for volumetric and coulometric Karl Fischer
applications
• Manufactured according to current ISO requirements
• Tested against NIST SRM 2890
• Long shelf life (up to five years)
• Convenient packaging
• Supplied with detailed instruction for use
• Report of Analysis showing the exact water content is included
Traceability to a national standard or to a SI unit is of ten required in
these guidelines. All Hydranal-Water Standards are tested against
external reference material from national metrological institutions
as the NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology,
USA) standard reference material SRM 2890, Water Saturated
Octanol or CRM 4222 Water in Mesitylene from National Metrology
Institute of Japan (NMIJ). Additionally, they are calibrated based on
high purity water.
Liquid standards consist of a solvent mixture with specific
composition and precisely determined water content. They are
packaged in glass ampoules under argon. Each box contains ten
single-use ampoules which are easy to open (pre-notched).
Solid standards contain defined amounts of chemically bound water
suitable for both general use as well as for the Karl Fischer oven.
These standards are packed in amber glass bottles.
HYDRANAL-Water Standards
Quality management plays an important role in Karl Fischer titration. Calibration, validation and inspection of
analy tical instruments and reagents is performed with a specific amount of water, either pure water or water standards.
The challenge with pure water is the low amount required (10 -50 mg for volumetr y, and 0.1-1 mg for coulometr y), which
is dif ficult to handle and weigh.
We therefore recommend Hydranal-Water Standards with an exactly confirmed water content for:
• Titer determination
• Monitoring precision and accuracy
• Validation and inspection of Karl Fischer titrators according
to ISO, GMP, GLP and FDA guidelines
9. 9
Product
Number
Product Name Description Packaging
34425 HYDRANAL-CRM Water Standard 10.0 Liquid CRM standard, water content 10.0 mg/g = 1.0% 10 x 8 mL
34426 HYDRANAL-CRM Water Standard 1.0 Liquid CRM standard, water content 1.0 mg/g = 0.1% 10 x 4 mL
34424 HYDRANAL-CRM Sodium Tartrate Dihydrate Solid CRM standard, water content ~15.66% 10 g
34849 HYDRANAL-Water Standard 10.0 Liquid standard, water content 10.0 mg/g = 1.0% 10 x 8 mL
34828 HYDRANAL-Water Standard 1.0 Liquid standard, water content 1.0 mg/g = 0.1% 10 x 4 mL
34847 HYDRANAL-Water Standard 0.1 Liquid standard, water content 0.1 mg/g = 0.01% (shelf life 2 years,
to be stored at 2-8°C)
10 x 4 mL
34446 HYDRANAL-Water Standard 0.1 PC Liquid standard water content 0.1 mg/g = 0.01% (improved stability
compared to 34847: shelf life 5 years, to be stored at room temp.)
10 x 4 mL
34694 HYDRANAL-Water Standard Oil Liquid standard based on mineral oil, water content approx. 10 ppm
(0.001%)
10 x 8 mL
34696 HYDRANAL-Standard Sodium
Tartrate Dihydrate
Solid standard, water content ~15.66% 25 g
34693 HYDRANAL-Water Standard KF Oven
140-160°C
Solid standard for control of Karl Fischer ovens, water content ~5%,
based on lactose
10 g
34748 HYDRANAL-Water Standard KF Oven
220-230°C
Solid standard for control of Karl Fischer ovens, water content
~5.55%, based on potassium citrate
10 g
HYDRANAL-CRM Water Standards
Since 2014, Hydranal Center of Excellence in Seelze keeps its combined ISO/IEC 17025 and I S O 17 0 3 4 accreditation.
This is the highest achievable quality level for producers of Certified Reference Materials (CRMs). With the double
accreditation, Hydranal introduced the ver y first commercially available CRM Water Standards for Karl Fischer titration.
10. Karl Fischer titration is applied to multifarious substances. The nuances in sample properties influence the Karl Fischer
titration differently. There are a number of ways to adjust the working conditions.
Solubilizers
In special cases the addition of solubilizer is required in order to enable a direct titration of the sample and avoid
complicated and error-prone pre-dissolution and pre-extraction steps.
