Unit 6 Water Content Determination and Moisture analysisMalou Mojares
To my CEU Senior Pharmacy QC 2 students.
Water Content Determination by Karl Fischer method, principle by Bunsen Reaction, types of KF method, Loss on Drying (LOD) moisture content determination.
Karl fischer titration is an analytic system to determine the trace amount of water in solid, gases and liquids. It is a very efficient and accurate technique. In this presentation we go deeper about this titration system.
Water Content Vs. Loss On Drying Of Drug In Pharma Company Part-2harish pandey
Water Content of Drug?
Impact Of Water Content Of Drug.
Methods Of Determining Water Content Of Drug.
Formula for Water Content Determination.
Calculation With Lab Practical Demo.
Loss On Drying of Drug?
Impact Of LOD Of Drug.
Formula of LOD Determination.
Calculation With Lab Practical Demo.
Basic Difference.
Unit 6 Water Content Determination and Moisture analysisMalou Mojares
To my CEU Senior Pharmacy QC 2 students.
Water Content Determination by Karl Fischer method, principle by Bunsen Reaction, types of KF method, Loss on Drying (LOD) moisture content determination.
Karl fischer titration is an analytic system to determine the trace amount of water in solid, gases and liquids. It is a very efficient and accurate technique. In this presentation we go deeper about this titration system.
Water Content Vs. Loss On Drying Of Drug In Pharma Company Part-2harish pandey
Water Content of Drug?
Impact Of Water Content Of Drug.
Methods Of Determining Water Content Of Drug.
Formula for Water Content Determination.
Calculation With Lab Practical Demo.
Loss On Drying of Drug?
Impact Of LOD Of Drug.
Formula of LOD Determination.
Calculation With Lab Practical Demo.
Basic Difference.
Handling Difficult Samples in Karl Fischer AnalysisMetrohm USA
Analysis of moisture is becoming increasingly important to many different industries
Many of these reasons require not only a precise, but also accurate reading
For years, most moisture analyses have been conducted on a semi-quantitative or even qualitative level
SFC ie. Supercritical Fluid Chromatography is one of the chromatographic technique. This presentation will help you to understand the basic principle behind it.
Honeywell offer a wide range of Research Chemicals under their own brands Burdick & Jackson™, Fluka™, Honeywell™,Riedel-de-Haën™, Chromasolv™, Hydranal™, LabReady™ Blends, TraceSLECT™. Covering all applications, including, Bioanalysis, Biosynthesis, Chemical Synthesis, Chromatography, Electrophoresis, Karl Fischer Titration, Octane Determination, Spectroscopy, Titration, Trace Analysis and Wet Chemistry.
Handling Difficult Samples in Karl Fischer AnalysisMetrohm USA
Analysis of moisture is becoming increasingly important to many different industries
Many of these reasons require not only a precise, but also accurate reading
For years, most moisture analyses have been conducted on a semi-quantitative or even qualitative level
SFC ie. Supercritical Fluid Chromatography is one of the chromatographic technique. This presentation will help you to understand the basic principle behind it.
Honeywell offer a wide range of Research Chemicals under their own brands Burdick & Jackson™, Fluka™, Honeywell™,Riedel-de-Haën™, Chromasolv™, Hydranal™, LabReady™ Blends, TraceSLECT™. Covering all applications, including, Bioanalysis, Biosynthesis, Chemical Synthesis, Chromatography, Electrophoresis, Karl Fischer Titration, Octane Determination, Spectroscopy, Titration, Trace Analysis and Wet Chemistry.
Distillery Wastewater Decontamination by the Fenton Advanced Oxidation MethodIJRES Journal
This study evaluated the effect of Fenton advanced oxidation process on the treatment of an industrial wastewater (distillery). The comparison of the effects of Fe2+ loadings, H2O2 dosages (2%(v/v)and 4%(v/v)), reaction temperature and reaction time, established optimum efficiency in terms of BOD and COD reductions. The best operating conditions for the treatment of the distillery wastewater containing 43.85 mg/L BOD concentration and 274.28 mg/L COD concentration in the raw effluent was 2% H2O2 dosage at constant loadings of Fe2+ (1.5 g), 80 oC pretreatment temperature, and 1 h reaction time. At this optimized condition, the BOD content reduced to about 35 mg/L (about 21% removal) and COD content reduced to about 53 mg/L (about 81% removal). There was a complete removal of the initial colour present in the wastewater after the treatment process. The process proved the ability to effectively reduce the COD content which when high in industrial wastewaters can lead to serious impacts to the environment.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
4. Karl Fischer Titration
Karl Fischer (KF) titration is the most popular water
determination technique! And it was invented by the
German Chemist Karl Fischer in 1935.
