APU6.2 Muscle Histology
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The document discusses the three main types of muscle tissue in the body: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle. Skeletal muscle is voluntarily controlled and attached to bones, cardiac muscle makes up the heart wall and contracts involuntarily, and smooth muscle lines organs and controls involuntary functions like digestion. Each type has distinct characteristics at the cellular level in terms of shape, structure, nucleus number, and speed and control of contraction that relate to their different functions in the body.
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Joints in human body
Joints are connections between bones that allow for movement and include fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints, and synovial joints. Synovial joints are the most mobile and complex type of joint, having articular cartilage covering the bone ends, a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid, and a fibrous capsule lined with synovial membrane. The shape of the articular surfaces and presence of ligaments determine the specific movements possible at each type of synovial joint, such as the ball-and-socket shoulder joint which allows for the greatest range of motion in all directions.
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The document discusses the three types of muscular tissue: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. Skeletal muscle is voluntarily controlled and moves bones. Cardiac muscle is only found in the heart and contracts involuntarily. Smooth muscle is located in internal organs and blood vessels and usually contracts involuntarily. Muscular tissue functions to produce movement, stabilize positions, move substances in the body, and generate heat. The properties of excitability, contractility, extensibility, and elasticity enable muscular tissue to function and contribute to homeostasis.
Lec 1. introduction to muscle tissue
The document discusses muscle tissue and its classification. Muscle tissue is one of the four fundamental types and is made up of over 600 muscles. Muscles are classified in three ways: by the presence of striations into striated and non-striated muscle; by control into voluntary and involuntary muscle; and by location in the body into skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle. The key functions of muscle include producing movement, maintaining posture, stabilizing joints, and protecting internal organs.
A&P Muscle Tissue PPT
Muscle tissue is composed of bundles of long cells called muscle fibers that contract through the overlapping of actin and myosin proteins. There are three main types of muscle tissue - skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle. Skeletal muscle is striated, multinucleated, and voluntary. It attaches to bones via tendons and facilitates movement, posture, and heat generation. Cardiac muscle is striated and involuntary, found only in the heart, where its contractions pump blood. Smooth muscle is non-striated, involuntary muscle that forms sheets in organs to generate movements like peristalsis.
types of muscles.pptx
This document summarizes the different types of muscle tissue in the human body. There are three main types: skeletal muscle, which is striated and voluntary; cardiac muscle, which is striated and involuntary; and smooth muscle, which is non-striated and involuntary. Skeletal muscle is found in the arms and legs and enables voluntary movement. Cardiac muscle is only found in the heart. Smooth muscle is found in internal organs and blood vessels and controls involuntary functions like digestion. Each muscle type has distinct cellular characteristics that determine their structure and function.
P.P.T of Plant and Animal Tisssues
This document summarizes and compares the main types of plant and animal tissues. It outlines that plant tissues are divided into meristematic and permanent tissues, with meristematic tissue providing growth and permanent tissue conducting materials. Animal tissues include four primary types - epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissues. Each tissue type has subcategories and performs distinct functions like transport, connection or movement.
Introduction of muscle.pptx
Muscular tissue has four key functions: produces body movements, stabilizes body positions, stores and moves substances within the body, and generates heat. Muscular tissue is classified into three main types based on location and structure: skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle. Skeletal muscle is striated, voluntary muscle attached to bones. Cardiac muscle is striated, involuntary muscle found only in the heart. Smooth muscle is non-striated, involuntary muscle located in organs like the stomach. Each muscle type has distinct characteristics and functions important for homeostasis.
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LT4.2 Skeletal System
There are two types of bone tissue: compact bone which is dense and forms the outer layer, and spongy bone which is less dense and found in low stress areas. Bones are composed of osteocytes embedded in bone matrix, as well as osteoblasts which build bone, osteoclasts which resorb bone, and osteogenic cells which develop into osteoblasts. A long bone has a central shaft made of compact bone surrounding marrow, expanded ends made of inner spongy and outer compact bone lined with marrow, and growth plates between the shaft and ends.
LT4.1 Introduction to the Skeletal System
The skeletal system has several key functions:
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3. The skeletal system is divided into the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebrae, and thorax, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the limbs and their attachments.
4. Bones are classified based on their shape into long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, and sesamoid bones, with each shape relating to its particular functions.
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The document describes the carbon cycle and key concepts about carbon. It discusses how carbon is the fundamental building block of life and is present in all living and once-living organisms. Carbon cycles between reservoirs in the atmosphere, biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere through natural fluxes and processes. It moves between these spheres and reservoirs as carbon dioxide and other gases, and is exchanged between the atmosphere, plants, animals and fossils through photosynthesis, respiration, fossil fuel formation and burning.
