This document discusses the history and techniques of anther and pollen culture. It notes that anther and pollen culture were first developed in the 1950s and 1960s and can be used to produce haploid plants. The document outlines the procedures for anther and pollen culture, highlighting steps like collecting unopened flower buds, isolating microspores, and culturing on nutrient media. It also discusses factors that influence culture success like genotype, temperature, and physiological status of donor plants. The advantages of pollen culture over anther culture and various applications of anther and pollen culture are summarized.
OVARY CULTURE:-
"the in-vitro culturing of ovaries in an aseptic condition from the pollinated or un-pollinated flowers, in an appropriate nutrient medium and under optimal conditions." And
OVULE CULTURE:-
"Ovule culture is an experimental system by which ovules are aseptically isolated from the ovary and are grown aseptically on chemically defined nutrient medium under controlled conditions."
The isolation, culture and fusion of protoplasts is a fascinating field in plant research. Protoplast isolation and their cultures provide millions of single cells (comparable to microbial cells) for a variety of studies.
Organogenesis, in plant tissue cultureKAUSHAL SAHU
Introduction
Definition
Types of organogenesis
Organogenesis through callus formation (indirect organogenesis)
Growth regulators for indirect organogenesis
Organogenesis through adventitious organ (direct organogenesis)
Growth regulators for direct organogenesis
Factor affecting the soot bud differentiation
Organogenic differentiation
Application of organogenesis
Conclusion
References
Somatic embryogenesis, in plant tissue culture 2KAUSHAL SAHU
Introduction
Types of somatic embryogenesis
Developmental stages
Factors affecting somatic embryogenesis
Importance
Conclusions
References
The process of regeneration of embryos from somatic cells, tissue or organs is regarded as somatic or asexual embryogenesis.
opposite of zygotic or sexual embryogenesis.
Embryo-like structures which can develop into whole plants in a way that is similar to zygotic embryos are formed from somatic cells.
OVARY CULTURE:-
"the in-vitro culturing of ovaries in an aseptic condition from the pollinated or un-pollinated flowers, in an appropriate nutrient medium and under optimal conditions." And
OVULE CULTURE:-
"Ovule culture is an experimental system by which ovules are aseptically isolated from the ovary and are grown aseptically on chemically defined nutrient medium under controlled conditions."
The isolation, culture and fusion of protoplasts is a fascinating field in plant research. Protoplast isolation and their cultures provide millions of single cells (comparable to microbial cells) for a variety of studies.
Organogenesis, in plant tissue cultureKAUSHAL SAHU
Introduction
Definition
Types of organogenesis
Organogenesis through callus formation (indirect organogenesis)
Growth regulators for indirect organogenesis
Organogenesis through adventitious organ (direct organogenesis)
Growth regulators for direct organogenesis
Factor affecting the soot bud differentiation
Organogenic differentiation
Application of organogenesis
Conclusion
References
Somatic embryogenesis, in plant tissue culture 2KAUSHAL SAHU
Introduction
Types of somatic embryogenesis
Developmental stages
Factors affecting somatic embryogenesis
Importance
Conclusions
References
The process of regeneration of embryos from somatic cells, tissue or organs is regarded as somatic or asexual embryogenesis.
opposite of zygotic or sexual embryogenesis.
Embryo-like structures which can develop into whole plants in a way that is similar to zygotic embryos are formed from somatic cells.
A presentation covering the process of protoplast culture including protoplast isolation, protoplast fusion, culture of protoplast, its application, factors affecting protoplast culture and the future of protoplasts.
HYBRIDIZATION & HAPLOID PRODUCTION
Introduction
WIDE HYBRIDIZATION
INTER-SPECIFIC HYBRIDIZATION
Barriers to distant hybridization
Techniques to overcome barriers
Haploids and Doubled Haploids in Plant
Production of haploids and doubled haploids
a) Induction of maternal haploids
Wide hybridization
3. In vitro induction of maternal haploids – gynogenesis
Induction of paternal haploids – Androgenesis
Production of Homozygous Diploid Plants
Application of Haploids in Plant Breeding
Importance and Implications of Anther and Pollen Culture
Artificial Seed - Definition, Types & Production ANUGYA JAISWAL
Somatic embryogenesis is expected to be the only clonal propagation system economically viable for crops currently propagated by seeds However, it would require mechanical planting of somatic embryogenesis. Although suggestions have been made to use naked embryos for large scale planting, it would be desirable to convert them into 'synthetic seeds' or 'synseeds' by encapsulating in a protective covering.
