The soil liquefaction is one of the main topics of geotechnical engineering associated with the strong earthquakes. The study area has been selected in Yangon City because it is most populated density area and located near the active faults and the rivers. The main objective of study is the development of liquefaction potential maps as a prominent feature for site planners and decision makers to reduce loss of lives. The borehole data including ground water table, Standard Penetration Test (SPT), blow counts, wet density and fine content etc. have been collected from the 530 representative sites in Yangon City. The safety factor of soil liquefaction is evaluated by using National Center of Earthquake Engineering Research (NCEER) Method (1997). The Liquefaction Potential Index (LPI) is proposed by Luna and Frost Method (1998) to predict the potential of liquefaction at sites. The proposed liquefaction potential map is analyzed by using Geographic Information Software. The development of liquefaction potential maps is associated with 1%, 2%, 5%, 10% and 20% of probabilities of exceedance in 50 years. Zar Lee Tint | Nyan Myint Kyaw | Kyaw Kyaw"Soil Liquefaction Potential Maps for Earthquake Events in Yangon, Myanmar" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd12747.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/12747/soil-liquefaction-potential-maps-for-earthquake-events-in-yangon-myanmar/zar-lee-tint
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Barren land index to assessment land use land cover changes in himreen lake a...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed land use and land cover changes in Himreen Lake and surrounding areas in eastern Iraq between 1976-1992 and 1992-2010 using remote sensing data and barren land index analysis. Landsat imagery from 1976, 1992, and 2010 was processed and barren land index was used to identify distributions of land cover classes for the study periods and changes between them. The results showed changes in bare soil, salt flat, mixed barren land, and exposed rock classes over time. Field observations were also conducted to validate the remote sensing analysis.
Estimation of Spatial Variability of Land Surface Temperature using Landsat 8...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Landuse and Landcover analysis using Remote Sensing and GIS: A Case Study in ...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes land use and land cover changes over a 10-year period from 2000 to 2010 in Uravakonda, Anantapur District, Andhra Pradesh, India using remote sensing and GIS techniques. Landsat satellite images from 2000 and 2010 were classified into five land cover classes - vegetation, agriculture, barren land, built-up area, and water bodies. The results show that over the past decade, barren land and built-up areas increased by 8% and 3.5% respectively, while agriculture, vegetation and water bodies decreased by 6.4%, 4.3%, and 0.7% respectively, indicating changes in land use patterns. Remote sensing and GIS are effective tools for
- The document analyzes changes in land use and land cover in some areas of Anambra State, Nigeria over a 29 year period using satellite imagery from 1986, 2000, and 2013.
- It found significant growth in built-up areas, accompanied by decreasing vegetation and gully areas. Water bodies saw little change.
- Specifically, in Ifite-Ogwari, built-up areas increased from 23% to 37% of the total area between 1986 and 2013, while vegetation declined over the same period.
Modification and Climate Change Analysis of surrounding Environment using Rem...iosrjce
This document discusses the application of remote sensing (RS) and geographic information systems (GIS) in analyzing climate change and the surrounding environment. It begins by defining key terms related to climate, climate change, and RS and GIS. It then highlights several areas where RS and GIS have been applied, including glacier monitoring, vegetation change monitoring, and carbon trace/accounting. Studies are discussed that use RS and GIS to monitor glacier retreat, snow depth, land cover change, and above-ground carbon stocks. The document concludes that RS and GIS play a crucial role in understanding and managing climate change by providing important spatial data and enabling the monitoring of environmental changes over time.
From global to regional scale: Remote sensing-based concepts and methods for ...Repository Ipb
The document discusses land cover mapping and change detection in tropical regions using remote sensing. It provides an overview of existing land cover classification systems and global and regional satellite-based mapping products. The paper compares different land cover maps for a test region in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, finding inconsistencies between products and uncertainty in estimates of land cover classes and changes between years. Future work on operational land cover mapping in the tropics needs further harmonization of definitions and products, regional validation, and a standardized multi-level classification workflow.
- The document analyzes land use/land cover change and urban heat island effect in Bilaspur City, India between 2002 and 2017 using Landsat satellite imagery.
- Supervised classification identified 8 land use classes and showed built up land increased 172.4 hectares while agriculture land decreased 84.89 hectares, indicating conversion of rural to urban land.
- Urban heat island phenomenon was evident from land surface temperature images, with certain parts of the city becoming extremely hot, highlighting the need for sustainable urban planning.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Barren land index to assessment land use land cover changes in himreen lake a...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed land use and land cover changes in Himreen Lake and surrounding areas in eastern Iraq between 1976-1992 and 1992-2010 using remote sensing data and barren land index analysis. Landsat imagery from 1976, 1992, and 2010 was processed and barren land index was used to identify distributions of land cover classes for the study periods and changes between them. The results showed changes in bare soil, salt flat, mixed barren land, and exposed rock classes over time. Field observations were also conducted to validate the remote sensing analysis.
Estimation of Spatial Variability of Land Surface Temperature using Landsat 8...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Landuse and Landcover analysis using Remote Sensing and GIS: A Case Study in ...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes land use and land cover changes over a 10-year period from 2000 to 2010 in Uravakonda, Anantapur District, Andhra Pradesh, India using remote sensing and GIS techniques. Landsat satellite images from 2000 and 2010 were classified into five land cover classes - vegetation, agriculture, barren land, built-up area, and water bodies. The results show that over the past decade, barren land and built-up areas increased by 8% and 3.5% respectively, while agriculture, vegetation and water bodies decreased by 6.4%, 4.3%, and 0.7% respectively, indicating changes in land use patterns. Remote sensing and GIS are effective tools for
- The document analyzes changes in land use and land cover in some areas of Anambra State, Nigeria over a 29 year period using satellite imagery from 1986, 2000, and 2013.
- It found significant growth in built-up areas, accompanied by decreasing vegetation and gully areas. Water bodies saw little change.
- Specifically, in Ifite-Ogwari, built-up areas increased from 23% to 37% of the total area between 1986 and 2013, while vegetation declined over the same period.
Modification and Climate Change Analysis of surrounding Environment using Rem...iosrjce
This document discusses the application of remote sensing (RS) and geographic information systems (GIS) in analyzing climate change and the surrounding environment. It begins by defining key terms related to climate, climate change, and RS and GIS. It then highlights several areas where RS and GIS have been applied, including glacier monitoring, vegetation change monitoring, and carbon trace/accounting. Studies are discussed that use RS and GIS to monitor glacier retreat, snow depth, land cover change, and above-ground carbon stocks. The document concludes that RS and GIS play a crucial role in understanding and managing climate change by providing important spatial data and enabling the monitoring of environmental changes over time.
From global to regional scale: Remote sensing-based concepts and methods for ...Repository Ipb
The document discusses land cover mapping and change detection in tropical regions using remote sensing. It provides an overview of existing land cover classification systems and global and regional satellite-based mapping products. The paper compares different land cover maps for a test region in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, finding inconsistencies between products and uncertainty in estimates of land cover classes and changes between years. Future work on operational land cover mapping in the tropics needs further harmonization of definitions and products, regional validation, and a standardized multi-level classification workflow.
- The document analyzes land use/land cover change and urban heat island effect in Bilaspur City, India between 2002 and 2017 using Landsat satellite imagery.
- Supervised classification identified 8 land use classes and showed built up land increased 172.4 hectares while agriculture land decreased 84.89 hectares, indicating conversion of rural to urban land.
- Urban heat island phenomenon was evident from land surface temperature images, with certain parts of the city becoming extremely hot, highlighting the need for sustainable urban planning.
Seismic Microzonation - Principles and MethodologyIJERA Editor
The string of earthquake in India has created a serious problem for engineers and administrators and even for
people also. Metro cities and other big cities in India have experienced severe earthquake hazard problem. This is
same for Himalayan region and even peninsular shield. On 26 jan 2001 , one of the greatest India has ever
experienced strikes in Kachchh , a region of Gujrat . Magnitude of this earthquake was 7.7 (MW) .This earthquake
spread a huge damage which was almost a radius of 400 Kms. This earthquake damaged major cities of Gujrat like
Ahmedabad , Bhavnagar , Surat. No one can say no for same threat for Delhi , national capital of India from local
and probable catastrophic earthquake due to central himalaya . There are many more other Indian cities which are
sitting in thick sedimentry basins along Indo-Gangetic plane and Brahmaputra valley . They have also the same
threat. To reduce the seismic hazard, it is now important to define a correct response in terms of peak ground
acceleration and spectral amplification . Both are highly dependent on local site conditions and also dependent on
source characterization of future expected earthquakes . Microzonation studies are now important for a detailed
ground motion modelling for urban and semi-urban cities of India. This paper presents an overview of seismic
microzonation . Steps required and methodology used for seismic microzoation is also discussed here.
