The document provides a history of pharmacy from ancient times to the present. It discusses how pharmacy has evolved from early practices of using natural materials to cure illnesses, to the modern era of evidence-based drug development and patient care. Key events highlighted include the documentation of early remedies in texts like the Ebers Papyrus, advances made by Greek and Roman philosophers, the rise of pharmacy as a separate profession during the Renaissance, the industrialization and standardization of drug production, and today's focus on biotechnology, genetics and clinical practice. The document also outlines the diverse career opportunities now available to pharmacists in fields like the pharmaceutical industry, hospitals, research, education, and regulatory affairs.

1. “Pharmacy: The Right Choice for a Promising Future ”
By
Prof. (Dr.) Bhanu P. S. Sagar
Professor & Director,
IECGI, Greater Noida

2. Pharmacy is ….
“The Art and Science of
Manufacturing and dispencing
Drugs and Biologicals to prevent or
cure disease there by preserving the
Health of Humanity at large”.

3. Pharmacy History
From the beginning to the future

4. Eras
 Ancient Era Beginning of time to 1600 AD
 Empiric Era – 1600 to 1940
 Industrialization Era – 1940 to 1970
 Patient Care Era 1970 to present
 Biotechnology and genetic engineering

5. Ancient Era
 From the beginning of time to 1600 AD
 Early man used materials in his surroundings,
Leaves, mud and cool water were used to stop
bleeding and heal wounds.
 Dry clay was used to splint broken bones.
 They copied animal behavior.

6. Documentation
 At some point man began to document healing
practices on clay tablets 2600 B.C.
 One of the earliest known records written
around 1500 B.C. was the Ebers Papyrus
named by George Ebers.

7. Ebers Papyrus
Contains formulas for more than 800 ancient remedies.
 Belly
 "For the evacuation of the belly:
Cow's milk 1; grains 1; honey 1;
mash, sift, cook; take in four
portions."
 Bowels
 "To remedy the bowels: Melilot, 1;
dates, 1; cook in oil; anoint sick

part."
Cancer
 Recounting a "tumor against the
god Xenus", it recommends "do
thou nothing there against".
 Clothing
 Clothing may be protected from
mice and rats by applying cat's

fat.
Death
 Half an onion and the froth of beer
was considered "a delightful
remedy against death."

8. Greeks
 Around 600 B.C. the Greeks integrated science
into mythological thinking.
 They began thinking logically about disease
rather than believing spiritual explanations.
 The Romans conquered the Greeks and the
medical and pharmaceutical cultures merged,
it is known as the Greco-Roman era.

9. Greek Figures
 Hippocrates “The father if
Medicine” was a philosopher,
Physician and Pharmacist.
 He liberated medicine from the
mythical “Bad Spirits”
 He also wrote the Oath of
Hypocrites

10. Early copy of the Hippocratic Oath

11. Theophrastus
 Known as the “Father
of Botany”
He studied the adverse
affects of plants

12. Paracelsus
 Swiss born physician
who believed in
chemical treatment of
disease rather than
botanical.

13. Roman Pharmacy Titles
 Pharmacopeia: Maker of remedies
 Pharmacotritae: Drug Grinders
 Unguentarii: Makers of ointments
 Pigmentarii: Maker of cosmetics
 Pharmacopolae: Seller of drugs
 Aromatarii: Dealers of spices
 Pharmacist of today had not yet evolved

14. The Arabian Influence
 Major advances in this era
 Formularies: The continuation of documentation
of drug information.
 They also had different drug forms which are
now used: Syrups, Confections and Juleps.
 The first Pharmacy shop in the world was in
Baghdad about 792 A.D.

15. The Renaissance 1350- 1650 A.D.
(End of the ancient era)
 Pharmacy became separated from medicine.
 Pharmacy Regulation began.
 University education for pharmacists was
mandatory / required.
 New drugs were imported from the orient.
 New chemicals were introduced.

16. The Empiric era 1600-1940
 Pharmacopeias were used to protect public
health.
 Roots, Bark, Herbs Flowers etc. were used
and controlled by the government.
 They questioned the toxicological affects on
the human body.
 Created interest in testing of drugs and how
they affected the body.