Buffers
The Karl Fischer reaction is pH dependant, with pH 5-7.5 being the ideal range. Strongly acidic samples slow the reaction
and must be neutralized without inducing an alkaline reaction of the working medium prior to starting the titration.
Strong bases can increase the pH of the working solution if the basicity exceeds the buffering capacity of the reagent.
A titration end point will not be reached. Strong bases also must be neutralized prior to starting the titration.
Drying Agents
Special dr ying agents are suitable to hold the near environment of the Karl Fischer equipment on a low water level or to
dr y carrier gases in case of oven technique.
HYDRANAL-Moisture Test Kit
For rough measurements without a titrator, special test kits for visual water determination according to Karl Fischer
can be used. The set contains syringes, titration vessel and reagents: 2 x 500 mL Hydranal-Solvent E (34730), 100 mL
Hydranal-Titrant 5 E (34732) and 100 mL Hydranal-Standard 5.0 (34813). Refills can be ordered separately.
Product
Number
Product Name Description Packaging
34724 HYDRANAL-Formamide Dry Solubilizer, max. 0.02% water 1 L
37863 HYDRANAL-Chloroform Solubilizer, max. 0.01% water 1 L
37866 HYDRANAL-Xylene Solubilizer, max. 0.02% water 1 L
34804 HYDRANAL-Buffer for Acids Liquid buffer medium, based on imidazole 500 mL
37859 HYDRANAL-Buffer for Bases Liquid buffer medium, based on salicylic acid 1 L
32035 HYDRANAL-Benzoic Acid Buffer substance 500 g
37865 HYDRANAL-Salicylic Acid Buffer substance 500 g
37864 HYDRANAL-Imidazole Buffer substance 500 g
34813 HYDRANAL-Standard 5.0 Test solution for volumetric titration, water content 5.00 mg/mL 100 mL; 500 mL
34803 HYDRANAL-Sodium Tartrate Dihydrate Test substance for volumetric titration, water content ~15.66% 100 g
34802 HYDRANAL-Water-in-Methanol 5.0 Reagent for volumetric back titration, water content 5.00 mg/mL 500 mL; 1 L
34788 HYDRANAL-Humidity Absorber Drying agent for air and gases with indicator 500 g; 1 kg
34241 HYDRANAL-Molecular Sieve 0.3 nm Drying agent for air and gases 250 g
37858 HYDRANAL-Moisture Test Kit Test kit for the visual water determination according to Karl Fischer
without titrator
1 kit
10
Auxiliaries for Karl Fischer Titration
11. Technical Support
11
Literature: lab-honeywell.com/resources
Laboratory Reports: lab-honeywell.com/hydranal-search
Events: lab-honeywell.com/events
Find a Distributor: lab-honeywell.com/find-distributor
Find CoA: lab-honeywell.com/coa
Find SDS: lab-honeywell.com/sds
For more than 40 years, the Hydranal Technical Ser vice Team has
been gathering extensive and unmet experience and insights into Karl
Fischer titration and its related challenges.
If you are looking to improve your Karl Fischer titration performance,
the team of Hydranal experts can support you with:
• Selecting the most suitable Karl Fischer reagents for your samples
• Recommending application methods
• Troubleshooting technical problems (solubility, side reactions, etc.)
• Technical Karl Fischer seminars and trainings
• Comprehensive literature
To learn more about Hydranal reagents, visit
hydranal-honey well.com
Please, do not hesitate
to contact us at
hydranal@honeywell.com
or contact our Hydranal
specialists directly:
Global Market
Thomas Wendt
HYDR ANAL Center of Excellence
Seelze, Germany
Tel : +49 5137 999 353
Fax: +49 5137 999 698
Global Market
Dr. Roman Neufeld
HYDR ANAL Center of Excellence
Seelze, Germany
Tel : +49 5137 999 451
Global Market
Agnieszka Kossakowska
HYDR ANAL Technical Specialist
Warsaw, Poland
Tel : +48 512 355 628
APAC
Charlie Zhang
HYDRANAL Application Lab
Shanghai, China
Tel : +86 21 2894 4715
APAC
Linda Zhang
HYDRANAL Application Lab
Shanghai, China
Tel : +86 21 2894 4771