Airborne gravity anomaly over Delta State in the Niger delta basin of Nigeria has been interpreted to obtain the structural trends/types and depth to basement in the state. The residual gravity anomaly obtained from a second order polynomial operation on the observed field data was enhanced by a first order filtering operation based on the regional geology. This was converted to a gridded data and analyzed qualitatively to reveal NS and EW trending subsurface structures. Inverse and forward modeling using Oasis Montaj software were applied to selected portions using geological models of sphere and dyke to reveal syncline and anticline structures at depths of between 2005 m to 7372 m, with density contrast of between 1.12 gcm-3 and 2.70 gcm-3. The Euler deconvolution operation with a structural index of one, reveal depths between 124.2 to 16,000 m. The results show that the maximum depth to basement in the area occurs in the northern part of the state with maximum depth of 16,000 m.
Evaluation of Groundwater Resource Potential using GIS and Remote Sensing App...IJERA Editor
Environment and Development are the two wheels of the cart. However, they become antagonists at some
points. It has been witnessed many a times that development is done at the cost of environment. Analysis and
assessment tools like GIS along with Remote Sensing have proved to be very efficient and effective and hence
useful for management of natural resources. Groundwater is a precious resource of limited extent. In order to
ensure a judicious use of groundwater, proper evaluation is required. There is an urgent need of planned and
optimal development of water resources. An appropriate strategy is required to develop water resources with
planning based on conjunctive use of surface and subsurface water resources. Integrated remote sensing and GIS
can provide the appropriate platform for convergent analysis of diverse data sets for decision making in
groundwater management and planning. Sustainable water resources development and management necessarily
depends on proper planning, implementation, operation and maintenance. The interpretation of remote sensing
data in conjunction with conventional data and sufficient ground truth information makes it possible to identify
and outline various ground features such as geological structures, geomorphic features and their hydrologic
characters that may serve as direct or indirect indicators of the presence of ground and surface water. Remotely
sensed data provides unbiased information on geology, geomorphology, structural pattern and recharging
conditions, which logically define the groundwater regime of an area. Groundwater resource potential has been
evaluated in Pulivendula-Sanivaripalli, Kadapa district, Andhra Pradesh, India, using remote sensing and
Geographic information system. Under this study, three thematic maps viz. Geological map (Lithology and
Structure), Geomorphological map and Hydro morphological maps were prepared. These thematic maps have
been integrated with the help of GIS. Appropriate weightage has been assigned to various factors controlling
occurrence of groundwater to assess the groundwater potential in each segment of the study area. The area has
been classified into high potential, moderate potential, low potential and non-potential zones landforms ground
water development on the basis of hydromorphological studies. Some of the favorable locations have been
suggested to impound the excessive run off so as to augment the ground water resources of the area.
Contributions of Satellite Images in the Diachronic Study of the Stanley-Pool...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
With increased population now days, there is a marked change in morphology of the land when it comes the analysis of space images (satellite) using remote sensing. This study covers a sample application of the use of spatial imagery for mapping land cover in the Stanley-Pool (Congo - Brazzaville). The approach used here is based on confrontation of satellite data acquired on different dates (2001-2005). These images were chosen because of realization a demographic growth during this period. The results of this study show a great advance in land occupation which affected the whole of the autonomous port of Brazzaville.
CitySpeak X: Green City. Cool City: Edward Ng - Urban heat and air ventilatio...DesigningHongKong
City Speak X: A Green City, A Cool City
Speaker: Edward Ng Yan-yung
Urban heat and air ventilation – what are the implications for public health?
Hong Kong is surrounded by so much water and has so many green mountains, so does it really need more urban open space? How do we respond to the threats of global warming and air pollution? What is the meaning of “the urban heat island effect”? What is an “air ventilation assessment”? What value doesthe community place on open space? Is the demand for recreation and sport changing? Do we need a landscape vision and master plan? Is “green infrastructure” becoming more important than roads and railway lines in securing a sustainable built environment in Hong Kong?
Join experts, academics, planners, government officials and landscape architects in a discussion about how to stay cool in our city.
Designing Hong Kong is a not-for-profit organisation focused on sustainable urban planning. See: www.designinghongkong.com
A large-scale magnetic survey was conducted over 60,000 square meters in the archaeological area of Makrygialos, Greece. The survey aimed to map archaeological features before construction destroyed parts of the site. Magnetic anomalies revealed a system of three curvilinear ditches dating to the Neolithic period. Spectral analysis of magnetic data identified magnetic sources at depths of 0.35, 2.5, and 6.7 meters, correlating with archaeological evidence of ditches and disturbed soil layers. Geophysical prospecting effectively mapped a large portion of the site before its destruction, providing valuable information for future study.
IRJET- Land Use & Land Cover Change Detection using G.I.S. & Remote SensingIRJET Journal
This document discusses land use and land cover change detection in Vadodara, India between 1998 and 2008 using remote sensing and GIS techniques. Specifically, it analyzed Landsat satellite images from those two decades to map and classify land use, including built up area, vegetation, vacant land, and water bodies. The methodology involved image preprocessing like geometric correction and radiometric normalization. Images were then enhanced and classified using both supervised and unsupervised classification. Comparing the classified maps from 1998 and 2008 allowed analyzing changes in land use over that 10-year period and calculating the rate of land consumption. The study aimed to provide information to urban planners for predicting future growth and avoiding problems associated with rapid urbanization.
LAND USE /LAND COVER CLASSIFICATION AND CHANGE DETECTION USING GEOGRAPHICAL I...IAEME Publication
Land use and land cover change has become a central component in current strategies for managing natural resources and monitoring environmental changes. Geographical information system and image processing techniques used for the analysis of land use/land cover and change detection of Sukhana Basin of Aurangabad District, Maharashtra state. The tools used ArcGIS10.1 and ERDAS IMAGINE9.1, landsat images of 1996, 2003and 2014. From land use / land cover change detection it is found that during 1996-2014, water bodies cover have loss of 4 Sq. Km. Barren land have 146 Sq.Km. loss and forest area with 96 Sq.Km. loss. It is found that urbanization area has gain of 51 Sq.Km. and agricultural land cover also have gain of 195 Sq.Km.
CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS IMPACT ON GROUNDWATER TABLE FLUCTUATION IN PRECAMBRIAN...IAEME Publication
The study area falls within the semiarid region and frequently facing water scarcity problems. Rain is a form of precipitation, snow, sleet, hail and dew. The precipitation occurs when separate drops of waterfalls on the earth’s surface from clouds. Not all rain reaches the surface, however; some evaporates while falling through dry air, a type of precipitation called Virga. The precipitated water percolates to deeper zones to be stored as groundwater. The present study generates the primary data to map the groundwater table fluctuation in hard rock terrain of Chitradurga District
through Geomatics technique. Efforts have been made to evaluate a total of 20 representative rain gauge station samples and analyzed the season rainfall variation over a period of 31 years (1981- 2011). 47 representative well samples are collected to study the season-wise groundwater fluctuation of about 11 years (2000-2011). Rain gauge stations are plotted on a base map with their respective amount of rainfall.
Application of GIS in Mine Contamination and Associated Environmental ImpactsArsalan Syed, PMP
This document discusses the application of GIS and remote sensing methods to measure environmental impacts from mining contamination. It outlines two case studies where GIS was used: 1) A study in Turkey that generated DEM and flow accumulation maps from ASTER satellite imagery to identify trace element contamination patterns from an abandoned coal mine. Higher concentrations were found along flow pathways downstream from contamination sources. 2) A study with the Navajo tribe that created water hauling and soil restriction maps using GIS to develop an effective risk communication strategy about uranium exposures from abandoned mines. The maps aided risk understanding but language barriers remained a limitation. In conclusion, remote sensing and GIS provide low-cost alternatives for mapping contamination to inform remediation efforts.
Geomatics Based Landslide Vulnerability Zonation Mapping - Parts Of Nilgiri D...IJERA Editor
This document describes a study that used remote sensing and GIS techniques to create a landslide vulnerability zonation map for parts of the Nilgiri District in Tamil Nadu, India. The researchers adopted a methodology called the Landslide Distribution Data Model (LDDM) which involves generating GIS databases on geosystem parameters like lithology, lineament density, and drainage density from data sources like topographic sheets and satellite imagery. These parameters were weighted and integrated to create the landslide vulnerability zonation map. The map was then validated. Finally, the study aimed to identify causative factors for landslides in vulnerable zones and suggest suitable mitigation measures.
