The document provides information on plant protection chemicals including their classification, formulations, and types of sprayers and dusters used for application. It discusses the importance of plant protection chemicals for controlling pests and diseases. Various types of sprayers are described, including knapsack, foot operated, and power sprayers. Guidelines for safe use of pesticides such as calibration of equipment, use of protective clothing, and disposal of containers are also summarized.

1. Familiarization With Plant Protection Chemicals And
Demonstration Of Different Sprayers And Dusters
Presented By ,
AJAYKUMAR B
AGRICULTURAL OFFICER,PUDUR

2. Why Plant Protection Chemicals ??
Pesticide/Insecticide - To kill Pest /Insects - E.g : Carbosulfan, Malathion, Dimethoate
Fungicide - To kill fungal diseases - E.g : Sulphur , Copper Oxychloride, Captan
Herbicide - To control weeds - E.g : Glyphospate, 2,4-D , Pendimethalin
 Controlling disease, insects and weeds in the crops.
 To provide nutrients to crop
 Plant protection chemical contain at least one active ingredients.

3. Classification based on Toxicity
Toxicity
Extremely
Toxic
Highly
Toxic
Moderate
toxic
Less toxic
Colour : Red
Toxicity: Skull and
Poison
Oral LD50 : 1-50
Colour : Yellow
Toxicity:Poison
Oral LD50 :51-500
Colour : Blue
Toxicity:Danger
Oral LD50 : 501-5000
Colour : Green
Toxicity: Caution
Oral LD50 : >5000

4. Chemical Formulation
Active
Ingredients
Inert
Ingredients
Formulation
Liquid
Solid /Powder

5. Type of Formulation
EC/E
• Form an oil-in-water emulsion upon dilution
• Eg : Malthion, Difol,Marshal 25 EC,Cypermetrin
WSC
• True solution, when added to water & water as carrier.
• E.g: Neem oil
LB
• Liquid rotenticide are mixed with water & place in bait
station to control rat/ ant. E.g ; Terro
ULV
• Contain 100 % active ingredients, E.g : Delfog,Kingfog
• Diluted with only small quantities of a specified carrier
A
• Contain one /more a.i and deliver in small particles.
• E.g: Hit,Killer spray, mortein
LIQUID
FORMULATION
Emulsion
Concentrate
Water
Soluble
Concentrate
Liquid bait
Ultra Low
volume
Aerosol

6. Examples

7. Type of Formulation
D
• Ready to use, Contain low % of a.i (10% less by weight)
• Very fine, dry inert carrier made from talc,clay. E,g Sevin
G
• Size larger than dust (4 mesh), Ready to use
• Small amount of a.i with inert carrier.
P
• Similar to granules,ready to use and applied as dry form
• Contain small amount of a.i .E.g Marshal 6 G.
B
• Mixed with food /another attractive substance
• Quit low a.i. E.g : Mortin bait, Rat bait,Ant bait
WP
• Dry powder,Particle do not dissolve in water,E.g : Sulphur WP
• Form suspension rather than true solution when add water
SOLID
FORMULATION
Dust
Granules
Pellets
Baits
Wetable
powder

8. Examples

9. Why Sprayer ??
 Applied on plant/ soil in the form of spray, dust, mist.
 Chemical are costly. There for equipments need for uniform, avoid
wastage and effective application is essential.
 It helps to – Break the liquid – droplet of effective size –distribute
uniformly.
 Chemical difficult to handle and harmful to human beings.

10. Parts of Sprayer

11. Nozzles

12. Examples

13. The air flows at a high velocity through the
tube when the plunger is pushed in. A
region of low pressure is created just above
the tube due to the flow of air at a high
speed. Due to this insecticide leaves the tip
of the tube through the nozzle as a fine
spray which is carried by fast moving air.
Principle of Sprayer

14. 1.Hand Atomizer
 Ideally suited for home gardens and small fields.
 It consists of a container of 0.5 to 3.51it capacity.
 The tank is to be filled with ¾th volume.
 The pump is operated to build pressure in the tank of 0.15-0.3
kg/cm2 . When the flow cut off lever is pressed ,the fluid passes
through the nozzle and spraying is done

15. 2.Hand sprayer
 The hand sprayer is a small, light and compact unit.
 The capacity of the container varies from 500 – 1000 ml.
 This is generally used for spraying small areas like kitchen garden
and experimental laboratory plots.
 It has a hydraulic pump inside the container, with cylinder, plunger
and a plunger rod.
 By operating the plunger up, the spray fluid in the container is
sucked into the cylinder through a ball valve assembly and then
pressurized during the downward stroke

16. 3.Hand Compression Sprayer
 Cylindrical tank with a capacity of 8-10 liters
 Insecticide solution is compressed by an air pump and
projected evenly through a lance, on the end of which is a slit
nozzle.
 A pressure-gauge on the tank indicates whether the correct
pressure (from 25 to 55 psi) is being used during spraying.

17. 4.KnapsackSprayer (Hand operated)
 It has a flat or bean-shaped tank of 10-15 liters capacity.
 It have hydraulic pump fitted inside the tank, a handle to operate
the pump, agitator, filter, delivery hose, and spray gun with
nozzle and flow control lever.
 The tank is made of either brass or PVC material.
 When the pump is operated, it draws the fluid through the
suction hole and delivers it to the spray gun, When the cut off
lever is pressed spraying is done through the nozzle as fine
droplets.
 The coverage is 0.5-1.0 ha/day.

