This is an educational presentation on skull anatomy. It features the structure of various bones of the skull, their exact location their characteristics features and various muscles attached to it.
The presentation include general definition of bone and it's functions. Also, describe the chemical composition of bone and then specifically describe alveolar process.
The presentation include general definition of bone and it's functions. Also, describe the chemical composition of bone and then specifically describe alveolar process.
features and characteristics of the typical and the A typical cervical vertebrae, typical and A typical cervical vertebrae, attachments of cervical vetebrae, atlas and axis features
Seven cervical vertebrae
Identified by the presence of foramen in their transverse processes called foramen transversarium
3rd to 6th are typically have common features
1st, 2nd,and 7th are atypical
Ring-shaped and has no body and no spine
Consists of:
Right and left lateral masses
Short anterior arch and a long curved posterior arch
(c) Right and left transverse processes
Atlanto occipital and atlanto axial jointShubham Singh
Anatomy:
>Atlas is the topmost vertebra and chief peculiarity of atlas is that it has no body, it is ring like and consist of anterior and posterior arch and two lateral masses.
>Axis, the 2nd cervical vertebra has a concave under side and convex from side to side. The most distinctive characteristic of this bone is strong odontoid process, the dens.
TheJoint:
>Atlanto-occipital joint (articulation between the atlas and the occipital bone) consists of a pair of condyloid joints.
>The atlanto-occipital joints are synovial socket-type joints
Ligaments:
> Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane: extend from anterior arch of atlas to posterior margin of foramen magnum.
>Anterior atlanto-occipital membrane: extend from anterior arch of atlas to anterior margin of foramen magnum.
>The ligamentam flavam join laminae of adjacent vertebral arches.
>The interspinous ligaments expand to form the ligamentum nuchae which inserts along the posterior foramen magnum and external occipital condyle.
> The following four ligaments stabilize these joints:
1.Apical ligament: Connects the dens to the foramen magnum of the occipital bone.
2.Alar ligaments: Connect the dens to the lateral margins of the foramen magnum.
3.Cruciate ligament: Attaches the dens to the anterior arch of the atlas and the body of the axis to the foramen magnum of the occipital bone.
4.Tectorial membrane: Starts at the skull and becomes the posterior longitudinal ligament.
>Atlanto-axial articular capsules are thick and loose, and connect the margins of the lateral masses of the atlas with those of the posterior articular surfaces of the axis.
Muscles:
>Flexion is produced mainly by the action of longis capitis, rectus capitis anterior and sternocleidomastoid (anterior fibres)
>Extension by the rectus capitis posterior major and minor, the obliquus capitis superior, the semispinalis capitis, splenius capitis, longissimus capitis, sternocleidomastoid and upper fibres of the trapezius
>The recti lateralis are concerned in the lateral movement, assisted by the trapezius, splenius capitis, semispinalis capitis, and the sternocleidomastoid of the same side, all acting together.
Movements:
>Flexion and extension in the Sagittal axis, which give rise to the ordinary forward and backward nodding of the head.
>Lateral flexion to one or other side in the Frontal axis(titling of head
>Lateral AAJ Movement: It is a synovial joint which allows only gliding
>Medial AAJ Movement: This joint allows the rotation of the atlas the axis i.e round the dens.
Clinical anatomy:
> Headaches can arise from many different sources including dysfunctional muscles, tears in the ligaments, misalignment of the vertebral bodies, injury to cervical facets and degenerative discs.
>Excessive flexion could rupture the supraspinous ligament.
>Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane ossification cause migraine headaches due to compression of artery.