Quantifying the Stability of Summer Temperatures for Different Thermal Climat...Manat Srivanit
International Conference on Southeast Asian Weather and Climate 2013 “ASEAN Adapting to Climate Change” (Link: http://www.icsaforum.org/ICSA/index.php) and
Srivanit, M., Hokao, K., Iamtrakul, P. (2014). Classifying Thermal Climate Zones to Support Urban Environmental Planning and Management in the Bangkok Metropolitan Area. Journal of Architectural/Planning Research and Studies (JARS), 11(1), pp.73-92. (Link: https://www.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/jars/article/view/23879)
Hydromagnetic Flow of Nanofluids over a Nonlinear Shrinking Surface with Heat...ijtsrd
Heat and mass transfer characteristics of water based nanofluids over a nonlinear shrinking surface with suction is studied numerically in the incidence of magnetic field, thermal radiation under the boundary conditions heat flux and mass flux. Similarity transformations are used to renovate the governing partial differential equations into higher order nonlinear ordinary differential equations. These equations are numerically solved using fourth order Runge Kutta technique along with Nachistem “ Swigert shooting method. Numerical results are achieved for the nanofluid velocity, nanofluid temperature and nanoparticle concentration as well as for the skin friction coefficient, wall temperature and concentration of the wall for various values of governing physical parameters viz. magnetic interaction parameter, suction parameter, shrinking parameter, thermal radiation parameter, temperature ratio parameter and solid volume fraction of the nanoparticles such as copper and silver. Mekala Selvaraj | S. P. Anjali Devi"Hydromagnetic Flow of Nanofluids over a Nonlinear Shrinking Surface with Heat Flux and Mass Flux" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-6 , October 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd5793.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/mathemetics/applied-mathamatics/5793/hydromagnetic-flow-of-nanofluids-over-a-nonlinear-shrinking-surface-with-heat-flux-and-mass-flux/mekala-selvaraj
Engineering geology is a branch of applied geology that deals with the application of geological knowledge and principles to civil engineering projects. It provides essential information for safe, stable, and economical design and construction of structures like buildings, dams, roads, and tunnels. Engineering geological studies are conducted during planning, design, construction, and post-construction phases of projects. The studies help understand site conditions, availability of construction materials, and how to mitigate geological hazards. Knowledge of geology is crucial for heavy construction projects and excavation works to plan realistically and design sound foundations.
IRJET- Landuse, Landcover and Urban Development of Coimbatore North Zone for ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses land use, land cover, and urban development in Coimbatore North, India over two decades from 1997 to 2017. Satellite imagery from LANDSAT satellites from 1997, 2007, and 2017 were analyzed using GIS to classify land into six categories and detect changes over time. The study found a drastic increase in built-up area and some development of forest and other land, with substantial changes to scrub land, fallow land, cropland, and water areas due to rapid urbanization in the study area. Remote sensing and GIS techniques were employed to effectively study and monitor land use/land cover changes and inform urban planning.
Geostatistical analysis of rainfall variability on the plateau of Allada in S...IJERA Editor
The goal of this survey is to contribute to a better understanding of the distribution of the rainfall on the plateau
of Allada in Benin. The plateau of Allada is the garner ofCotonou and vicinities. The food production is over
62% rainfed.Then, it imports to analyze the way how rains are spatially distributed on the area in order to deduct
the potential rainfall. To achieve this goal, rainfall data of 28 stations have been used. Three sub-periods have
been identified: 1996-2000, 2001-2005 and 2006-2010. The distribution of rainfall has been established with
Thiessen and kriging methods. On average, 1117mm of rain fell on the study area per year. But three tendencies
were shown: the less rainy zones, the fairly rainy zones, and the greatly rainy zones. All the rainfall zones knew
an increase of the precipitations except Abomey-Calavi and Niaouli. But the variations are not significant. While
analyzing the spatial structure for the kriging of precipitations, it was revealed a power model of variogram. The
direction of the rainfall gradient is oriented southeast - northwest during the three sub-periods. Abomey-Calavi
recorded the weakest precipitations. The strongest values are interchanged between Toffo and Sékou, OuidahNorth
and Ouidah-City.
Bio inspired computational techniques applied to the analysis and visualizati...askroll
The document discusses applying bio-inspired computational techniques to analyze and visualize changing spatial patterns in spatio-temporal datasets. The research plan involves developing methods to detect and track changes in spatio-temporal clusters using agro-ecological data. Challenges include heterogeneity, scales, boundaries, and visualizing cluster dynamics over time. Self-organizing maps will be used to gain insights into spatial autocorrelation, geographic vs feature space, and visualizing overall structure and temporal patterns.
TWO-DIMENSIONAL INVERSION FINITE ELEMENT MODELING OF MAGNETOTELLURIC DATA: CA...AM Publications
Two-dimensional resistivity analysis of magnetotelluric data has been done at “Z” geothermal area which is located in southern part of Indonesia. The objective is to understand subsurface structure beneath reasearch area based on 2-D modeling of magnetotelluric data. The inversion finite element method were used for numerical simulations which requires discretization on the boundary of the modeling domain. The modeling results of magnetotelluric data shows relativity structure dissemination: 0-10 ohm.m in a thickness of 1 km (Clay Cap), 10-100 ohm.m with 1-2 km depth respectively (reservoir zone), and on a scale of 100-1000 ohm.m in a depth of 2-3 km (heat source zone). The result of relativity structure can be used to delineate an area with geothermal prospect around 12 km2.
A Study of Disaster Management & Geotechnical Investigation of Landslides: A ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes several research papers on landslide disaster management and geotechnical investigations of landslides. It discusses the causes of landslides including heavy rainfall, changes to drainage patterns from development, and construction activities disturbing slopes. Methods used to study landslides are described, such as analyzing soil properties, slope stability, and factors of safety. The use of remote sensing, GIS mapping of landslide-prone areas, and statistical modeling approaches are also summarized. Recommendations are made for landslide prevention, including slope treatment and ground improvement techniques. The document provides an overview of research on landslide hazards and susceptibility assessments.
Determination of Local Site Effects in Taikkyi Area, Yangon Region by using M...ijtsrd
Considering the possible local site effect is one of the most important facts in seismic hazard assessment. Depending on the local site condition, the characteristics of the seismic waves propagated through different geological layers and amplified the surface ground motion. In this study, one of the geophysical method of microtremor observations were carried out at 112 sites throughout the Taikkyi area. After analyzing the recorded microtremor observed data by Cygwin Software, we determined the horizontal to vertical spectral ratio HVRs that reflects the local site effects of the study area. The main outcomes of this research is to develop the fundamental frequency map and peak amplitude or soil amplification map of Taikkyi area. According to the evaluation results, the fundamental frequency is ranging from 1 to 2.3 Hz and most parts of Taikkyi area show in the range of 1.3 to 1.6 Hz. The peak amplitude of HVRs potential soil amplification is ranging from 1.5 to 3.6 and most parts of the area are in the range of 1.5 to 2.5. Ohnmar Khine | Kyaw Kyaw "Determination of Local Site Effects in Taikkyi Area, Yangon Region by using Microtremor Observations" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33203.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/33203/determination-of-local-site-effects-in-taikkyi-area-yangon-region-by-using-microtremor-observations/ohnmar-khine
Geo-Environmental Impact Assessment of Urbanization on Top Soil in Okene Metr...Premier Publishers
The impact of urbanization on top soil within Okene metropolis was evaluated using geochemical mapping tools. Methods of investigation involved urban studies, sampling, standard laboratory analyses and data evaluation. A total of one hundred and twenty-four (124) composite soil samples were systematically collected from different regions of the metropolis. Heavy metals composition of the soil samples was determined using Energy Dispersion X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer (EDXRF). The mean concentrations of Cu (153.84 ppm), Fe (78680.70 ppm), Ni (163.84 ppm) and Zn (476.50 ppm) contents in the urban soil are higher than maximum allowable limit for agricultural and residential standards. As (5.47 ppm), Cd (0.91 ppm) and Cr (44.00 ppm) are within the allowable limits, while Pb was found at its threshold of 100.00 ppm. The pairs of As and Pb (r = 0.938), Fe and Cr (r = 0.685), and Ni and Cu (r = 0.689) was observed to be governed by similarity in origins, lithologic processes and anthropogenic activities. Based on soil pollution index, 85.48% of the top soil in Okene metropolis is polluted at varying degrees. Soil within Okene central, Ogaminana, and the nucleated parts between Adavi-Eba and Agassa regions are highly impacted. These areas have relatively higher population density, ineffective sanitary system, poor wastes management services and higher level of urbanization activities. Awareness on consequences of polluted environments should be made public. Systematic remediation of the urban soil by suitable means is recommended.