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Cellular respiration is the process by which organisms generate energy (ATP) from glucose. It occurs in three stages: glycolysis in the cytoplasm, the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria, and the electron transport chain in the mitochondria. Aerobic cellular respiration uses oxygen and produces the most ATP, while anaerobic respiration does not use oxygen and produces less ATP. All organisms undergo cellular respiration to break down glucose and generate energy in the form of ATP, which is required for life processes like growth and repair.
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The document discusses photosynthesis and provides information about the process. It defines photosynthesis as the process by which sunlight energy is converted to glucose energy. It also notes that photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of plants and involves the reactants of carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight being converted to the products of glucose and oxygen. Producers that undergo photosynthesis supply the entire food chain with energy.
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The document discusses the effects of aging on the integumentary system. As people age, their skin becomes more prone to injuries and infections, their immune system becomes less sensitive, and their muscles and bones weaken. The skin also thins and becomes dry and scaly, hair thins and changes color, and the skin sags and wrinkles. The body's ability to lose heat and repair skin damage also decreases with age.
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The document summarizes the four phases of skin injury repair: 1) Inflammatory phase where bleeding occurs and an inflammatory response is triggered. 2) Migratory phase where a scab forms and cells migrate to remove debris. 3) Proliferation phase where the scab is undermined by epidermal cell migration and fibroblast activity produces collagen. 4) Scarring phase where the scab is shed and scar tissue forms and elevates the epidermis over several weeks.
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All living things share certain characteristics:
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Station 24 digestive system
The digestive system processes an average of 60,000 to 100,000 pounds of food over a lifetime. The digestive tract is 27 feet long on average and can take 15 to 48 hours to fully digest a meal. The digestive process begins with sight and smell of food and involves saliva production, stomach acid secretion, and movement of food through the esophagus and stomach over time.
Station 23 digestive system
The digestive system breaks down food into smaller molecules using specialized enzymes. Nutrients are then absorbed into the bloodstream and used by cells through metabolic reactions to produce energy, build substances, and drive cellular activities. Nutritional needs vary between individuals based on their age, gender, height, weight, and activity level.
Station 22 digestive system
The digestive system breaks down food into nutrients that can be absorbed and used by the body. There are two categories of nutrients - micronutrients like vitamins and minerals which are required in small amounts for proper body functioning, and macronutrients like proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates which provide energy and are used to build and repair tissues. The digestive system breaks down foods into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and utilized by cells as building blocks, energy sources, or other functions.
Station 21 digestive system
The digestive system undergoes several changes with age that can affect its normal functioning. The mucus layer and tissues throughout the digestive tract thin with age, making it more susceptible to damage. Peristaltic contractions also weaken over time, slowing intestinal movement and potentially causing constipation. An aging digestive system is also more vulnerable to infections, toxins, and cancers like colon and stomach cancer. Elderly individuals also commonly experience tooth loss due to issues like cavities and gum disease.
Station 20 digestive system
The document discusses three key aspects of the digestive system:
1) Absorption is the process by which digested nutrients pass from the gastrointestinal tract into the bloodstream and lymph systems to be distributed to cells. This occurs mainly through diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and active transport.
2) In the large intestine, sluggish movements and occasional mass movements help move waste toward the rectum while allowing for nutrient absorption.
3) Defecation involves the relaxation of the internal anal sphincter and contraction of the external anal sphincter in a reflex triggered by the presence of waste in the rectum, allowing for the voluntary elimination of solid and liquid waste from the anus.
Station 19 digestive system
The document discusses two key aspects of the digestive system:
1. The swallowing process is initiated voluntarily but then proceeds automatically through a series of phases, beginning with mastication (chewing and crushing food) in the oral phase.
2. The regulation of gastric activity is controlled by the central nervous system and reflexes within the digestive tract walls, as well as hormones. Control occurs over three phases - the cephalic phase prepares the stomach for food, the gastric phase enhances secretions to break down the food, and the intestinal phase controls gastric emptying and triggers other organs.
Station 18 digestive system
The digestive system allows us to break down food and absorb nutrients. It consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus. Food enters the mouth where it is chewed and mixed with saliva before traveling to the stomach for further breakdown. Nutrients are then absorbed through the small intestine into the bloodstream and unused waste moves into the large intestine to be excreted from the anus.
Station 16 digestive system
The digestive system includes several accessory organs that help break down food and nutrients. The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes and hormones to regulate blood sugar. The liver produces bile to break down fats, stores vitamins and minerals, and breaks down toxins and old blood cells. The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile before sending it to the small intestine to help digest dietary fats.
Station 15 digestive system
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Station 14 digestive system
The small intestine is the body's major digestive organ that is around 20 feet long. It is subdivided into the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The small intestine uses enzymes from the pancreas and liver to further break down nutrients and its main function is to absorb these nutrients into the bloodstream. It accomplishes absorption through villi, finger-like projections that increase the intestinal surface area. The small intestine processes around 2 gallons of food and liquid per day through contractions that move the chyme through the intestine.