The cranial cavity contains the brain and its meninges, cranial nerves, arteries, veins, and venous sinuses
The bones that take part in formation of cranial cavity are frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital and ethmoid
1-Vault of the Skull
2-Base of the Skull
The topic includes:
definition and function bone
classification of bone according to shape, development, region and structure
gross structure of long bone
parts of a bone (epiphysis, diaphysis, metaphysis and epiphysial plate of cartilage)
blood supply of bone
growth of a long bone
This is an educational presentation that describes methods of studying skull. Various Normas has been explained with diagrams. The presentation is the continuation of previously uploaded matter wherein major bones of the skull was explained. link to previous ppt is https://www.slideshare.net/AyshahHashimi/skull-copy
features and characteristics of the typical and the A typical cervical vertebrae, typical and A typical cervical vertebrae, attachments of cervical vetebrae, atlas and axis features
Seven cervical vertebrae
Identified by the presence of foramen in their transverse processes called foramen transversarium
3rd to 6th are typically have common features
1st, 2nd,and 7th are atypical
Ring-shaped and has no body and no spine
Consists of:
Right and left lateral masses
Short anterior arch and a long curved posterior arch
(c) Right and left transverse processes
Atlanto occipital and atlanto axial jointShubham Singh
Anatomy:
>Atlas is the topmost vertebra and chief peculiarity of atlas is that it has no body, it is ring like and consist of anterior and posterior arch and two lateral masses.
>Axis, the 2nd cervical vertebra has a concave under side and convex from side to side. The most distinctive characteristic of this bone is strong odontoid process, the dens.
TheJoint:
>Atlanto-occipital joint (articulation between the atlas and the occipital bone) consists of a pair of condyloid joints.
>The atlanto-occipital joints are synovial socket-type joints
Ligaments:
> Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane: extend from anterior arch of atlas to posterior margin of foramen magnum.
>Anterior atlanto-occipital membrane: extend from anterior arch of atlas to anterior margin of foramen magnum.
>The ligamentam flavam join laminae of adjacent vertebral arches.
>The interspinous ligaments expand to form the ligamentum nuchae which inserts along the posterior foramen magnum and external occipital condyle.
> The following four ligaments stabilize these joints:
1.Apical ligament: Connects the dens to the foramen magnum of the occipital bone.
2.Alar ligaments: Connect the dens to the lateral margins of the foramen magnum.
3.Cruciate ligament: Attaches the dens to the anterior arch of the atlas and the body of the axis to the foramen magnum of the occipital bone.
4.Tectorial membrane: Starts at the skull and becomes the posterior longitudinal ligament.
>Atlanto-axial articular capsules are thick and loose, and connect the margins of the lateral masses of the atlas with those of the posterior articular surfaces of the axis.
Muscles:
>Flexion is produced mainly by the action of longis capitis, rectus capitis anterior and sternocleidomastoid (anterior fibres)
>Extension by the rectus capitis posterior major and minor, the obliquus capitis superior, the semispinalis capitis, splenius capitis, longissimus capitis, sternocleidomastoid and upper fibres of the trapezius
>The recti lateralis are concerned in the lateral movement, assisted by the trapezius, splenius capitis, semispinalis capitis, and the sternocleidomastoid of the same side, all acting together.
Movements:
>Flexion and extension in the Sagittal axis, which give rise to the ordinary forward and backward nodding of the head.
>Lateral flexion to one or other side in the Frontal axis(titling of head
>Lateral AAJ Movement: It is a synovial joint which allows only gliding
>Medial AAJ Movement: This joint allows the rotation of the atlas the axis i.e round the dens.
Clinical anatomy:
> Headaches can arise from many different sources including dysfunctional muscles, tears in the ligaments, misalignment of the vertebral bodies, injury to cervical facets and degenerative discs.
>Excessive flexion could rupture the supraspinous ligament.
>Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane ossification cause migraine headaches due to compression of artery.
The cranial cavity contains the brain and its meninges, cranial nerves, arteries, veins, and venous sinuses
The bones that take part in formation of cranial cavity are frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital and ethmoid
1-Vault of the Skull
2-Base of the Skull
The topic includes:
definition and function bone
classification of bone according to shape, development, region and structure
gross structure of long bone
parts of a bone (epiphysis, diaphysis, metaphysis and epiphysial plate of cartilage)
blood supply of bone
growth of a long bone
This is an educational presentation that describes methods of studying skull. Various Normas has been explained with diagrams. The presentation is the continuation of previously uploaded matter wherein major bones of the skull was explained. link to previous ppt is https://www.slideshare.net/AyshahHashimi/skull-copy
تلخيصات بسيطه تخص طلاب اسنان في ماده الاناتومي
تابعونا علي الصفحه
https://www.facebook.com/dentology7/?ref=bookmarks
او
https://www.facebook.com/Doctor.Hossam.A
A medical educational presentation on Brachial plexus. In this presentation formation of plexus has been explained. Branches with their nerve root value is mentioned. brachial supply to upper limb muscles is briefly explained. clinical anatomy is explained in detail
An educational presentation on basics of neuroanatomy. It defines various cells of nervous tissue. the structure and function is well defined. It also covers various scientific terminologies and lastly their is graphical representation of action potential generation.