Seismic Microzonation - Principles and MethodologyIJERA Editor
The string of earthquake in India has created a serious problem for engineers and administrators and even for
people also. Metro cities and other big cities in India have experienced severe earthquake hazard problem. This is
same for Himalayan region and even peninsular shield. On 26 jan 2001 , one of the greatest India has ever
experienced strikes in Kachchh , a region of Gujrat . Magnitude of this earthquake was 7.7 (MW) .This earthquake
spread a huge damage which was almost a radius of 400 Kms. This earthquake damaged major cities of Gujrat like
Ahmedabad , Bhavnagar , Surat. No one can say no for same threat for Delhi , national capital of India from local
and probable catastrophic earthquake due to central himalaya . There are many more other Indian cities which are
sitting in thick sedimentry basins along Indo-Gangetic plane and Brahmaputra valley . They have also the same
threat. To reduce the seismic hazard, it is now important to define a correct response in terms of peak ground
acceleration and spectral amplification . Both are highly dependent on local site conditions and also dependent on
source characterization of future expected earthquakes . Microzonation studies are now important for a detailed
ground motion modelling for urban and semi-urban cities of India. This paper presents an overview of seismic
microzonation . Steps required and methodology used for seismic microzoation is also discussed here.
Airborne gravity anomaly over Delta State in the Niger delta basin of Nigeria has been interpreted to obtain the structural trends/types and depth to basement in the state. The residual gravity anomaly obtained from a second order polynomial operation on the observed field data was enhanced by a first order filtering operation based on the regional geology. This was converted to a gridded data and analyzed qualitatively to reveal NS and EW trending subsurface structures. Inverse and forward modeling using Oasis Montaj software were applied to selected portions using geological models of sphere and dyke to reveal syncline and anticline structures at depths of between 2005 m to 7372 m, with density contrast of between 1.12 gcm-3 and 2.70 gcm-3. The Euler deconvolution operation with a structural index of one, reveal depths between 124.2 to 16,000 m. The results show that the maximum depth to basement in the area occurs in the northern part of the state with maximum depth of 16,000 m.
Evaluation of Groundwater Resource Potential using GIS and Remote Sensing App...IJERA Editor
Environment and Development are the two wheels of the cart. However, they become antagonists at some
points. It has been witnessed many a times that development is done at the cost of environment. Analysis and
assessment tools like GIS along with Remote Sensing have proved to be very efficient and effective and hence
useful for management of natural resources. Groundwater is a precious resource of limited extent. In order to
ensure a judicious use of groundwater, proper evaluation is required. There is an urgent need of planned and
optimal development of water resources. An appropriate strategy is required to develop water resources with
planning based on conjunctive use of surface and subsurface water resources. Integrated remote sensing and GIS
can provide the appropriate platform for convergent analysis of diverse data sets for decision making in
groundwater management and planning. Sustainable water resources development and management necessarily
depends on proper planning, implementation, operation and maintenance. The interpretation of remote sensing
data in conjunction with conventional data and sufficient ground truth information makes it possible to identify
and outline various ground features such as geological structures, geomorphic features and their hydrologic
characters that may serve as direct or indirect indicators of the presence of ground and surface water. Remotely
sensed data provides unbiased information on geology, geomorphology, structural pattern and recharging
conditions, which logically define the groundwater regime of an area. Groundwater resource potential has been
evaluated in Pulivendula-Sanivaripalli, Kadapa district, Andhra Pradesh, India, using remote sensing and
Geographic information system. Under this study, three thematic maps viz. Geological map (Lithology and
Structure), Geomorphological map and Hydro morphological maps were prepared. These thematic maps have
been integrated with the help of GIS. Appropriate weightage has been assigned to various factors controlling
occurrence of groundwater to assess the groundwater potential in each segment of the study area. The area has
been classified into high potential, moderate potential, low potential and non-potential zones landforms ground
water development on the basis of hydromorphological studies. Some of the favorable locations have been
suggested to impound the excessive run off so as to augment the ground water resources of the area.
Contributions of Satellite Images in the Diachronic Study of the Stanley-Pool...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
With increased population now days, there is a marked change in morphology of the land when it comes the analysis of space images (satellite) using remote sensing. This study covers a sample application of the use of spatial imagery for mapping land cover in the Stanley-Pool (Congo - Brazzaville). The approach used here is based on confrontation of satellite data acquired on different dates (2001-2005). These images were chosen because of realization a demographic growth during this period. The results of this study show a great advance in land occupation which affected the whole of the autonomous port of Brazzaville.
CitySpeak X: Green City. Cool City: Edward Ng - Urban heat and air ventilatio...DesigningHongKong
City Speak X: A Green City, A Cool City
Speaker: Edward Ng Yan-yung
Urban heat and air ventilation – what are the implications for public health?
Hong Kong is surrounded by so much water and has so many green mountains, so does it really need more urban open space? How do we respond to the threats of global warming and air pollution? What is the meaning of “the urban heat island effect”? What is an “air ventilation assessment”? What value doesthe community place on open space? Is the demand for recreation and sport changing? Do we need a landscape vision and master plan? Is “green infrastructure” becoming more important than roads and railway lines in securing a sustainable built environment in Hong Kong?
Join experts, academics, planners, government officials and landscape architects in a discussion about how to stay cool in our city.
Designing Hong Kong is a not-for-profit organisation focused on sustainable urban planning. See: www.designinghongkong.com
A large-scale magnetic survey was conducted over 60,000 square meters in the archaeological area of Makrygialos, Greece. The survey aimed to map archaeological features before construction destroyed parts of the site. Magnetic anomalies revealed a system of three curvilinear ditches dating to the Neolithic period. Spectral analysis of magnetic data identified magnetic sources at depths of 0.35, 2.5, and 6.7 meters, correlating with archaeological evidence of ditches and disturbed soil layers. Geophysical prospecting effectively mapped a large portion of the site before its destruction, providing valuable information for future study.
IRJET- Land Use & Land Cover Change Detection using G.I.S. & Remote SensingIRJET Journal
This document discusses land use and land cover change detection in Vadodara, India between 1998 and 2008 using remote sensing and GIS techniques. Specifically, it analyzed Landsat satellite images from those two decades to map and classify land use, including built up area, vegetation, vacant land, and water bodies. The methodology involved image preprocessing like geometric correction and radiometric normalization. Images were then enhanced and classified using both supervised and unsupervised classification. Comparing the classified maps from 1998 and 2008 allowed analyzing changes in land use over that 10-year period and calculating the rate of land consumption. The study aimed to provide information to urban planners for predicting future growth and avoiding problems associated with rapid urbanization.
LAND USE /LAND COVER CLASSIFICATION AND CHANGE DETECTION USING GEOGRAPHICAL I...IAEME Publication
Land use and land cover change has become a central component in current strategies for managing natural resources and monitoring environmental changes. Geographical information system and image processing techniques used for the analysis of land use/land cover and change detection of Sukhana Basin of Aurangabad District, Maharashtra state. The tools used ArcGIS10.1 and ERDAS IMAGINE9.1, landsat images of 1996, 2003and 2014. From land use / land cover change detection it is found that during 1996-2014, water bodies cover have loss of 4 Sq. Km. Barren land have 146 Sq.Km. loss and forest area with 96 Sq.Km. loss. It is found that urbanization area has gain of 51 Sq.Km. and agricultural land cover also have gain of 195 Sq.Km.
CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS IMPACT ON GROUNDWATER TABLE FLUCTUATION IN PRECAMBRIAN...IAEME Publication
The study area falls within the semiarid region and frequently facing water scarcity problems. Rain is a form of precipitation, snow, sleet, hail and dew. The precipitation occurs when separate drops of waterfalls on the earth’s surface from clouds. Not all rain reaches the surface, however; some evaporates while falling through dry air, a type of precipitation called Virga. The precipitated water percolates to deeper zones to be stored as groundwater. The present study generates the primary data to map the groundwater table fluctuation in hard rock terrain of Chitradurga District
through Geomatics technique. Efforts have been made to evaluate a total of 20 representative rain gauge station samples and analyzed the season rainfall variation over a period of 31 years (1981- 2011). 47 representative well samples are collected to study the season-wise groundwater fluctuation of about 11 years (2000-2011). Rain gauge stations are plotted on a base map with their respective amount of rainfall.
Application of GIS in Mine Contamination and Associated Environmental ImpactsArsalan Syed, PMP
This document discusses the application of GIS and remote sensing methods to measure environmental impacts from mining contamination. It outlines two case studies where GIS was used: 1) A study in Turkey that generated DEM and flow accumulation maps from ASTER satellite imagery to identify trace element contamination patterns from an abandoned coal mine. Higher concentrations were found along flow pathways downstream from contamination sources. 2) A study with the Navajo tribe that created water hauling and soil restriction maps using GIS to develop an effective risk communication strategy about uranium exposures from abandoned mines. The maps aided risk understanding but language barriers remained a limitation. In conclusion, remote sensing and GIS provide low-cost alternatives for mapping contamination to inform remediation efforts.
Geomatics Based Landslide Vulnerability Zonation Mapping - Parts Of Nilgiri D...IJERA Editor
This document describes a study that used remote sensing and GIS techniques to create a landslide vulnerability zonation map for parts of the Nilgiri District in Tamil Nadu, India. The researchers adopted a methodology called the Landslide Distribution Data Model (LDDM) which involves generating GIS databases on geosystem parameters like lithology, lineament density, and drainage density from data sources like topographic sheets and satellite imagery. These parameters were weighted and integrated to create the landslide vulnerability zonation map. The map was then validated. Finally, the study aimed to identify causative factors for landslides in vulnerable zones and suggest suitable mitigation measures.
