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Supreme Court Rulings Shape Civil Rights History
- 1. Supreme Court Rulings 1873 Slaughterhouse Ruled that the 14th protected individual rights but not state-given CR. 1938 Gaines vs. Canada Separate facilities MUST be equal – lead to AA teachers earning 80% of white wage but not enforced 1876 US vs. Cruikshank Following Louisiana riot that left 72 dead, white attackers released – EA only states not people. 1944 Smith vs. Allright Outlawed voting laws in Texas – rose AA voting numbers from 2% in 1940 to 12% in 1947 1883; 1875 CRA Supreme Court ruled that it was unconstitutional 1954 Brown vs. Education Overruled SBE ruling of P VS. F in education 1896 Plessy vs. Ferguson Ruled that racial segregation of railways was constitutional as they were SEPARATE BUT EQUAL. 1956 Browder vs. Gayle Bus segregation is unconstitutional using B vs. B precedent 1898 Mississippi vs. Williams Southern anti-voting laws were constitutional. 1960 Boynton vs. Virginia Outlawed all inter-state travel segregation 1899 Cumming vs. Education Used P vs. F precedent to extend segregation to schools although more money was spent on whites. 1970 Green vs. Connelly Higher Educational facilities must be desegregated to gain federal funding 1915 Guinn vs. US Grandfather clause deemed unconstitutional in Oklahoma and Maryland. 1971 Griggs vs. Duke Power Company Gave exemptions to AAs for entrance exams into jobs because of educational disadvantages 1917 Buchanan vs. Warley Kentucky residential segregation was unconstitutional but ruling was on property rights - not stop public segregation 1971 Swann vs. Education Ruled that since busses were already used, bussing was constitutional 1923 Moore vs. Dempsey Overruled all-white juries verdict of 12 AA death penalties because of unfairness. 1974 Milliken vs. Bradley Stopped bussing unless there were deliberate attempts to re-segregate schools. 1931 Scottsboro Boys trial 9 young AAs arrested for raping white women on train. Trial very public and although lacking in evidence, all-white juries convicted. NAACP support 1978 Uni of Cal vs. Baake Ruled that a white student had been discriminated against in the entrance – to much affirmative action. 1933 Trudeau vs. Barnes Ruled that all other avenues must be used before SC – shows NAACP’s slowness. 1984 Grove City vs. Bell Organisations only had to abide by CR legislation directly concerning them. Overruled in 1988
- 2. Congress 1865 13th Amendment Gave all AAs de jure freedom to marry, worship, own property, travel and become educated. 1960 CRA Renewed CRC. Gave judges right to elect pro-AA whites so AAs could vote. Federal penalties for bombing/mobs. Freedman’s Bureau 1865-72 Support AAs in finding homes/jobs/schools. Short term but allowed self-help groups to emerge. 1961 New Frontier JFK’s policy – weak on AAs at start but after defiance of SS at Little Rock, stepped in and pushed for CRA 63 1866 CRA Excluding NAs, gave all races full citizenship 1964 CRA TP: LBJ pushed through after JFK’s death (united Fed. Gov.). Made racial, sexual or religious discrimination illegal 1867 Military Reconstruction Act Divided south into 5 military states ruled by northern Generals. They decided who ran state governments. Only get Congress representation if demands were met. 1965 Voting Rights Act Banned all legislation to stop anyone voting. Conventions by 1868 Allowed 700,000 AAs to elect party leaders which got full civil rights. 1968 Fair Housing Act Ended discrimination of property sales 1868 14th Got AA citizenship and equal protection under the law. 1969 Bussing De facto desegregated schools by shipping students in 1870 15th Forbade denial of vote because of race (not wealth) 1969 Affirmative Action Positive discrimination towards AAs to rise employment. If overused; UoC vs. Baake 1875 CRA Passed by Congress from growing concerns of segregation (unconstitutional by 1883). 1972 Watergate Scandal Ruined Reagan’s reputation and stopped CR legalisation. 1933 New Deal Although intensions were pure, FDR excluded AAs 1972 EOA More power to EO Commission and enforced SC rulings 1930s Anti- Lynching Bill Pushed by NAACP and E. Roosevelt, was not passed/embarrassed FDR but decreased lynching 1982 VRA Strengthened VRA; stricter laws concerning discrimination against groups of voters. Opposed by Reagan 1944 Fair Deal HST’s deal aimed to desegregate army 1988 FHA Strengthen 1968 FHA. Vetoed by Reagan 1946 Presidents Committee in CR Reported to HST on ways to gain AA equality. Contained no AA campaigners 1988 CR Restoration Act Strengthened CR legislation. Vetoed by Reagan 1957 CRA Commissioned CRC and part of Justice Department to look at CRs. Thurmond spoke against – LBJ had to water down 1990 CRA Tried to strengthen affirmative action. Vetoed by Bush
- 5. TIME HELPHINDER Emancipation Proclamation 13th 14th 66 CR Reconstruction 15th Black Codes Compromise Slaughterhouse 75 CR 83-Unconstitutional US vs. Cruikshank
- 9. TIME HELPHINDER Southern States Progressive Movement NACW TI NBL Niagara Movement NAACP
- 10. TIME HELPHINDER Jim Crow laws Poll Tax Mississippi vs. Williams Grandfather clause Literacy tests Property qualifications Guinn vs. US Plessy vs. Ferguson
- 12. TIME HELPHINDER G. Cleveland T. Roosevelt W. H. Taft W. Wilson
- 15. TIME HELPHINDER WWI ND Anti-lynching Bill Gaines vs. Canada Trudeau vs. Barnes Moore vs. Dempsey Buchanan vs. Warley
- 17. TIME HELPHINDER F. Roosevelt W. HardingW. Wilson C. Coolidge H. Hoover
- 19. TIME HELPHINDER CORE Communism KKK White Citizens Councils CR Commission Raymond and Rosa Parks Institute NAACP SCLC SCNN ACMHR Housing Foundation
- 20. TIME HELPHINDER WWII Cold War + McCarthyism Fair Deal CRC Smith vs. Allright Brown vs. Education Little Rock 57 CRA 60 CRA Browder vs. Gayle SI/FR Boynton vs. Virginia New Frontier Brum D.C 64 CRA 65 VRA