An educational presentation on basics of neuroanatomy.
it define the scientific terminologies and various cells of nervous tissue. structure and function of all nervous tissue is explained. action potential generation is graphically represented.
An educational, informative presentation on psoriasis. It covers the latest pathogenesis of the disease and treatment guidelines. the differential diagnosis is well defined.
An Educational presentation on a rare hereditary or acquired disorder of skin - Epidermolysis Bullosa wherein their is increase tendency to develop blister on slight trauma. The variants are explained with differentiating point.
An educational presentation describing a hereditary disorder of Skin "Ichthyosis". in the presentation anatomy of affected layers are explained. Ichthyosis classification is done. and differential diagnosis of each Ichthyosis is briefly explained. UNANI as well as currently available treatment is described briefly
An educational presentation that consists of general complaint of skin diseases, history taking and examining various lesions and differentiating it and lastly tools required and investigation to be done to diagnose the skin manifestations
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
2. • The skull is a bony structure that forms the head. It supports the structures of the face and provides a
protective cavity for the brain
• The skull is made up of a 22 fused flat bones
• Contains many foramina, fossae, processes, and several cavities or sinuses
• Bones in skull develops from intramembranous ossification
• The joint in the skull are mostly sutures and few are 1° cartilaginous
• Only temporomandibular joint is synovial in nature that permits us to
speak, eat, drink and laugh
• Skull lodges brain, cochlear and vestibular apparatus, retina, olfactory
mucosa and taste buds
3. Skull is divided into two parts
• Cranium/Braincase/Calvaria/skullcap
• 8 bones forms the cranium
2 Parietal
2 Temporal
Frontal
Occipital
Sphenoid
Ethmoid Bone
Frontal Bone
Parietal Bone
Temporal Bone
Sphenoid
Occipital Bone
Ethmoid
5. Anatomy of major bones of skull
• Frontal bone
• Parietal bone
• Occipital bone
• Temporal bone
• Sphenoid bone
• Ethmoid bone
• Mandible
• Maxilla
• Zygomatic
6. Frontal Bone
• Creates the smooth curvature of the forehead
• Protects the frontal lobe of the brain
• Involved in the three regions of the head, such are
the squamous part(forehead), the orbital part and
the nasal part
Squamous Part forms the major portion of the bone
and forms the forehead
Orbital part forms the roof of the orbit and ethmoidal
sinus
Nasal part forms the stem of the nose
7. Squamous Part comprises of
• Frontal sinuses present superior and medially to orbit
• Glabella (elevated surface above the nasal root)
• Zygomatic processes of frontal bone
• Supraorbital foramen
• Supraorbital notch
Frontal sinus
Glabella
Zygomatic processes
Supraorbital foramen
Supraorbital notch
8. Orbital part includes anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramen
Nasal part comprises of nasal process that’s ends below in a sharp spine
Anterior Ethmoidal Foramen
Posterior Ethmoidal Foramen
9. Surface Landmarks In Frontal Bone
Externally frontal bone includes- Frontal eminence, superciliary arch, glabella, supraorbital margin(frontal notch,
supraorbital notch), zygomatic process, temporal line, temporal surface
10. Parietal Bone
• Located on each side of the skull behind the frontal bone
• Irregular quadrilateral in shape- four angles, four margins, and two surfaces
• Angles - frontal angle, sphenoidal angle, occipital angle, mastoid angle,
• Margins/Border- frontal, occipital, squamous, sagittal
• External surface features- parietal tuber, superior temporal line, inferior temporal line, parietal foramen
• Internal surface has grooves for sinuses
11. Occipital Bone