Quantifying the Stability of Summer Temperatures for Different Thermal Climat...Manat Srivanit
International Conference on Southeast Asian Weather and Climate 2013 “ASEAN Adapting to Climate Change” (Link: http://www.icsaforum.org/ICSA/index.php) and
Srivanit, M., Hokao, K., Iamtrakul, P. (2014). Classifying Thermal Climate Zones to Support Urban Environmental Planning and Management in the Bangkok Metropolitan Area. Journal of Architectural/Planning Research and Studies (JARS), 11(1), pp.73-92. (Link: https://www.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/jars/article/view/23879)
Hydromagnetic Flow of Nanofluids over a Nonlinear Shrinking Surface with Heat...ijtsrd
Heat and mass transfer characteristics of water based nanofluids over a nonlinear shrinking surface with suction is studied numerically in the incidence of magnetic field, thermal radiation under the boundary conditions heat flux and mass flux. Similarity transformations are used to renovate the governing partial differential equations into higher order nonlinear ordinary differential equations. These equations are numerically solved using fourth order Runge Kutta technique along with Nachistem “ Swigert shooting method. Numerical results are achieved for the nanofluid velocity, nanofluid temperature and nanoparticle concentration as well as for the skin friction coefficient, wall temperature and concentration of the wall for various values of governing physical parameters viz. magnetic interaction parameter, suction parameter, shrinking parameter, thermal radiation parameter, temperature ratio parameter and solid volume fraction of the nanoparticles such as copper and silver. Mekala Selvaraj | S. P. Anjali Devi"Hydromagnetic Flow of Nanofluids over a Nonlinear Shrinking Surface with Heat Flux and Mass Flux" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-6 , October 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd5793.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/mathemetics/applied-mathamatics/5793/hydromagnetic-flow-of-nanofluids-over-a-nonlinear-shrinking-surface-with-heat-flux-and-mass-flux/mekala-selvaraj
Engineering geology is a branch of applied geology that deals with the application of geological knowledge and principles to civil engineering projects. It provides essential information for safe, stable, and economical design and construction of structures like buildings, dams, roads, and tunnels. Engineering geological studies are conducted during planning, design, construction, and post-construction phases of projects. The studies help understand site conditions, availability of construction materials, and how to mitigate geological hazards. Knowledge of geology is crucial for heavy construction projects and excavation works to plan realistically and design sound foundations.
IRJET- Landuse, Landcover and Urban Development of Coimbatore North Zone for ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses land use, land cover, and urban development in Coimbatore North, India over two decades from 1997 to 2017. Satellite imagery from LANDSAT satellites from 1997, 2007, and 2017 were analyzed using GIS to classify land into six categories and detect changes over time. The study found a drastic increase in built-up area and some development of forest and other land, with substantial changes to scrub land, fallow land, cropland, and water areas due to rapid urbanization in the study area. Remote sensing and GIS techniques were employed to effectively study and monitor land use/land cover changes and inform urban planning.
Geostatistical analysis of rainfall variability on the plateau of Allada in S...IJERA Editor
The goal of this survey is to contribute to a better understanding of the distribution of the rainfall on the plateau
of Allada in Benin. The plateau of Allada is the garner ofCotonou and vicinities. The food production is over
62% rainfed.Then, it imports to analyze the way how rains are spatially distributed on the area in order to deduct
the potential rainfall. To achieve this goal, rainfall data of 28 stations have been used. Three sub-periods have
been identified: 1996-2000, 2001-2005 and 2006-2010. The distribution of rainfall has been established with
Thiessen and kriging methods. On average, 1117mm of rain fell on the study area per year. But three tendencies
were shown: the less rainy zones, the fairly rainy zones, and the greatly rainy zones. All the rainfall zones knew
an increase of the precipitations except Abomey-Calavi and Niaouli. But the variations are not significant. While
analyzing the spatial structure for the kriging of precipitations, it was revealed a power model of variogram. The
direction of the rainfall gradient is oriented southeast - northwest during the three sub-periods. Abomey-Calavi
recorded the weakest precipitations. The strongest values are interchanged between Toffo and Sékou, OuidahNorth
and Ouidah-City.
Bio inspired computational techniques applied to the analysis and visualizati...askroll
The document discusses applying bio-inspired computational techniques to analyze and visualize changing spatial patterns in spatio-temporal datasets. The research plan involves developing methods to detect and track changes in spatio-temporal clusters using agro-ecological data. Challenges include heterogeneity, scales, boundaries, and visualizing cluster dynamics over time. Self-organizing maps will be used to gain insights into spatial autocorrelation, geographic vs feature space, and visualizing overall structure and temporal patterns.
TWO-DIMENSIONAL INVERSION FINITE ELEMENT MODELING OF MAGNETOTELLURIC DATA: CA...AM Publications
Two-dimensional resistivity analysis of magnetotelluric data has been done at “Z” geothermal area which is located in southern part of Indonesia. The objective is to understand subsurface structure beneath reasearch area based on 2-D modeling of magnetotelluric data. The inversion finite element method were used for numerical simulations which requires discretization on the boundary of the modeling domain. The modeling results of magnetotelluric data shows relativity structure dissemination: 0-10 ohm.m in a thickness of 1 km (Clay Cap), 10-100 ohm.m with 1-2 km depth respectively (reservoir zone), and on a scale of 100-1000 ohm.m in a depth of 2-3 km (heat source zone). The result of relativity structure can be used to delineate an area with geothermal prospect around 12 km2.
A Study of Disaster Management & Geotechnical Investigation of Landslides: A ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes several research papers on landslide disaster management and geotechnical investigations of landslides. It discusses the causes of landslides including heavy rainfall, changes to drainage patterns from development, and construction activities disturbing slopes. Methods used to study landslides are described, such as analyzing soil properties, slope stability, and factors of safety. The use of remote sensing, GIS mapping of landslide-prone areas, and statistical modeling approaches are also summarized. Recommendations are made for landslide prevention, including slope treatment and ground improvement techniques. The document provides an overview of research on landslide hazards and susceptibility assessments.
Determination of Local Site Effects in Taikkyi Area, Yangon Region by using M...ijtsrd
Considering the possible local site effect is one of the most important facts in seismic hazard assessment. Depending on the local site condition, the characteristics of the seismic waves propagated through different geological layers and amplified the surface ground motion. In this study, one of the geophysical method of microtremor observations were carried out at 112 sites throughout the Taikkyi area. After analyzing the recorded microtremor observed data by Cygwin Software, we determined the horizontal to vertical spectral ratio HVRs that reflects the local site effects of the study area. The main outcomes of this research is to develop the fundamental frequency map and peak amplitude or soil amplification map of Taikkyi area. According to the evaluation results, the fundamental frequency is ranging from 1 to 2.3 Hz and most parts of Taikkyi area show in the range of 1.3 to 1.6 Hz. The peak amplitude of HVRs potential soil amplification is ranging from 1.5 to 3.6 and most parts of the area are in the range of 1.5 to 2.5. Ohnmar Khine | Kyaw Kyaw "Determination of Local Site Effects in Taikkyi Area, Yangon Region by using Microtremor Observations" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33203.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/33203/determination-of-local-site-effects-in-taikkyi-area-yangon-region-by-using-microtremor-observations/ohnmar-khine
Geo-Environmental Impact Assessment of Urbanization on Top Soil in Okene Metr...Premier Publishers
The impact of urbanization on top soil within Okene metropolis was evaluated using geochemical mapping tools. Methods of investigation involved urban studies, sampling, standard laboratory analyses and data evaluation. A total of one hundred and twenty-four (124) composite soil samples were systematically collected from different regions of the metropolis. Heavy metals composition of the soil samples was determined using Energy Dispersion X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer (EDXRF). The mean concentrations of Cu (153.84 ppm), Fe (78680.70 ppm), Ni (163.84 ppm) and Zn (476.50 ppm) contents in the urban soil are higher than maximum allowable limit for agricultural and residential standards. As (5.47 ppm), Cd (0.91 ppm) and Cr (44.00 ppm) are within the allowable limits, while Pb was found at its threshold of 100.00 ppm. The pairs of As and Pb (r = 0.938), Fe and Cr (r = 0.685), and Ni and Cu (r = 0.689) was observed to be governed by similarity in origins, lithologic processes and anthropogenic activities. Based on soil pollution index, 85.48% of the top soil in Okene metropolis is polluted at varying degrees. Soil within Okene central, Ogaminana, and the nucleated parts between Adavi-Eba and Agassa regions are highly impacted. These areas have relatively higher population density, ineffective sanitary system, poor wastes management services and higher level of urbanization activities. Awareness on consequences of polluted environments should be made public. Systematic remediation of the urban soil by suitable means is recommended.