Kitto and Janick (1982, 1985a,b) selected polyoxyethylene (Polyox r) which is readily soluble in water and dries to form a thin film, does not support growth of microorganism and is non-toxic to the embryos.
A process where an embryo is derived from a single somatic cell or group of somatic cells. Somatic embryos (SEs) are formed from plant cells that are not normally involved in embryo formation.
Embryos formed by somatic embryogenesis are called Embryoids.
The process was discovered for the first time in Daucas carota L. (carrot) by Steward (1958), Reinert (1959).
Haploid Production - Techniques, Application & Problem ANUGYA JAISWAL
Haploid is applied to any plant originating from a sporophyte (2n) and containing (n) number of chromosomes.
Artificial production of haploids was attempted through distant hybridization, delayed pollination, application of irradiated pollen, hormone treatment and temperature shock.
The artificial production of haploids until 1964 was attempted through:
1. Distant hybridization
2. Delayed pollination
3. Application of irradiated pollen
4. Hormone treatments
5. Temperature shocks
The development of numerous pollen plantlets in anther cultures of Datura innoxia, first reported by two Indian scientists (Guha and Maheshwari, 1964, 1966), was a major breakthrough in haploid breeding of higher plants.
The technique of haploid production through anther culture ('anther - androgenesis') has been extended successfully to numerous plant species, including many economically important plants, such as cereals and vegetable, oil and tree crops.
WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL SEED..?
Artificial seed can be defined as artificial encapsulation of somatic embryos, shoot bud or aggregates of cell of any tissues which has the ability to form a plant in in-vitro or ex-vivo condition.
Artificial seed have also been often referred to as synthetic seed.
HISTORY
Artificial seeds were first introduced in 1970’s as a novel analogue to the plant seeds.
The production of artificial seeds is useful for plants which do not produce viable seeds. It represents a method to propagate these plants.
Artificial seeds are small sized and these provides further advantages in storage, handling and shipping.
The term, “EMBLING” is used for the plants originated from synthetic seed.
• The use of synthetic varieties for commercial cultivation was first suggested in Maize (Hays & Garber, 1919).
A presentation covering the process of protoplast culture including protoplast isolation, protoplast fusion, culture of protoplast, its application, factors affecting protoplast culture and the future of protoplasts.
HYBRIDIZATION & HAPLOID PRODUCTION
Introduction
WIDE HYBRIDIZATION
INTER-SPECIFIC HYBRIDIZATION
Barriers to distant hybridization
Techniques to overcome barriers
Haploids and Doubled Haploids in Plant
Production of haploids and doubled haploids
a) Induction of maternal haploids
Wide hybridization
3. In vitro induction of maternal haploids – gynogenesis
Induction of paternal haploids – Androgenesis
Production of Homozygous Diploid Plants
Application of Haploids in Plant Breeding
Importance and Implications of Anther and Pollen Culture
Artificial Seed - Definition, Types & Production ANUGYA JAISWAL
Somatic embryogenesis is expected to be the only clonal propagation system economically viable for crops currently propagated by seeds However, it would require mechanical planting of somatic embryogenesis. Although suggestions have been made to use naked embryos for large scale planting, it would be desirable to convert them into 'synthetic seeds' or 'synseeds' by encapsulating in a protective covering.
Kitto and Janick (1982, 1985a,b) selected polyoxyethylene (Polyox r) which is readily soluble in water and dries to form a thin film, does not support growth of microorganism and is non-toxic to the embryos.
A process where an embryo is derived from a single somatic cell or group of somatic cells. Somatic embryos (SEs) are formed from plant cells that are not normally involved in embryo formation.
Embryos formed by somatic embryogenesis are called Embryoids.
The process was discovered for the first time in Daucas carota L. (carrot) by Steward (1958), Reinert (1959).
Haploid Production - Techniques, Application & Problem ANUGYA JAISWAL
Haploid is applied to any plant originating from a sporophyte (2n) and containing (n) number of chromosomes.