• The occipital bone is an unpaired bone which covers the back of the head
• Convex externally and concave internally
• Protects cerebellum
• It has four parts: the basilar part, two condylar parts and the squamous part
• All four are arranged around a large opening, the foramen magnum
SQUAMOUS
PART
CONDYLAR
PART
BASILAR
PART
12. THE BASILAR PART
• Anterior to the foramen magnum
• Anteriorly it fuses with the sphenoid bone to form the clivus
• Pharyngeal tubercle found on the inferior surface of the basilar part
CLIVUS
13. Condylar Parts
• Located lateral to the foramen magnum
• kidney shaped prominences
• Articulate with the first cervical vertebra (atlanto-occipital joint)
• Posterior to condyles are the condylar canals where the
condylar emissary veins passes
Condylar Canals
14. Squamous Part
• External occipital protuberance in the midline
• Highest nuchal line
• Superior nuchal line
• Inferior nuchal line
15. Temporal Bone
• Pair of bilateral
• Many number of openings and canals
• Houses the structures forming the middle and inner ear
• It has 4 parts- squamous, petrous , mastoid and tympanic part
16. Squamous Part
• Antero-superior portion of the temporal bone
• Zygomatic process- anterior projection from the squamous part of temporal bone (articulate with the
temporal process of the zygomatic bone to form the zygomatic arch)
• Below the process is a mandibular fossa that articulate with the mandible to form temporomandibular joint
• Articular tubercle is an elevation in front of the mandibular fossa
External Acoustic
Meatus
Zygomatic Arch
Zygomatic Process
Mandibular Fossa
Temporomandibular Joint
Articular Tubercle
17. Mastoid Part
• Most posterior part of the temporal bone
• Downward conical projection called the Mastoid Process
• Mastoid process consists of mastoid air cells (reservoir of air, equalize pressure within the middle ear) and
mastoid antrum
• Various muscles are attached to it (SCM etc. )
• Mastoid notch is present on inferior surface of the mastoid process
18. Petrous Part
• Pyramid shaped mass of bone located between the sphenoid and occipital bones within the cranial cavity
• It has a base, an apex and three surfaces (anterior, posterior, inferior), three borders (anterior, superior,
posterior)
• The acoustic labyrinth is located within the petrous part (houses the inner ear)
• Trigeminal impression on anterior margin
• Tegmen Tympani forms the roof of the middle ear
Petrous Part
19. Tympanic Part
• Curved plate immediately below the origin of the zygomatic process
• Forms the anterior wall, floor and part of the posterior wall of the external acoustic meatus
• The styloid process is a narrow, pointed projection that extends downwards and anteriorly from the inferior
surface of the temporal bone
20. Sphenoid Bone
• Butterfly-shaped
• It consists of a body, paired greater wings and lesser wings, and two pterygoid processes
• Various foramen found- F. Rotundum, F. Ovale, F. Spinosum. Optic Canal and Superior orbital fissure
Body
Greater Wing
Lesser Wing
Pterygoid Processes
21. Body of Sphenoid Bone
• Six surfaces: superior, posterior, anterior, inferior, and two lateral surfaces
• Superior surface- comprises of Sella turcica that lodge pituitary gland
22. Lesser wings
• Forms lateral wall of Optic canal (transmit 2nd optic nerve and
ophthalmic artery)
• superior orbital fissure-slit-like’ gap between the lesser and greater
wings (transmit ophthalmic vein and 5thnerve, 6th abducent nerve, 3rd
oculomotor nerve, 4th trochlear nerve)
Greater wings
• Foramen rotundum, which transmits the 5th maxillary nerve
• Foramen ovale, which allows the passage of the 5th
mandibular nerve, accessory meningeal artery, lesser
petrosal nerve and emissary vein (mnemonic "MALE")
• Foramen spinosum
23. Pterygoid Processes
• Extensions of the basal surface of the sphenoid body