18. 5. Rocker Sprayer
 Mainly used for spraying fruit trees in orchards, coconut and arecanut trees.
 It consists of a piston type pump, a platform with fork, a lever to operate the
pump, pressure chamber, suction hose with strainer, delivery hose, and a spray
gun with flow control knob and nozzle.
 The chemical is taken in a separate container and the suction hose is kept in the
chemical container.
 When the pump is operated, it draws the fluid through the suction hose and
delivers it to the delivery hose through the pressure chamber.
 Coverage is about 1.5 ha/day

19. Rocker sprayer
Working of Rocker sprayer

20. 6. Foot /Pedal Operated Sprayer
 It consist of a plunger assembly, stand, suction hose, delivery hose, spray gun
with a nozzle etc.
 When the pump is operated by the foot, it draws the fluid through the suction
hose and delivers it to the delivery hose. When the flow control lever is pressed,
the fluid is sprayed through the nozzle.
 Constant pedaling is required for continuous spray.
 The discharge rate with one nozzle is 110-135 l/hr
 Coverage is 1.0 ha/day.

21. Working of Foot /pedal operated sprayer

22. 7. Knapsack motorized mist blower cum
Duster (Power Sprayer)
 Simplest engine operated sprayer for all types of field crops like paddy,
groundnut, cotton and vegetable, etc.
 It consists of a 1.2- 3.0 hp high speed petrol engine, a blower, 12 lit tank,
delivery hose, fleeted air hose, flow regulator knob and a plastic atomizer grate.
 When the engine is started, the blower generates a high velocity air to which
the chemical solution is fed. The chemical mixed air stream is broken in to fine
droplets at the atomizer grate and sprayed.
 By changing few parts the sprayer can be converted in to a duster.

23. Power sprayer Working of Power sprayer

24. CONVERSION OF A MIST BLOWER IN TO A
DUSTER
 Replace the liquid delivery hose by a bigger
diameter pleated hose to carry the powdery chemical
from the tank into the air stream
 Provide a air distributor at the bottom of the tank for
stirring and keeping the chemical in suspended form

25. DUSTER
 Duster is a machine used to apply chemicals in dust form.
 Use of air stream to carry pesticides in finely divided form on
the plants.
 It consist,
1. Hopper 2. Agitator
3. Feed control 4. fan or blower
5. Delivery nozzle

26. 1.Plunger type
 Simple duster with a small piston.
 The piston drives a current of air over the dust in the hopper.
 The dust is carried away through a delivery spout.
 Used in small kitchen garden & vegetable gardens.

27. 2. Rotary duster
 It consists of a hopper, a fan, gear box, handle, delivery
hose and a deflector plate.
 When the handle is rotates the fan rotates at high speed
and draws air from outside. The chemical from hopper is
fed in to the air stream in the suction side of the fan. The
chemical mixes with the air, passes through the delivery
line and is applied on the plants.

28. Safe use of pesticides
Identify the pest and asvertain the damage done.
Use pesticide only if it has exceeded the Economical
Injury Level.
Use only the recommended pesticide which is the least
toxic
BEFORE SPRAYING

29. Read instructions manual of the pesticide and equipment.
Check the spraying equipment and accessories which are
to be used.

30.  Ascertain that all components are clean, especially filling
and suction strainer, sprayer tank, cut off device and
nozzle.
 Replace worn out parts such as ‘O’ ring, seal, gasket, worn
out nozzle tip, hose clamps and valves.
 Test the sprayer and ascertain whether it pumps the
required output at rated pressure. Check the nozzle spray
pattern and discharge rate

31.  Calibrate the sprayer. Set spraying speed and nozzle
swath by adjusting spray height and nozzle spacing.
 Make sure that appropriate protective clothing is available
and is used.
 Train all concerned with the application and also understand
the recommendations. Ensure that soap, towel and plenty of
water is available

32. Safe use of pesticides
 Pesticides should be kept in a dry, locked store.
 keep out of reach of children

33. Precaution measures
 Take only sufficient pesticide for the day’s application from
the store to the site.
 DO NOT transfer pesticides from original container and
packing into the containers.
 Recheck the use instructions of pesticide and equipment.
 Make sure pesticides are mixed in the correct quantities.
DURING SPRAYING

34.  Wear appropriate clothing.
 Avoid contamination of the skin especially eyes and mouth.
 Liquid formulation should be poured carefully to avoid splashing

35. Cont..
 Do not spray in high wind, high temperature and rain.
 Avoid drift by selecting proper direction of spraying and also
holding nozzle and boom at a proper height.
 Start spraying near the down wind edge of the field and
proceed upwind so that operator moves into unsprayed
area

36. Cont..
 Never eat, drink or smoke when mixing or
applying pesticides. NEVER blow out clogged
nozzles or hoses with your mouth

37. Cont..
 Follow correct spray technique. Spray plant crop
thoroughly by operating sprayer at correct speed
and correct pressure
 NEVER leave pesticides unattended in the field

38. Precaution measures
 Remaining pesticides left in the tank after spraying
should be emptied and disposed off in pits dug on
wasteland.
 Never empty the tank into irrigation canals or
ponds.
 Never leave unused pesticides in sprayers. Always
clean equipment properly. After use, oil it and then
keep away in store room.
AFTER SPRAYING

39.  Do not use empty pesticide containers for any
purpose.
 Crush and bury the containers preferably in a land
filled dump
 Clean buckets, sticks, measuring jars, etc. used in
preparing the spray solution.
 Remove and wash protective clothing and footwear.
Wash yourself well and put on clean clothing.

40.  Keep an accurate record of pesticide usage.
 Prevent persons from entering treated areas until
it is safe to do so.
 Mark the sprayed plots with a flag.