Station 13 digestive system
The document discusses two conditions related to imbalances in the digestive system: ulcers and heartburn. It states that ulcers are usually caused by a bacterial infection from Helicobacter pylori that burrows into the stomach lining. Most ulcers occur when there is not enough mucus lining in the stomach to protect it from hydrochloric acid, allowing the acid to damage the stomach muscle and potentially leak into the abdominal cavity. The document also explains that heartburn is caused by stomach acid regurgitating into the esophagus, usually because the muscle at the end of the esophagus does not close properly after swallowing, sometimes from overeating spicy foods or during pregnancy. Antacids provide temporary relief from
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APU6.2 Muscle Histology
- 1. Unit 6 The Muscular System DeFord Section 2 Muscle Histology
- 2. Muscular System Tissue Types •Muscles are responsible for all types of body movement •There are three basic muscle tissue types found in the body •Cardiac Muscle •Smooth Muscle •Skeletal (or Striated) Muscle
- 3. Cardiac Muscle Tissue The characteristics of cardiac muscle include: • Makes up myocardium of heart • Tissue is unconsciously (involuntarily) controlled • Microscopically appears striated • Cells are short, branching and have a single nucleus • Cells connect to each other at intercalated discs
- 4. Smooth Muscle Tissue The characteristics of smooth muscle include: • Found in the lining of internal organs (GI tract, uterus, blood vessels, eyes, etc.) • It controls the involuntary constriction of these regions (e.g., peristalsis, vasoconstriction, pupil dilation) • Cells (fibers) are non-striated, have a short spindle-shape and each fiber contains a single nucleus • Tissue is extremely extensible, while still retaining ability to contract
- 5. Skeletal Muscle Tissue The characteristics of skeletal muscle include: • Associated with and attached to the skeleton • Responsible for moving parts of the body, such as the limbs, trunk, and face • Under our conscious (voluntary) control • Cells (fibers) are long and cylindrical • Cells (fibers) run in parallel tracts and are multinucleated and heavily striated
- 6. Comparison of Muscle Tissue Types Characteristic Skeletal Cardiac Smooth Body Location attached to bone (by tendons) or skin (for some facial muscles) walls of the heart mostly in walls of visceral organs (other than the heart) Cell Shape and Appearance single, very long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells with very obvious striations branching chains of cells, uninucleate, striations, intercalated discs single, fusiform, uninucleate, no striations Connective Tissue Components endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium endomysium endomysium
- 7. Connective Tissue Components Skeletal Cardiac Smooth
- 8. Comparison of Muscle Tissue Types Characteristic Skeletal Cardiac Smooth Regulation of Contraction voluntary involuntary involuntary Speed of Contraction slow to fast slow very slow Rhythmic Contractions no yes yes, in some
Editor's Notes
- The skeleton and its joints support, protect and provide flexibility for the body, but the skeleton CANNOT move itself. That job is performed by the muscle tissue that makes up the muscular system.
- The only place in the body where cardiac muscle is found is in the heart. Cardiac cells are striated but they are not under voluntary control. Cardiac muscles contract without direct stimulation by the nervous system. A bundle of specialized muscle cells in the upper part of the heart sends electrical signals through cardiac muscle tissue, causing the heart to rhythmically contract and pump blood through the body. The cardiac muscle cell contains one nucleus located near the center, adjacent cells form branching fibers that allow nerve impulses to pass from cell to cell.
- Smooth muscles are usually not under voluntary control. Smooth muscle cells are spindle-shaped and have a single nucleus. They are not striated and interlace to form sheets of smooth muscle tissue. Smooth muscles are found in many internal organs, such as the stomach, intestines, and in the walls of blood vessels. Most smooth muscle cells can contract without nervous stimulation. Because most of its movements cannot be consciously controlled, smooth muscle is referred to as involuntary muscle. The contractions in smooth muscles move food through our digestive tract, control the way blood flows through the cardiovascular system, and increases the size of the pupils of our eyes in bright light.
- The skeletal muscles are responsible for moving parts of the body, such as the limbs, trunk, and face. Skeletal muscles are generally attached to bones via tendons, and are at work every time we make a move. Skeletal muscles are responsible for voluntary (conscious) movement, and are consciously controlled by the central nervous system. A skeletal muscle is made of elongated cells called muscle fibers. Varying movements require contraction of variable numbers of muscle fibers in a muscle. Skeletal muscle fibers are grouped into dense bundles called fascicles. A group of fascicles are bound together by connective tissue to form a muscle. When viewed under a microscope, skeletal muscles appear to have striations (bands or stripes). This gives skeletal muscle the name of striated muscle. Skeletal muscle cells are large and have more than one nucleus. They vary in length from 1 mm to 60 cm (just under 24 inches)
- We will discuss these later, just wanted you to see what the chart was referring to!