• Processes contain two canals known as the pterygoid canal and pharyngeal canal
• Pterygoid canal transmit major petrosal nerve, deep petrosal nerve and vessels
• Pharyngeal canal transmit pharyngeal nerve
Pterygoid Canal
24. Ethmoid Bone
• Single porous bone
• The ethmoid bone has four parts:
Cribriform plate
Perpendicular plate
Ethmoidal labyrinth (2)
25. Ethmoidal labyrinths
Features consists of -
• Ethmoidal Air Cells (Anterior, Middle,
Posterior)
• Orbital Plate
• Superior Nasal Concha
• Middle Nasal Concha
Perpendicular plate
• Forms the nasal septum
26. Cribriform Plate of Ethmoid
• Forms the roof of the nasal cavity
• Has small openings which transmit the fibers of the olfactory nerves (CN I) from the olfactory epithelium
(nasal cavity) to the brain (cranial cavity)
• A small vertical protrusion on top of the plate is called as Crista galli
27. MANDIBLE
• Also known as the lower jaw
• Located inferiorly in the facial skeleton
• Largest and strongest bone of the face
• Doesn’t articulate with its
adjacent skull bones via sutures
• Articulates to the temporal bone,
forming the Temporomandibular joint
(TMJ)
• Movement of the lower jaw opens and
closes the mouth and also allows for
the chewing of food.
• Muscles of mastication attach to it
29. Ramus
• Extends cranially from the angle of the mandible, away from the body at an angle of 110 degrees
• Each ramus contains the following bony landmarks
Angle of mandible
Coronoid process
Mandibular notch
Condylar process
Head
Neck
Pterygoid fovea
• 2 surfaces
External - masseteric tuberosity
Internal- mandibular foramen, mandibular canal, mylohyoid groove, pterygoid tuberosity
Mandibular Notch
31. Body
Alveolar process: holds the teeth
Base
External surface
• Mandibular symphysis: small ridge in the midline
• Mental protuberance: forms the shape of the chin
• Mental tubercle
• Mental foramen (located below the second
premolar)
Internal surface
• Mental spine (attachment of genioglossus and
geniohyoid muscles.)
• Digastric fossa (attachment of digastric muscle)
• Mylohyoid line (mylohyoid muscle)
• Sublingual fovea (contains sublingual gland)
• Submandibular fovea (submandibular gland)
32. Maxilla Bone
• Upper jaw bone
• Paired bone
Features
• Body
• Four processes
Frontal process
Zygomatic process
Palatine process
Alveolar process
• Involved in the formation of the orbit,
nose and palate, holds the upper teeth
• Plays an important role for mastication
and communication
33. Processes
• Frontal process
• Zygomatic process
• Palatine process
• Alveolar process
Frontal process Zygomatic process
Palatine process
Alveolar process
34. Body
• Central portion of the maxilla
• Four surfaces
Anterior
Nasal notch
Infra-orbital margin
Infra-orbital foramen
Canine fossa
Orbital (floor of the orbit)
Nasal (lateral wall of the nasal cavity)
Maxillary sinus
Infratemporal
Maxillary tuberosity
Alveolar foramina
Alveolar canals
Nasal notch
Infra-orbital margin
Infra-orbital margin
Infra-orbital foramen
Infra-orbital foramen
Canine fossa
Maxillary tuberosity
Maxillary tuberosity
Alveolar foramina
Maxillary sinus
35. Zygomatic Bone
• Also called as cheek bone, malar bone
• Articulates with four bones
Maxilla
Temporal bone
Sphenoid
Frontal bone
Structures that pass through this foramen magnum include: the brainstem (medulla oblongata), spinal branch of accessory nerve, anterior and posterior spinal arteries, vertebral artery, spinal vein
Angle of mandible: angle forming between the body and ramus of the mandible
Coronoid process: muscular process located anteriorly, temporalis muscle attaches to it
Masseteric tuberosity is for masseter muscle attachment
Mandibular canal is a bony passage that transmits the inferior alveolar artery and nerve
Mylohyoid groove is passage for the mylohyoid nerve and the mylohyoid branch of the inferior alveolar artery
Pterygoid tuberosity gives attachment to medial pterygoid muscle
