Self-incompatibility refers to the inability of a plant with functional pollen to set seeds when self pollinated. It is the failure of pollen from a flower to fertilize the same flower or other flowers of the same plant.
This presentation includes, Single-locus self-incompatibility- {Gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI) and Sporophytic self-incompatibility (SSI)},2-locus gametophytic self-incompatibility, Heteromorphic self-incompatibility,Cryptic self-incompatibility (CSI) and Late-acting self-incompatibility (LSI).
Anther culture:- the in vitro culturing of anthers containing microspores or immature pollen grains on a nutrient medium for the purpose of generating haploid plantlets.
Culturing anthers for the purpose of obtaining Double Haploid is not easy with many field crop species, particularly with the cereals, cotton, and grain legumes.
Plant breeding methods of vegetatively propagated crops Roksana Aftab Ruhi
Vegetatively propagated crops are bred by intentionally crossing of closely or distantly related individual to produce new crop varieties or lines with desirable traits. Breeding of vegetative crops have successfully improved quality, yield, tolerance of crops to environmental pressure. Breeding helps in producing crops that are resistant to viruses, fungi and bacteria and helps in longer storage period for the harvested crop.
Grafting is a method employed to improve crop production. Grafting of vegetable seedlings is a unique horticultural technology practiced for many years in East Asia to overcome issues associated with intensive cultivation using limited arable land.The first grafted vegetable seedlings used were for Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.) plants grafted onto Lagenaria siceraria L. rootstock to overcome Fusarium wilt. Since then, the use of grafted solanaceous and cucurbitaceous seedlings has spread, with the practice mainly used in Asia, Europe, and North America. The expansion of grafting is likely due to its ability to provide tolerance to biotic stress, such as soilborne pathogens, and to abiotic stresses, such as cold, salinity, drought, and heavy metal toxicity, due to the resistance found in the rootstock. Many aspects related to rootstock/scion interactions are poorly understood, which can cause loss of fruit quality, reduced production, shorter postharvest time, and, most commonly, incompatibility between rootstock and scion. The rootstock and scion cultivars must be chosen with care to avoid loss.
Self-incompatibility refers to the inability of a plant with functional pollen to set seeds when self pollinated. It is the failure of pollen from a flower to fertilize the same flower or other flowers of the same plant.
This presentation includes, Single-locus self-incompatibility- {Gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI) and Sporophytic self-incompatibility (SSI)},2-locus gametophytic self-incompatibility, Heteromorphic self-incompatibility,Cryptic self-incompatibility (CSI) and Late-acting self-incompatibility (LSI).
Anther culture:- the in vitro culturing of anthers containing microspores or immature pollen grains on a nutrient medium for the purpose of generating haploid plantlets.
Culturing anthers for the purpose of obtaining Double Haploid is not easy with many field crop species, particularly with the cereals, cotton, and grain legumes.
Plant breeding methods of vegetatively propagated crops Roksana Aftab Ruhi
Vegetatively propagated crops are bred by intentionally crossing of closely or distantly related individual to produce new crop varieties or lines with desirable traits. Breeding of vegetative crops have successfully improved quality, yield, tolerance of crops to environmental pressure. Breeding helps in producing crops that are resistant to viruses, fungi and bacteria and helps in longer storage period for the harvested crop.
Grafting is a method employed to improve crop production. Grafting of vegetable seedlings is a unique horticultural technology practiced for many years in East Asia to overcome issues associated with intensive cultivation using limited arable land.The first grafted vegetable seedlings used were for Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.) plants grafted onto Lagenaria siceraria L. rootstock to overcome Fusarium wilt. Since then, the use of grafted solanaceous and cucurbitaceous seedlings has spread, with the practice mainly used in Asia, Europe, and North America. The expansion of grafting is likely due to its ability to provide tolerance to biotic stress, such as soilborne pathogens, and to abiotic stresses, such as cold, salinity, drought, and heavy metal toxicity, due to the resistance found in the rootstock. Many aspects related to rootstock/scion interactions are poorly understood, which can cause loss of fruit quality, reduced production, shorter postharvest time, and, most commonly, incompatibility between rootstock and scion. The rootstock and scion cultivars must be chosen with care to avoid loss.
Clonal Propagation: Introduction, Techniques, Factors, Applications and Disadvantages
Multiplication of Apical or Axillary bud, Shoot tip or meristem culture
Production of Disease free plants by Micropropagation techniques: their Advantages and Disadvantages
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
2. Vast emerging industry in the
world with a compound annual
growth rate of 15%
Lucrative profession with higher
potential for returns
Demand for flowers in International markets increasing at
a faster rate
The global flower industry thrives on novelty
Tissue Culture plays a major role in promoting the
generation of new commercial varieties
Importance of Floriculture Industry
2
3. Why tissue culture for
Floriculture??
