This document provides an overview of pesticides including their classification, qualities of an effective pesticide, examining pesticide labels, and equipment and methods for pesticide application. Pesticides are classified based on their target pest, toxicity, mode of entry or action, and chemical structure. Effective pesticides are potent, fast-acting, broad spectrum, affordable, and cause minimal environmental pollution. Proper pesticide application requires protective equipment, calibrated equipment like knapsack or boom sprayers, and following precautions to avoid hazards.

1. BY UMAIR RASOOL AZMI
Pesticides and their Application

2. Course contents
Pesticide.
Classification of Pesticide.
• Based on toxicity.
• Based on mode of entry.
• Based on mode of action.
• Based on chemical structure.
Qualities of a good pesticide.
Pesticide bottle Examination.
Field application.
• Apparatus.
• Precautions.
• Hazards.

3. Pesticide
 A pesticide is a chemical used to kill pests.
 Pest is any organism that threatens human directly
by creating annoyance or indirectly by damaging our
crops .

4. Classification of Pesticide
 Insecticide: To kill insects.
 Herbicide: To kill herbs.
 Weedicide: To kill weeds.
 Fungicide: To kill Fungi.
 Bactericide: To kill Bacteria.
 Acaricide/Miticide: To kill Mites.
 Nematocide: To kill Nematodes.
 Rodenticide: To kill Rodents.

5. Classification based on Toxicity
Toxicity refers to “degree to which a substance can
damage an organism.”
It is measured in LD50 and LC50.
 Oral toxins: kill through oral cavity or Stomach.
 Dermal toxins: kill through Skin.
 Respiratory toxins: kill through respiratory System.

6. Classification based on Mode of Entry
How a chemical enters into the insect body cavity?
 Stomach poison.
 Contact Poison.
 Systemic Poison.
 Fumigant Poison.
 Trans-laminar Poison.

7. Classification based on Mode of Action
How a pesticide acts after entering in body of insect?
• Nerve Poison.
• Muscle Poison.
• Physical Poison.
• Metabolic Poison.

8. Classification based on chemical structure
 Based on chemical structure Pesticides are of five
types:
1. Organochlorine (DDT, Chlordane).
2. Organophosphate (Profenofos, Chloropyrifos).
3. Carbamates (Carbaril, Carbosulfan, Carbofuran).
4. Pyrethrides (Bifenthrine, Lambda-cyhalothrine).
5. New chemistry (Imedacloprid, Acetamiprid, Leufenuron,
Amamactin etc.).

9. Classification based on Formulation
Formulation is the mixture of active and inactive
ingredient in a specific proportion for specific
purposes.
 Solid Formulations
 Liquid Formulations
 Gas Formulations

10. Solid Formulations
 Soluble Powder
 Wet-able Powder
 Dust
 Granules
 Baits
 Slow Release Tablets

11. Liquid Formulations
 Emulsifable Concentrate
 Flow-able Concentrates
 Aerosol
 Solution
• Low Concentrate
• High Concentrate
• Ultra Low Volume

12. Gas Formulations
 Fog
 Smoke

13. Qualities of a Good Pesticide
 Highly potent.
 Quick Knockdown Effect.
 Broad Spectrum Activity.
 Cheap.
 Compatible with other pesticides.
 Non inflammable/ Non corrosive.
 Not off taste the crop.
 Easy Formulation.
 Optimum Residue Persistence.
 Least environmental pollution.
 Non-Phototoxic.
 Low possibility of insect Resistance.
 Activation in insects.
 Safe for beneficial Insects.

14. Examining Pesticide Bottle Label

15. Apparatus for Application
 About Nozzles.
 Knap Sack Sprayer.
 ULV Sprayer.
 Compressed Sprayer.
 Boom Sprayer.

16. Nozzles
Nozzle Spray Angle Pressure
(bars)
Drop size Target
Hollow Cone 65-110 3 100-150 Cotton foliage
Solid Cone 25-70 3 100-200 Spot treatment
Variable Cone 0-110 3-10 100-200 Orchards
Flat-Fan 80-110 2-3 200-250 Pre-emergence
Flood Jet 90-140 1-2 Less than 250 Post-
emergence
Dual Fluid 90-140 1-2 Less than 250 Foliage
emergence

17. Knap Sack Sprayer
 Components:
• Main body
• Straps
• filler hole
• Pump
• Pump handle
• Pressure chamber
• Hose pipe
• Trigger
• Lance
• Nozzle
 Working:
When a stroke is made, pressure is created in pressure chamber.
When trigger is pushed, the pesticide solution is ejaculated with a pressure.
The drop size depends upon the type of nozzle attached.

18. Ultra Low Volume Sprayer
 Vegetable oil is used
instead of water.
 It is battery operated.
 Drop Drift chances are
very low due to high
density of oil.
 Pesticide consumption is
very low 0.6-4.7liters per
acre.

19. Compressed Sprayer
 It is used in Gardens.
 It has a big lance and also has
high pressure as compared to a
normal sprayer.

20. Boom Sprayer
 It is used at large scale.
 Battery operated.
 High pressure pump.
 Auto-leveling mechanism
in field.

21. Precautions
 Pesticides are chemicals use them carefully.
 Wear gloves, cowboy shoes and mask while application.
 Wear the straps properly and keep lance at 1ft. to the
height of the plant.
 Only use a pesticide according to recommended dose.
 Do not make mixture of any kind of pesticides unless it is
recommended.
 When using Herbicides/Weedicides spray a row only
once as these chemicals can burn plants.
 After application wash the tank properly.
 In case of any personnel accident, take the victim to a
doctor immediately along with pesticide bottle.

22. Hazards
 Killing of natural enemies.
 Insect Resistance problems.
 Residual hazards.
 Upsetting of natural balance.
• Air pollution–-water pollution—Soil pollution.
 Hazards to personnel and domestic animals.
 High cost of pesticides, labour, Maintenance of
equipments.