1) The document presents a study of ground surface motion for different locations in Dhaka City, Bangladesh in response to earthquakes.
2) Standard Penetration Tests, grain size analyses, and Atterberg limit tests were conducted on soil samples from 3 locations to characterize the soil properties.
3) A theoretical ground motion analysis was performed to estimate the amplification of acceleration from bedrock to ground surface using a transfer function approach, in order to predict earthquake ground motions in Dhaka City.
A Study of Ground Surface Motion for Different Locations of Dhaka Cityiosrjce
One of the most frightening and destructive phenomena of nature is a severe earthquake and its
terrible aftereffects.During 1869-1930, five earthquakes with magnitude M≥7 have affected parts of
Bangladesh. Two of them had their epicenters inside Bangladesh. Now-a-days the topics Earthquake has
become a matter of concern to the planners and decision makers. In the recent years no major earthquakes have
been recorded in Bangladesh so using the earthquake data of Haity earthquake that was occurred on 10th
January 2010, response of ground surface of Dhaka city has been proposed. Different soil samples have
collected with their SPT values at different locations of Dhaka city. With the help of these particular N-values
and using the data of ground surface response during the earthquake, logical prediction of the response of the
ground surface can be obtained. From the different borehole data, it is noticed that impervious rocky layer of
Dhaka city is situated beneath 70-80 feet from Existing Ground Llevel(EGL) where the impervious layer of
Haiti is very near to this ground
Flood Vulnerability Study in Parts of Oyo Township Using GIS and Remote Sensingpaperpublications3
Abstract: Flooding has been a major environmental disaster frequently occurring in the cities of Tropical African countries differing solutions because of human dimension difficulty to be modelled. The analysis of flood events, the resulting damage and its causes are basis for the development of risk prevention and mitigation measures. The aim of this research is to empirically investigate the vulnerability towards flood in parts of Oyo Township as one component of flood risk assessment with the integration of Geographic Information Systems and Remote Sensing to investigate the contravention level of people in a rapidly urbanizing settlement of Oyo Township to building ethics and rules, which is a tool for rational decision making. It is therefore revealed that the methodology adopted produced and classified buildings in the study area according to their vulnerability levels to flood and the results are presented in maps. The generation of vulnerability maps representing the two different perspectives of local decision makers (experts) and affected households is discussed using the methodology.
This document presents a new fractal method for landslide susceptibility mapping using only historical landslide inventory data. The method measures the spatial clustering of past landslides at different scales using box-counting, then applies the derived fractal relationship to produce a susceptibility map in GIS. The method is demonstrated on landslides in Zhejiang Province, China from 1990-2007 at regional and county scales, showing reliable predictive capability of susceptibility areas.
This document describes a new fractal approach for landslide susceptibility mapping using only historical landslide inventory data. The method measures the spatial clustering of past landslides at different scales using a box-counting technique. It then applies the derived fractal clustering relationship to produce a landslide susceptibility map in a GIS. The method is demonstrated on landslide data from China's Zhejiang Province, producing a susceptibility map that is validated against later landslides. The results show the fractal method can reliably map susceptibility using limited landslide inventory data alone.
IRJET-Investigation of Landslides and its Effects on KothagiriIRJET Journal
This document summarizes an investigation of landslides and their effects on Kothagiri in India. The investigation utilized remote sensing techniques like IKONOS satellite imagery and GIS mapping to identify and analyze landslides in the area. Field investigations were also conducted to study the geological features of landslides and recommend countermeasures. Different types of landslides were identified and their causes like geological, morphological, and human factors were examined. The methodology involved preparing detailed maps from remote sensing data, conducting field surveys, hazard mapping of landslides, and developing guidelines for roadside slope inspection and maintenance. The conclusions highlighted the role of remote sensing and GIS in landslide mapping and how a combination of these techniques can help landslide risk assessment.
Combined Geophysical And Geotechnical Techniques For Assessment Of Foundation...IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract: This study was carried out to assess the subsurface conditions around the school of technology complex in Lagos State Polytechnic, Ikorodu, using integrated geophysical and geotechnical techniques. The site lies within the Sedimentary terrain of southwestern Nigeria. Allied Ohmega Resistivity meter was used for data collection of 1-D and 2-D resistivitymeasurement while WinResist software and Dipro software were used for the processing respectively.The results of the vertical electrical sounding indicate that the depth to basement values ranges between 27.6 and 39.5m. The 2D resistivitysurvey has provided valuable information on the lateral and vertical variation of the layer competent for erecting foundation of engineering structures. The CPT probed an average depth of 4.8m and has identified material of very high shear strength associated with dense sand materials. The correlation of the three techniques used revealed similar soil layering consisting of topsoilsandy clay, coarse sand and sand.A mechanically stable coarse sand material was discovered as weathered layer which indicates high load bearing capacity suitable for foundation in the area and can support massive structures.
IRJET- Landslide Susceptibility Mapping using Weights of Evidence Method ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that used the weights of evidence method to create a landslide susceptibility map of the Coonoor watershed area in Tamil Nadu, India. Ten factors associated with landslides were analyzed in a GIS environment, including slope, aspect, drainage density, distance from drainage, lineament density, distance from lineament, geomorphology, soil, land use, and distance from road. Weights were assigned to each factor and the factors were overlaid to produce a landslide susceptibility map categorized into five classes. The map was validated and 77.92% of recorded landslides fell within the high and very high susceptibility zones, indicating good accuracy of the predicted susceptibilities.
Abstract Remote sensing has its application in various fields like geology and mineral exploration, geomorphology and modern geomorphic process modeling, nature mitigation studies, hazard zone mapping, eco system study in hills, plains, riverine, coastal, marine and volcanic landforms, forest and biomass inventory, fishery. Remote sensing plays a vital in various fields. This technique along with the GIS has been to study the geomorphological, hydro geological, land use/land cover, lithological, structural aspects/ features in the parts of Anaimalai, Pollachi and Udumalpet block of TamilNadu. Integrated approach using geographic information system provides cost effective support in resources inventory including land use mapping, comprehensive data base for resources, analytical tools for decision making and impact analysis for plan evaluation. GIS accept large volumes of spatial data derived from a variety of sources and effectively store, retrieve, manipulate, analyze and display all forms of geographically referenced information. Maps and statistical data can be obtained from the spatial integration and analysis of an area using GIS software. In order to assess the natural resource availability and its potentiality in parts of Anaimalai, Pollachi and Udumalpet block, Tamil Nadu, an integrated remote sensing and GIS based study has been conducted by adopting the standard procedures. The groundwater potential zone of any area is depends on geological formations; geomorphologic unit’s recharges characters, topography, and thickness of weathered and fractured zones. In the present study, area was taken to locate groundwater potential zones by integrated different thematic maps, remote sensing and geographic information system techniques. To find out the ground water potential zones, different thematic maps have been prepared and integrated each of them. They are mainly geology, geomorphology, land use / land cover, lineament etc. Groundwater potential zones have been prepared with help of integrating different thematic maps. This study area is finally to get the groundwater potential zones we have to classified few area such as high, moderate and low potential zones. Index Terms: Remote sensing, GIS, lithology, Geomorphology, Hydrology, landforms etc.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Geomorphology and GIS Analysis for Mapping Gully Erosion Susceptibility in Ta...ijtsrd
This study aim at performing geomorphological and GIS Analysis to map gully erosion susceptibility in Taraba State. GIS and Remote sensing integrated with Erodibility Variables Soil, Landuse and Erosivity Variables Elevation Aspect, plan Curvature, Stream Power index SPI , Topographic Wetness Index TWI , Length Slope Factor LSF were used in mapping gully erosion susceptibility. All Erosive Variables were automatically derived from SRTM DEM http earthexplorer.usgs.gov and were analyzed using 3D Analyst and Spatial Analyst Extensions of ArcGIS 10.1. The result shows that 2 are of very High Susceptibility, 33 High Susceptibility, 37 Moderate Susceptibility and 28 Low no Susceptibility. Idakwo Victor Iko-Ojo | Mark Ma’aku Joshua | Idakwo Francis Akoji "Geomorphology and GIS Analysis for Mapping Gully Erosion Susceptibility in Taraba State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33136.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/geography/33136/geomorphology-and-gis-analysis-for-mapping-gully-erosion-susceptibility-in-taraba-state-nigeria/idakwo-victor-ikoojo
Since the recent development of UAVs(Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) and digital sensors technology has enabled the acquisition of high-resolution image data, it is considered that the image data of riverside can be analysed. Therefore, this study analyses the applicability of remote sensing techniques through image analysis in river systems and habitats. The target stream in this study was the Cheongmi stream and the applicability of the river environmental evaluation technique was analysed through image analysis. The satellite images used for the analysis of river topography and environments were compared with the aerial images taken by a micro UAV), and the river environmental evaluation was carried out with the field research at the same time. The data acquisition range and application limit by river environmental evaluation technique proposed previously were evaluated, and as a result, it was found that it was possible to draw various evaluation parameters using a drone that could take an image at a low altitude in comparison to satellite images.