Propagation through seeds
is not desire due to cross
pollination heterozygous progenies
Poor germination and low viability of seeds
Minute seed size and presence of reduced endosperm
Vegetative propagation is slow and cannot keep pace with
increasing demand
To produce high quality planting material
Maintain uniform production throughout the year in seasonal
floricultural crops
For the production of new varieties through bio technology and
rapid multiplication through tissue culture 3
4. Applications of tissue culture
techniques in floriculture industry
Propagating disease free floricultural crops
Through meristem culture- excision of the organized apex of
the shoot from a selected donor plant and culture
Production of virus free germplasm
4
5. Rapid multiplication of floricultural crops
Limited number of plants can be raised through vegetative
propagation
Multiplying orchids and anthuriums through vegetative means is
very slow
Once mother plant is divided for propagation it takes some time
to flower again
For the rapid multiplication of orchids and anthuriums tissue
culture is used mainly
5
6. Mass propagation of elite genotype by
selection from seedling populations
For the flower color, disease resistance, regeneration ability
etc.
M 1H 1M 3H 3M 5H 5M 7H 7M 1H 1M 3H 3M 5H5M 7H 7M
C1 C2
M 1H 1M 3H 3M 5H 5M 7H 7M 1H 1M 3H 3M 5H 5M 7H 7M
C4 C3
Mass production via liquid or solid cultureVariant detectionAcclimatization
Proliferation via multiple
shoots
Mother plant
6
7. Embryo culture of orchid seeds
Due to unavailability of an endosperm orchid seeds can’t grow
independently
So embryo culture is practiced
Orchid capsule and
seeds
7
8. Somatic Hybridization
Production of hybrid plants through fusion of two different
plant protoplasts.
Major contribution to plant breeding is in overcoming
common cross barriers among plant species.
Several steps are involved in somatic hybridization,
8
9. Fusion of leaf protoplast of Helianthus annus (commercial
cultivar) and Helianthus maximilani (wild species which is
resistant to white rot)
Somatic hybridization of sexually incompatible Petunia inflata
and Petunia parodii
Helianthus annus Helianthus maximilani
Petunia inflata Petunia parodii
9
10. Artificial seed production through
somatic embryos
Artificial seeds are encapsulated somatic embryos that can be
used as seed and posses the ability to convert into plant under
in vitro or ex vitro conditions
Synthetic seeds have high volume and it maintains genetic
uniformity of plants
Can be used for large scale monoculture
Used in floricultural crops of non seed producing and having
problems in seed propagation
10
11. Establish somatic embryo
Synchronized somatic embryo
Mass production of somatic embryo
Encapsulation in calcium or sodium alginate
Standardization of artificial embryo
Mass production of synthetic seeds
Green house and field planting
11
12. Ploidy breeding of floricultural crops
Colchicine is used for induce the polyploidy in plants or cells
Induce ploidy variations and multiply them through tissue
culture is a common practice
Diploid Tetraploid
12
14. Mutation breeding
X- ray, gamma ray and chemical treatment
used to damage or modify plant cells and it
affects the morphology
Curcuma alismatifolia (summer tulip) varieties by gamma ray
(Taheri et al.2014) 14
15. In- vitro flowering
Flowering is a complex phenomena where number of
environmental and endogenous signals play a major role
But flowering can be manipulated through photoperiod and
plant growth regulators
Inflorescences were induced and rooting was inhibited in
artificial medium
One of the examples Dendrobium sonia
in the half-strength Murashige and Skoog medium containing
20µM N 6-benzyladenine (BA) and with high P and
low N contents was effective to induce inflorescences
Generally orchids have long juvenile phase that requires
several years of growing before they flower
15
16. Oncidium in vitro flowering
Cymbidium nanutum from south
China botanical garden
In- vitro flowering roses- in a media
containing full strengh MS Gamborg B5
organic elements with 400mg/l myoinositol
and different phytohormone combination of
BA.
16
17. Somaclonal variation
Genetic variations in plants that have been produced by plant
tissue culture
Either genetic variation or epigenetic variation
Morphological changes during floral development decrease
plant quality in uniformity
One of the advantage is creation of additional variations which
may be valuable
Some of the valuable somaclonal variants of Petunia hybrida
was investigated
17
18. Growing petunia plantlets
obtained from regenerated shoots
New leaf forms developed on regenerated
plantlets
Original petunia plant (pink color)
used as a source of explants for
somaclonal variation
New flower colors developed on the
regenerated plantlets 18
19. Genetic transformation
Generation of novel flower colors through genetic
engineering of cut flowers
Most economically important cut flowers are unable
to produce violet blue anthocyanin “delphinindin”
Pigment biosynthesis flowers can be manipulated by
regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis gene
For the multiplication of gene transferred cells Tissue
Culture is used
19
21. Control of flowering time through
genetic transformation for seasonal
flower crops
Incorporate genes which are resistant to
certain pests of floricultural crops and
diseases like Fusarium
To produce varieties resistant to post
harvest deterioration without using
chemical preservation
21
22. • Jaime. A, Floriculture ornamental and plant bio technology,
Advances in topical issues, 02
Retrieved from:
www.globalsciencebooks.info/Books/images/FOPBVolume2O
utline.pdf
• J.A. Manzanera,Synthetic seed production from encapsulated
somatic embryos of cork oak (Quercus suber L.) and
automated growth monitoring
Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/.../225752332
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatic_fusion
References
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