Artificial production of haploids was attempted through distant hybridization, delayed pollination, application of irradiated pollen, hormone treatment and temperature shock.
The artificial production of haploids until 1964 was attempted through:
1. Distant hybridization
2. Delayed pollination
3. Application of irradiated pollen
4. Hormone treatments
5. Temperature shocks
The development of numerous pollen plantlets in anther cultures of Datura innoxia, first reported by two Indian scientists (Guha and Maheshwari, 1964, 1966), was a major breakthrough in haploid breeding of higher plants.
The technique of haploid production through anther culture ('anther - androgenesis') has been extended successfully to numerous plant species, including many economically important plants, such as cereals and vegetable, oil and tree crops.
WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL SEED..?
Artificial seed can be defined as artificial encapsulation of somatic embryos, shoot bud or aggregates of cell of any tissues which has the ability to form a plant in in-vitro or ex-vivo condition.
Artificial seed have also been often referred to as synthetic seed.
HISTORY
Artificial seeds were first introduced in 1970’s as a novel analogue to the plant seeds.
The production of artificial seeds is useful for plants which do not produce viable seeds. It represents a method to propagate these plants.
Artificial seeds are small sized and these provides further advantages in storage, handling and shipping.
The term, “EMBLING” is used for the plants originated from synthetic seed.
• The use of synthetic varieties for commercial cultivation was first suggested in Maize (Hays & Garber, 1919).
The production of haploid plants exploiting the totipotency of microspore.
Androgenesis is the in vitro development of haploid plants originating from totipotent pollen grains through a series of cell division and differentiation.
Plant tissue culture has been widely employed in area of agriculture, horticulture, forestry and plant breeding. It is an applied biotechnology used for mass propagation, virus elimination, secondary metabolite production and in vitro cloning of plants. Recently, plant tissue culture has been used for the conservation of endangered plant species through short and medium term conservation also known as slow growth and cryopreservation also known as long term conservation. These methods had been effectively used to conserve plant species with recalcitrant seeds or dormant seeds and showed greater advantage over the conventional methods of conservation. At present plant cell culture has made great advances. Possibly the most significant role that plant cell culture has to play in the future will be in its association with transgenic plants. The ability to accelerate the conventional multiplication rate can be of great benefit to many crops countries where a disease or some climatic disaster wipes out crops. Mr. Rohan R. Vakhariya | Rutuja R. Shah "Over Review on Plant Tissue Culture" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29619.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/29619/over-review-on-plant-tissue-culture/mr-rohan-r-vakhariya
Anther culture:- the in vitro culturing of anthers containing microspores or immature pollen grains on a nutrient medium for the purpose of generating haploid plantlets.
Culturing anthers for the purpose of obtaining Double Haploid is not easy with many field crop species, particularly with the cereals, cotton, and grain legumes.
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2. HISTORY
W.TULECKE(1953)
First observed that mature pollen grains of Ginkgo biloba
(gymnosperm) can be induced to prolifrate in culture to form haploid
callus.
S.GUHA AND S.C MAHESWARI(1964)
First reported the direct deveiopment of embroys from microspores
of Datura innoxia by the culture of excised anther.
J.P. BOURGIN AND J.P.NITSCH(1967)
Obtained complete haploid plantlents from anther culture of
Nicotiana tabacum.
3. Anther culture
Culturing of anther obtained from unopened
flower bud in the nutrient medium under aseptic
condition.
callus tissue or embryoids that give rise to haploid
plantlets either though organogenesis or
embryogenesis.
4. Pollen culture
Pollen or microspore culture is an in vitro
technique by which the pollen grains preferably
at the uninucleated stage, are squeezed out
aseptically from the intact anther and then cultured
on nutrient medium.
the microspores develop into haploid embryoids or
callus tissue that give rise to haploid plantlets by
embryogenesis or organogenesis.
5. Androgenesis
Androgenesis is the in vitro development of
haploid plants originating from totipotent
pollen grains through a series of cell division
and differentiation.
It is of two types.
Direct androgenesis
Indirect androgenesis
6. Androgenesis
1)Direct androgeneis:-
The microspores behaves like a zygote and undergoes
chance to form enbryoid which ultimately give rise to a
plantlet.