Landslide Investigation of Ikwette, Obudu Local Government Area of Cross Rive...iosrjce
This study investigates the causes of a slope failure at Ikwette, Obudu local Government Area of
Cross River State, Nigeria in 2013. It also involves a slope stability analysis of the failed slope, which was OB1.
To understand instability in the study area, a combination of field, geotechnical and statistical analysis were
undertaken. Some obtained parameters were then applied in a slope/W Geostudio 2012 software program which
uses the conventional limit equilibrium methods to simulate the dominant factors inducing instability. Results of
the geotechnical investigations of the samples taken from Ikwette, showed an average maximum dry density
value of 1.63kg/m3
, which was a low to moderate value and average optimum moisture content value of 18%.
Analysis from the particle size distribution, showed that the particle sizes where silty sand, with a Coefficient of
uniformity (Cu) value of 1.8 and Coefficient of curvature (Cc) value of 0.968, indicating that the soil is
uniformly or poorly graded. Triaxial compression test showed an angle of internal friction and cohesion values
averaging around 12.65° and 43kPa respectively, which indicates that the shear strength of the soil was
reduced, due to the activities of high precipitation intensity which increased to a monthly value of 375.3mm
before the landslide event. Also, the factor of safety value for the slope in OB1, where the landslide occurred
was 1.114, which is close to the value for an incipient failure. Hence the results of the aforementioned methods
and simulation shown can be used in predicting areas of possible landslides, as well as the causes of such soil
deformations, and as such, safety measures could be taken against the reoccurrence of landslides in such areas.
The Evaluation of Land Use Evolution and Ecological Sensitivity of Guangzhou ...AI Publications
The dynamic stability of the local ecological environment is related to changes in land use patterns and ecological sensitivity. The study aims to identify the land use characteristics and dynamic change features in Guangzhou City using RS and GIS technology. We choose six ecological sensitivity factors, such as land use type, elevation, watershed buffer, vegetation cover, slope, and slope direction, and use the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) to obtain the results of single-factor and comprehensive ecological sensitivity. The findings indicate that, in terms of land use, the area of four types—forest land, grassland, arable land, and unused land—decreased from 2000 to 2020, while the area of water bodies and construction land rose, with a minimal overall change. According to total ecological sensitivity, very sensitive areas make up the majority of the total area and are primarily found along the northern township boundary; very low-sensitive and mildly sensitive areas are mostly found in the south and center. In order to encourage the development of an ecological civilization in the city, Guangzhou City must establish the idea of harmony between people and the land and increase the ecological conservation function.
Analysis of Spatial and Temporal Changes in Land Use in Lushan City over the ...PriyankaKilaniya
In the past two decades, with rapid urbanization and economic development, the land use structure of Lushan City has undergone significant changes, posing challenges to ecological security and food supply. It is necessary to explore its spatiotemporal dynamics and driving factors to optimize land management. This study is based on land use data from 2000 to 2020 and uses GIS to analyze the spatiotemporal changes and transfer status of land use types. The main method is to use the land use transfer matrix and the single land use dynamic degree to study the land use change and its driving forces. The results indicate that the land use change in Lushan City is characterized by the conversion of arable land into construction land and the conversion of wetlands into water bodies. The area of arable land and wetlands has significantly decreased, while construction land and water bodies continue to increase. From the perspective of spatial distribution, the increase in construction land is concentrated in the central part of Lushan City. The driving factors of land use change in the city include the policy of returning farmland to forests and lakes, rapid economic development, changes in population, and the continuous promotion of the tourism industry.
IRJET- Selection of Artificial Recharge Structures using GIS and GEO Physical...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the selection of artificial groundwater recharge structures in the Nelamangala area of Bengaluru Rural District, Karnataka, India using GIS and geophysical methods. It aims to identify suitable sites for artificial recharge through an integrated approach using remote sensing, GIS, and geophysics. Depleting groundwater levels due to overextraction have become a major issue in many parts of India. The study area has experienced critical groundwater depletion. The document reviews literature on using remote sensing, GIS, and geophysical methods to identify groundwater potential zones and select artificial recharge sites. It describes the study area location and outlines the objectives to map groundwater potential zones, understand recharge-discharge relationships,
Similar to Soil Liquefaction Potential Maps for Earthquake Events in Yangon, Myanmar (20)
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
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Soil Liquefaction Potential Maps for Earthquake Events in Yangon, Myanmar
1. @ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com
ISSN No: 2456
International
Research
Soil Liquefaction Potentia
Zar Lee Tint
Department of Civil Engineering, Yangon Technological
ABSTRACT
The soil liquefaction is one of the main topics o
geotechnical engineering associated with the strong
earthquakes. The study area has been selected in
Yangon City because it is most populated density area
and located near the active faults and the rivers. The
main objective of study is the development o
liquefaction potential maps as a prominent feature for
site planners and decision makers to reduce loss of
lives. The borehole data including ground water table,
Standard Penetration Test (SPT), blow counts, wet
density and fine content etc. have been co
the 530 representative sites in Yangon City. The
safety factor of soil liquefaction is evaluated by using
National Center of Earthquake Engineering Research
(NCEER) Method (1997). The Liquefaction Potential
Index (LPI) is proposed by Luna and
(1998) to predict the potential of liquefaction at sites.
The proposed liquefaction potential map is analyzed
by using Geographic Information Software. The
development of liquefaction potential maps is
associated with 1%, 2%, 5%, 10% and 20% o
probabilities of exceedance in 50 years.
Keywords: Liquefaction potential index, Geographic
information system (GIS), Yangon City, Liquefaction
potential map, Earthquake, Borehole data
I. INTRODUCTION
Liquefaction occurred in loose saturated cohesionless
soil during the earthquakes is responsibility
structural failure and damage to roads, pipelines and
infrastructures. It is one of the most geotechnical
problems. The soil liquefaction depends on the
different types of situations which are magnitude of
earthquake, the distance from the source of the
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 3 | Mar-Apr 2018
ISSN No: 2456 - 6470 | www.ijtsrd.com | Volume
International Journal of Trend in Scientific
Research and Development (IJTSRD)
International Open Access Journal
Soil Liquefaction Potential Maps for Earthquake Events in
Yangon, Myanmar
Zar Lee Tint, Nyan Myint Kyaw, Kyaw Kyaw
Department of Civil Engineering, Yangon Technological University, Yangon and 11181, Myanmar
The soil liquefaction is one of the main topics of
geotechnical engineering associated with the strong
earthquakes. The study area has been selected in
Yangon City because it is most populated density area
and located near the active faults and the rivers. The
main objective of study is the development of
liquefaction potential maps as a prominent feature for
site planners and decision makers to reduce loss of
lives. The borehole data including ground water table,
Standard Penetration Test (SPT), blow counts, wet
density and fine content etc. have been collected from
the 530 representative sites in Yangon City. The
safety factor of soil liquefaction is evaluated by using
National Center of Earthquake Engineering Research
(NCEER) Method (1997). The Liquefaction Potential
Index (LPI) is proposed by Luna and Frost Method
(1998) to predict the potential of liquefaction at sites.
The proposed liquefaction potential map is analyzed
by using Geographic Information Software. The
development of liquefaction potential maps is
associated with 1%, 2%, 5%, 10% and 20% of
Liquefaction potential index, Geographic
information system (GIS), Yangon City, Liquefaction
potential map, Earthquake, Borehole data
loose saturated cohesionless
is responsibility to
structural failure and damage to roads, pipelines and
It is one of the most geotechnical
The soil liquefaction depends on the
different types of situations which are magnitude of
earthquake, the distance from the source of the
earthquake, site-specific conditions, ground
acceleration, type of soil and thickness of soil deposit,
relative density, grain size distribution, fine content,
plasticity of fines, fluctuation of groundwater table
and reduction of effective stress
The evaluation of the SPT
triggering database relative to the liquefaction
triggering is correlated by Idri
2008). The distributions of the data are examined with
respect to various parameters (e.g., fines content,
overburden stress, earthquake magnitude) and data
sources (e.g., data from the U.S., Japan, pre
1985 studies, and sites with strong ground motion
recordings) [2, 12]. Nowadays
liquefaction potential map for Yangon and the data
sources from Yangon are not considered the
evaluation of liquefaction analysis in
Yangon City is located near the Sagaing Fault. The
Bago (Pegu) earthquake (7.3 RS) of 5 May 1930
along the Sagaing Fault killed approximately 500
people in Bago and 50 in Yangon. In recent year, a lot
of earthquakes have been occurred in Yangon Region
area. In addition to, most of the area in the city
composed of medium to fine sand and silty sand and
sand containing low plasticity.
