2. The main purpose of pesticide
application technique is
To cover the target species.
To safety the non target organisms
and the environment.
Most of the pesticides are applied
as sprays.
3. Spraying is classified on the basis of the
droplet size of the spray as
Spray Type
1. Very Coarse spray
2. Coarse spray
3. Medium spray
4. Fine spray
5. Mist
6. Fog
7. Aerosol
Droplet size
> 500 µ
400 µ – 500 µ
250 µ – 400 µ
100 µ – 250 µ
50 µ – 100 µ
5 µ – 50 µ
0.1 µ – 5 µ
4. On the basis of Volume of spray fluid per
unit area, Spraying is classified as
1. High volume spraying (HVS) or
Full Cover spraying or
conventional spraying
2. Low volume spray (LVS)
3. Ultra low volume spray (ULVS)
4. Aerial spraying
5. 1.High volume spraying (HVS)
Pesticide is diluted with water and
droplet size is larger.
Spray fluid requirement is -
500 – 1000 lit/ha in case of field
crops
1500 – 2000 lit/ha – Orchard
crops.
6. Advantages : 1. Meant for chewing insects.
2. Drift is very less
Disadvantages : 1. Less area is covered
2. More water is required
3. More time; labor and
labor cost
7. 2.Low volume spray (LVS)
The low volume sprays are 8-25
times more concentrated than high
volume spraying.
Spray fluid requirement ranges
from 12 -125 lit/ha.
The droplet size is 70 – 150 µ.
8. Advantages
Less time required
The cost of application is minimized
More area is covered (6 – 8 acres
in a day)
Control of pests is in time
10. 3.Ultra low volume spray (ULVS)
ULV sprayer or air craft with
special nozzles require 0.5 -
5.6 lit/ha
Droplet size of 20 – 70 µ.
11. Advantages
Very less time is
required
Little or No
water requirement
Labor cost is less
Larger area
covered (8
ha/day).
Disadvantages
Drift is more
More hazardous
Special
foundations are
needed
High cost
12. 4.Aerial spraying
Aerial Air crafts has been employed
for application of agricultural and
public health pesticides.
It is used for spraying, dusting and
application of baits.
14. Spray formulations are more suitable
than dusts because of wind speed
should not be more than > 5 KMPH.
It has to be done at low heights
and in the early hours of the days to
ensure uniform deposition of dust
particles.
15. Advantages
Large area covered
Locusts, cut worms, army worms
could be checked before much damage
is done.
Cost of application is cheap per unit
area.
Inaccessible areas are also can be
protected.
16. Disadvantages
Drift is more
Undersurface of leaves is not fully
covered
Depend on weather conditions
Preplanning and collaboration with
other agencies is required
Pollution is more
18. G. Tansley - in 1935.
Ecosystem is ecological system
where all living and non living
factors of environment interact
with each other with their own
component .
22. Soil is an important factor in terrestrial
habitats because it supports the vegetation
growing in that area.
Terrestrial insect benefited with supply of
oxygen and carbon dioxide and good support
of soil as media.
Eg- Grasshopper , Termite, White grub,
Butterfly , Moths.
23. 3.Aquatic Ecosystem
Insect life present in water .
It includes fishes ,whales ,plants
present in sea ,lake ,pounds ,river.
Eg- water bug, mosquito ,stoneflies
.
24. Fresh water ecosystem - mayflies , caddish
flies ( have gills for respiration )
Fresh water habitats classified as lentic and lotic habitats
Lentic – Standing water of lake ,pond – little or no
movement of water
Lotic – River,streams – great movement of water
25. Stagnated water ecosystem –
mosquito, water scavenger beetle
•Get oxygen from atmosphere by
their periodic visit to the water
surface