2) Indirect Androgenesis:-
The microspores divide repeatedly to form a callus tissue
which differentiates into haploid plantlets.
7. Principle of anther and pollen culture
The production of haploid plants is to exploit the
totipotency of microspore .
In this process the normal development and function
of the pollen cell to become a male gamete is stopped
and is diverted forcely to a new metabolic pathway
for vegetative cell division .
8. Factors influencing anther culture
1) Genotype of donor plants:-
The genotype of the donor plant plays a significant role in
determining the frequency of pollen production.
Example :- Horedum of each genotype differs with respect
to androgenic response in anther culture.
2) Anther wall factor:-
The anther wall provide the nourishment in the development
of isolated pollen of a number of species.
There are reports that glutamine alone or in combination
with serine and myo inositol could replace the anther wall
9. Factors influencing anther culture
3) CULTURE MEDIUM:-
For anther culture, medium requirements vary with
genotype and the age of the anther as well as
condition under which donor plants are grown.
Incorporation of activated charcoal into the
medium has stimulated the induction of
androgenesis.
The iron in the medium plays a very important role
for the induction of haploids .
Potato extracts, coconut milk and growth
regulators like auxin and cytokinin are used for
anther and pollen culture.
11. Factors influencing anther culture
Effect of temperature:-
Temperature enhance the induction frequency of
microspore androgensis.
The low temperature treatment to anther or flower
bud enhance the haploid formation.
The low temperature effects the number of factors
such as dissolution of microtubules lowering of
absicisic acid maintenance of higher ratio of viable
pollen capable of embryognesis.
12. Factor influencing anther culture
Physiological status of donor plant
Physiological status of donor plant such as water
stress nitrogen requirement and age of donor
plant highly affect the pollen embryogenesis.
Plants starved of nitrogen may give more
responsive anthers compared to those that are well
fed with nitrogenous fertilizers.
14. Procedure for Anther culture
1.collection of unopened flower buds
2.surface sterilized with tween 80 and
mercuric chloride
3.Anthers excised from flower buds and kept
seperately
4.Anthers in first meiotic division is selected by
acetocarmine test
5.Inoculated in the medium containing
glutamine, L-serine and inositol
15. 6. Incubated the culture at 25 C for 15 days.
Here, anthers grow in to embryoids.
7. embryoids transfer to rooting medium
under 3000 lux illumination after 4-5 weeks
the embryoids became plantlets.
8.After aclimatization, transferto green house
16. Procedure for pollen culture
1.Anther collected from flower buds and pollen
grains are isolated and inoculated in the
nutrients medium with the concentration of
pollen 0.5ml.
2.Nitsh (1974) medium is used for pollen
culture
3. Anthers are place on the medium
some times nurse culture may used.
4. A paper disc is placed over anther or callus.
17. continued
O.5ml pollen suspension is poured on the disc
Petridh covered with lid and incubated at 50 C
for 4 weeks. Pollengrains grown in to
individual clones with 60% efficacy.
Clones are transferred to callus induction
medium to produce calli.
Calli transfered to shooting medium and then
to rooting medium to produce ploantlets
18. Advantage of pollen culture over anther culture
During anther culture there is always the
possibility that somatic cells of the anther that are
diploid will also respond to the culture condition
and so produce unwanted diploid calli or
plantlets.
Sometimes the development of microspores inside
the anther may be interrupted due to growth
inhibiting substances leaking out of the anther wall
in contact with nutrient medium.
19. Importance of pollen and anther culture
Utility of anther and pollen culture for basic research
cytogenetic studies.
Study of genetic recombination in higher plants.
Study of mode of differentiation from single cell to
whole organism.
Study of factor controlling pollen embryogenesis of
higher plants.
Formation of double haploid that are homozygous
and fertile.
20. 2) for mutation study.
3) for plant breeding and crop improvement.
4) to obtain the secondary metabolites. Eg. Hyoscyamus niger
obtain by anther culture having higher alkaloid content.
5) Haploids are used in molecular biology and genetic
engineering. Example:- Haploid tissue of Arabidopsis and
Lycopersicon have been used for the transfer and expression
of three genes from Escherchia coli....