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Heterosis in brinjal
- 3. Heterosis refers to the superiority of F1 hybrids in one or more characters over its parents. The term hybrid vigour is used as synonym for heterosis. The term heterosis was first used by Shull in 1914.
- 4. Hybrid vigour: According to shull, the developed superiority of the hybrid is the ‘hybrid vigour. Heterosis: The mechanism by which superiority is develoed.
- 5. SPECIFIC FEATURES OF HETEROSIS Superiority over Parents: Heterosis leads to superiority in adaptation, yield, quality, disease resistance, maturity and general vigour over its parents. Generally, positive heterosis is considered as desirable. But in some cases negative heterosis is also desirable.
- 6. IMPORTANT FEATURES OF HETEROSIS Superiority of over parents Confined to F1 Genetic control Reproducible Association with specific combining ability Effect of heterozygosity Conceals recessive genes Low frequency
- 7. MANIFESTATION OF HETEROSIS Increased yield Increased reproductive ability Increased size and general vigour Better quality Earlier flowering and maturity Greater resistance to diseases and pests Greater adaptability Faster growth rate
- 8. To enhance the place of genetic improvement in eggplant, detailed investigation regarding heterosis and combining ability is essential. The earliest recorded instances of artificial hybridization in eggplant were evidently those carried out by Bailey and Munson in the United States in 1869.
- 9. The first positive report of heterosis in the eggplant came from Munson (1892). Halsted (1901) reported that one of his cross was double the size of the parents and also yielded more. In the Philippines, Bayla (1918) hybridized some local varieties and found that the hybrids were more vigorous, stronger and healthier than the respective parental lines.
- 10. In India the first attempt to hybridize eggplant appears to have been made by Rao in 1934, however in the cross between two wide varieties, a high degree of partial sterility due to abortive pollen was observed.
- 11. Important characters, ease of handling the flowers during artificial emasculation and pollination and realization of higher number of hybrid seeds per effective pollination.
- 12. BREEDING GOALS OF BRINJAL 1. High yield 2. Earliness 3. Fruit shape, size and colour as per consumers’ preference 4. Low proportion of seed/higher seed depending upon use 5. Soft flesh 6. Fruit colour retention in summer 7. Lower solanine content 8. Upright sturdy plant free from lodging 9. Resistance to: i. Bacterial wilt (Pseudomonas solanacearum/Ralstonia solanacearum Smith) ii. Phomopsis blight (Phomopsis vexans) iii. Little leaf (Mycoplasma like bodies/Phytoplasma) iv. Root knot nematodes 10. Tolerance to: i. Shoot and fruit borer ii. Jassids iii. Epilachna beetle
- 13. Solanum is very large genus. Among the 22 Indian species, there is a group of 5 related ones. All are prickly and diploid with 2n = 24, which are: - Solanum melongena Solanum coagulans Solanum xanthocarpum Solanum maccanii Solanum indicum
- 14. FLORAL BIOLOGY INFLORESCENCE Inflorescence is solitary or cluster of 2-5 flowers.
- 15. Flower Flowers are actinomorphic, Hypogynous, Hermaphrodite with pistil sorrounded by the stamens. White or pinkish in colour, depending on the cultivars
- 16. CALYX 5 gamosepalous, Light green in colour and persistent. COROLLA 5 gamopetalous, Purple or white in colour. Lobes are short.
- 17. ANDROECIUM Stamens are 5 erect, Large anthers, small filaments are attached at the base of petals, Anther dehiscence is longitudinal
- 18. GYNOECIUM Capitate stigma is found either above or on the same level or below the stamens. Ovary is bilocular with many ovules, hypogynous, bicarpellary, syncarpous and with basal placentation
- 19. HETEROSIS BREEDING:- METHOD OF PRODUCTION OF SUPERIOR OF F1 OVER THE PARENTS Manual emasculation and pollination are very much in practical use.
- 20. CROSSING TECHNIQUES Crossing techniques includes: Hand emasculation, Pollen collection, Artificial pollination or Pollen dusting. For emasculation, a healthy long or medium styled, well developed bud from the central portion of the plant is selected. The bud is opened gently with the help of fine pointed forceps one or two days before the opening of the bud and all the five anthers are carefully removed.
- 21. For pollination, freshly dehiscing anthers are picked up and are silt vertically with fine needle to get sufficient pollen flower bud. It is labeled and covered with small pollination bag.
- 22. Emasculation is done on buds, which are about to open on the next day morning. Normally, single, long styled flowers are selected for crossing. After emasculation, the flowers are covered with butter paper cover and pollination is done on the next day morning.
- 23. USE OF MALE STERILITY FOR HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION Female line Fruit set% BCB-11 85.4 BCB-18 89.6 BCB-34 90.4 UGA-1MS 82.6 High crossing success of 82.6% could be achieved in UGA-1MS by hand pollination Insect pollinators chiefly bees basically act as pollen releaser for self pollination Average estimated natural hybridization was only 7.5% So, hand pollination obviating emasculation is suggested to utilize the functional male sterile lineUGA-1 MS in hybrid development
- 24. Experiments were conducted at TNAU to study optimum planting ratio, the fruit yield and seed yield were highest at 1:10 ratio and lowest at 1:1 ratio. Sankar et al.(2001) Fruit setting percentage was highest in the month of February using plants emasculated between 09.00 and 11.00 h during winter. Chattopadhyay. (2000)
- 25. crop hybrids Brinjal(Long) Pusa hybrid-5, Pant hybrid-1, ARBH-201, Kat-4 Brinjal (Round) Pusa Hybrid-6, Pusa Hybrid-9, ARBH-216, NDBH-1, JBH-1, BH-1, Pant hybrid-2, Brinjal (small round) MHB-10, MHB-39, Phule hybrid-2, ABH-1, Hybrid-2, Sumex-9, Sumex-19, HOE-4
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