17. Empiric Era Cont.
 In 1751 Benjamin
Franklin started the
first hospital
 In Pennsylvania, PA.
 It is still stands today.

18. Empiric Era Cont.
 The first hospital pharmacist to work in that
hospital was Jonathan Roberts.

19.  William Proctor
 “The father of American
Pharmacy”
 Spent most of his life to
the advancement of
pharmacy.
 He owned an apothecary
shop, teacher, editor and
a scientist.

20. New drugs and chemicals
 Science grew in the 17th and 18th centuries
Many new drugs and chemicals were
identified.
 Nitrogen, Chlorine, Zinc, Oxygen, Atropine,
Quinine, Caffeine, Morphine, Codeine,
Penicillin, Testosterone, Phenobarbital
Niacin.

21. Industrialization Era
 Civil War  World War I

22. Industrial Era
 More people needed drugs for injuries and
illnesses from the wars, so mass production of
medications were made through industrial
machines.

23. Patient Care Era
 New problems – Complications like allergic
reactions, multiple drug interactions with other
drugs and food.
 Increased the therapeutic duties of patient care
in the pharmacies and hospitals.

24. Biotechnology Era Now to the future
 DNA AND GENETIC TECHNOLOGY

25. Biotechnology Era
 Gene therapy is being conducted. Some diseases are
linked to genetic defects. Modifying the genetic
makeup of people may prevent or cure diseases.
 Reincomant DNA technology: Recombinant DNA is a
form of synthetic DNA that is engineered through the
combination or insertion of one or more DNA strands,
thereby combining DNA sequences that would not
normally occur together. Genetic modification.

26. Pharmacy as a Career
&
Scope of Pharmacy

28. Drug & Medicine
• A drug is any substance that acts on
the living body to alter the
physiological process and are used
for the prevention, diagnosis and
treatment of diseases.
• A medicine is any drug
which has a definite form &
dose and are therapeutically
used for the treatment of
diseases of living subjects.

31. What Do Pharmacists Do?
• Educate patients about prescription and over-the-
counter medications
• Advise other health care professionals on drug
decisions for patients
• Provide expertise about the composition of drugs,
including chemical, biological and physical properties,
as well as on use
• Ensure drug purity and strength
• Ensure drugs do not interact in a harmful way

39. ClinicalResearch :
Clinical Research Organizations (CROs) in India offers ample job
opportunities.
CROs in India are staffed with a highly skilled clinicians,
Post Doctorates, Toxicologists,
Pharmacists,
Pharmacologists,
Chemists, Analysts.

44. - CAREER OPPORTUNITIES -
• Pharmaceutical Industry
 Production
 Quality control (QC)
 Quality assurance (QA)
 Research & development (R&D)
 Store
 Marketing ( local, global )
 Product management
 Regulatory affairs
 Pharmaceutical sales representative ( PSR )

45. • Hospitals and Clinics
 Hospital Pharmacists
 Clinical Pharmacists
• Community Pharmacy
• Retail pharmacy
• Wholesale pharmacy
• Government services
 Regulatory affairs; Drug testing
laboratories; Drug purchasing &
distribution; Military services

46. • Pharmacy Education
Teaching & Research
• Other areas
 Backward linkage industries
 API industries
 Pharmaceutical business
(indenting, marketing, export-import )
 Pharmaceutical Consultancy
 Pharmaceutical IT
 Pharmaceutical journalism

48. Post Graduation Courses In India
M. Pharm.(GPAT)
(7 Branches)
M.B.A. (CAT) M.S. (GPAT)
Pharmaceutics Pharma Management NIPER
Medicinal
Chemistry
Finance BITS-Pilani
Regulatory Affairs Marketing
Pharmacology
Pharmacognosy
Quality Analysis &
Assurance
Pharma.Biotech

49. Abroad, opportunities…
M.S M.B.A
(Pharma).
PhD and
Post Doc
GRE-USA GMAT Research
work in
various
Universities and
Organizations
TOEFL-USA, UK TOEFL-USA,
UK
IELTS-
AUS,CANADA,UK,
NEW ZEALAND
IELTS-
AUS,CANAD
A UK,NZ
Work as registered Pharmacist in
Middle East and in Gulf .

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