Titration method in analytical chemistry that uses
coulometric or volumetric titration to determine trace
amounts of water in a sample’
5. Karl Fischer Principle:
The Karl Fischer Titration is based on an iodine /iodide reaction: The water reacts
with iodine. The endpoint of the titration is reached when all the water is
consumed.
Reagents of KFT:-
Iodine
Sulphur Dioxide
Base
Alcohol
During the titration, iodine is added to sample and the amount of iodine used to
consume all the water contained in the sample is measured.
6. Karl Fischer Reaction:-
The Karl Fischer Reaction is based on Oxidation of SO2 by iodine in a solvent, the
reaction is described by:
I2 + SO2 + 2 H2O → 2 HI + H2SO4
In this reaction 2 moles of water are consumed for each mole of Iodine.
In order to stabilize the stoichiometry and shift the Equilibrium to the right and
to neutralize the acids that are formed during the process. Fischer added
Pyridine and used anhydrous Methanol as the solvent.
1. I2 + SO2 + 3 Py + H2O → 2 Py-H+I- + Py•SO3
2. Py•SO3 + CH3OH → PyH-CH3SO4
According to these equations, methanol not only acts as a solvent but also
participates directly in the reaction itself.
7. Pyridine Free Chemistry:-
In recent years pyridine have been replaced in the Karl Fischer
Reagent by other amines especially imidazole. More studies have
revealed that reaction is now thought to occur as follow:
1. ROH + SO2 + RN → (RNH) · SO3 R RN=Base
2. (RNH) · SO3 R + 2 RN + I2+ H2O → (RNH)·SO4R + 2 (RNH)I
This resulted in the general chemical equation:
ROH + SO2 + 3 RN + I2 + H2O → (RNH)•SO4R + 2 (RNH)I
8. pH between 5-7.5 is Optimum Range
Below pH 2 reaction will not happen.
pH between 2-5 reaction will be slow.
Above pH 8 side Reactions happen.
pH
Influence
9. Types of Karl Fischer Titration:
Volumetric TitrationCoulometric Titration
10. Volumetric Titration:-
In Volumetric Karl Fischer Titration
Iodine is added by a burette during
titration.
The titrant consists of an alcohol,
base, SO2 and a known
concentration of I2.
Sample is dissolved in alcohol.
One mole of I2 is consumed for each
mole of H2O.
Suitable for samples where water is
present as a major component: 100
ppm - 100%
11. End Point Determination:-
When reacting with water, the brown iodine is reduced to
the colorless iodide. At the endpoint of the titration when all
the water is consumed the color of the solution turns
increasingly from yellow to brown. As there is no sharp color
change and the coloration differs in nonpolar solvents (such
as DMF) and polar solvents (as e.g. methanol) , it is not easy
to determine the endpoint of the titration visually. For this
reason, the endpoint of the titration is usually determined
by Biapmerometric indication.
12. Types of Volumetric KFT:-
1. One Component System:-
The one component systems are the most popular. The benefit of a one
component volumetric titration is that it has almost unlimited water
capacity.
Titrant
Contains all reactants (SO2, I2 and base)
Sample solvent
Methanol or other solvent to which sample
is added
13. 2. Two Component System:-
The benefits of a two component volumetric titration are:
Titrant
Contains I2 in
methanol or ethanol
Sample solvent
Contains SO2 and
base in methanol or
ethanol
• Higher titration speed
• Greater accuracy for
small amounts of water
• Higher buffer capacity
• Stable titer
14. Coulometric KF Titration:-
Iodine electrochemically generated from the oxidation of
iodide contained in the coulometric KF reagents.
Suitable for samples where water content
0.001% (10 ppm) 5-10%.
When all the water is consumed excess iodine is detected
by Biapmerometric Indication.
It is more sensitive and accurate than volumetric
titration.
It has higher speed of titration and no need to calibrate
the reagent each time as the iodine is produced
electrically.
16. Applications:
• Chemical Industry
• Pharmaceutical Industry
• Petrochemical Industry
• Plastic Industry
• Feed
• Food Industry.
• Paints, Adhesives
• Cosmetic Industry
17. Limitations:
Inference of compounds.
High costs of apparatus.
Highly acidic or basic compounds can not be
determined.
Ketones and aldehydes, Carboxylic acid and metal
peroxides, as well as hydroxide and carbonates are not
suitable for this titration without modification.
In coulometric Titration oxidizing agents such as Cu(II),
Fe(III) are not suitable for titration.
Oxidizable Species such as ascorbic acid not suitable for
this titration.
18. References:-
Fundamentals of Analytical
Chemistry.
Quantitative Chemical Analysis by
Daniel C. Harris.
Moisture Determination using Karl
Fischer Titration by SK Macleod.