The simplified producer proposed by Seed
(1971) was widely used for evaluation of safety factor
of soil liquefaction. Most of the researchers had been
modified and developed the methods of liquefaction
analysis. The NCEER (1996) method proposed by
many researcher was derived from SPT
sites experiencing liquefaction in past earthquakes
Apr 2018 Page: 2401
6470 | www.ijtsrd.com | Volume - 2 | Issue – 3
Scientific
(IJTSRD)
International Open Access Journal
l Maps for Earthquake Events in
University, Yangon and 11181, Myanmar
specific conditions, ground
acceleration, type of soil and thickness of soil deposit,
relative density, grain size distribution, fine content,
plasticity of fines, fluctuation of groundwater table
eduction of effective stress [1].
e evaluation of the SPT-based liquefaction
triggering database relative to the liquefaction
triggering is correlated by Idriss and Boulanger (2004,
The distributions of the data are examined with
respect to various parameters (e.g., fines content,
verburden stress, earthquake magnitude) and data
sources (e.g., data from the U.S., Japan, pre- and post-
1985 studies, and sites with strong ground motion
Nowadays, there is no
liquefaction potential map for Yangon and the data
from Yangon are not considered the
evaluation of liquefaction analysis in Myanmar.
Yangon City is located near the Sagaing Fault. The
Bago (Pegu) earthquake (7.3 RS) of 5 May 1930
along the Sagaing Fault killed approximately 500
angon. In recent year, a lot
of earthquakes have been occurred in Yangon Region
In addition to, most of the area in the city
composed of medium to fine sand and silty sand and
sand containing low plasticity.
The simplified producer proposed by Seed et al
(1971) was widely used for evaluation of safety factor
of soil liquefaction. Most of the researchers had been
developed the methods of liquefaction
analysis. The NCEER (1996) method proposed by
many researcher was derived from SPT acquired at
sites experiencing liquefaction in past earthquakes [2].
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 3 | Mar-Apr 2018 Page: 2402
In this research, the safety factor of soil against
liquefaction is evaluated by NCEER method with
each depth along the soil profile during different
earthquakes. The safety factor does not demonstrate
the degree of liquefaction severity at different site
locations [18]. So, the liquefaction potential index
from the factor of safety proposed by using Luna and
Frost method (1998) and then liquefaction potential
maps have been developed by using LPI values at
different parts of the city. The liquefaction map is
prepared for earthquakes with 1%, 2%, 5%, 10% and
20% probabilities of exceedance in 50 years. In this
research, the main objective is the proposed soil
distribution maps and liquefaction potential maps for
Yangon City area.
II. GEOLOGY AND TECTONIC SETTINGS
Yangon City, Myanmar, is situated between Latitude
16.8661º N and Longitude 96.1951º E, on the
southeastern corner of the Ayeyarwady Delta basin, at
the mouth of three rivers: Yangon, Ngamoyeik and
Bago rivers and 34 km from the sea in the coastal
area. The Yangon area is mostly covered by alluvial
deposits which are comprised of gravel, clay, silts,
sands and laterite which lie upon the eroded surface of
the Irrawaddy formation at 3 - 4.6 m above mean sea
level (MSL) (Myo Thant, 2012) [9]. The soft rocks in
Yangon comprise of sandstone, shale, limestone and
conglomerate. Yangon City is the most populated area
about six million people and financial city. A lot of
tall buildings have been built in Yangon area. Many
buildings in ancient parts of the City are non-
structural engineering designs. The geological map of
the Yangon city is shown in Fig 1.
Figure 1. Geological Map of the Greater Yangon (Win Naing, 1972)
3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
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The major tectonics of Myanmar consists of the
subduction zone of Indian Plate beneath Burma Plate
in the west and the collision zone of Indian Plate with
Eurasia Plate in the north. The major active faults in
Myanmar are Sagaing fault, Kyaukkyan fault,
Gwegyo thrust, and West Bago Yoma fault. Most of
the earthquakes, which occurred in the central region
of Myanmar, are concerned with Sagaing fault, and in
the eastern part, the focal depth is not greater than 40
km while the earthquakes in the western portion
include from shallow, through intermediate to deep
focus earthquakes [9]. The shallow focus earthquakes
along the western margin belong to the subduction
zone earthquakes and the focal depth of the
earthquakes, which are generated from the subduction
zone gradually increase to the eastward. In the eastern
margin of the Western Ranges or Indoburma Ranges,
the shallow focus events are corresponded with the
crustal faults [9].
Yangon Region has been tectonically adjacent to the
indian plates subduction in the west, Sagaing fault in
the east, West Bago Yoma fault in the north,
Kyaykkyan fault in the north-east, and the Andaman
rift zone in the south. (Myo Thant, 2012) [9]. Yangon
City has been chosen as the study area because most
of the earthquakes in and around Yangon Region are
shallow focus earthquakes related with Sagaing fault.
III. EVALUATION OF LIQUEFACTION
POTENTIAL INDEX DUE TO
EARTHQUAKE
The factor of safety against soil liquefaction is
computed by using SPT based liquefaction producer
that is recommended by NCEER method. The
evaluation of Liquefaction potential index (LPI)
proposed by Luna and Frost Method (1998) is taken
the integration of one minus the liquefaction factors of
safety along the entire depth of soil profiles limited to
the depths ranging from 0 to 20 m below the ground
surface at a specific location [3-8]. The categories of
liquefaction severity with regard to LPI as per Iwasaki
et al. (1982) and Luna and Frost (1998) are shown in
Table 1. The safety factor of liquefaction (FS) and the
liquefaction potential index (LPI) are calculated based
on the seismic demand expressed in terms of cyclic
stress ratio (CSR) to the capacity of liquefaction
resistance of the soil expressed in terms of cyclic
resistance ratio (CRR).
A. Determination of Liquefaction Potential of
Soil
Soil liquefaction is a phenomenon that has been
occurred in a saturated or partially saturated soil
substantially loses strength and stiffness in response
to an applied stress during earthquake shaking or
other sudden changes in stress condition, causing it to
behave like a liquid.
Clayey soils with significant plastic fine should be
calculated liquefaction possible recommended by
Seed and Idriss (1983). It must meet all the following
criteria:
Fraction finer than 0.005 mm ≤ 15%
Liquid Limit (LL) ≤ 35%
Natural water content ≥ 0.9LL
Liquid Index ≤ 0.75
If the cohesive soil does not meet all criteria, then it is
generally considered to be not susceptible to
liquefaction. Although the cohesive soil may not
liquefy, there could still be a significant undrained
shear strength loss due to the seismic shaking (Robert
W. Day, 2002) [5].
The soil with liquefaction susceptibility must be
below the groundwater table. Liquefaction
susceptibility decreases strongly with increasing depth
to the water table (Robert W. Day, 2002) [5].
The cyclic resistance ratio (CRRM=7.5) with
earthquake magnitude (Mw = 7.5) developed by
NCEER Method using corrected standard penetration
test data is computed as [3-8]
2
1
1.3
)(N
)(N34
95
CRR*100 601
601
7.5M
(1)
Where (N1)60 is the corrected, clean-sand equivalent
SPT value. It is provided a value of (N1)60 ≤ 30 in this
equation 1.
The corrected SPT blowcount proposed by Robertson
and Fear (1996) is calculated with:
SRBENSPT601 CCCCCNN (2)
The correction factor (CN) normalizes the measured
blowcount to an equivalent value under one
atmosphere of effective overburden stress:
0.2
p
C
vo
a
N
(3)
Where σʹv0 is the vertical effective stress at the depth
of NSPT and Pa is one atmosphere of pressure in the
4. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
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same units as σʹv0, CE is corrected energy ratio, CB is
the correction factor of borehole diameter, CR is
correction factor for rod length and CS is the
correction for sampler with or without liner.
The clean-sand equivalent is made based on the fines
content of the soil sample:
601601601 NΔNNequivalentsandclean
(4)
The correction factor Δ (N1)60 is computed with the
linear function:
For 5%FC
0.0NΔ 601
For 35%FC5%
305FC*7NΔ 601
For 35%FC
7.0NΔ 601
Where FC is the fines content (percent finer than
0.075mm)
The cyclic stress ratio (CSR) proposed by Seed et al.
(1985) is calculated as [10-17]
d
v0
v0max
γ
σ
σ
g
a
0.65CSR
(5)
Where g is the acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s2
),
σv0 is the total vertical overburden stress, and σʹv0 is
the effective vertical overburden stress at the depth of
interest. The stress reduction factor rd is computed as,
4200z105z42zz10*1.61.0r 2446
d
(6)
Where, z is the depth below the ground surface in
meters.
Moment magnitude is defined as a function of the
seismic moment M0. This measures the extent of
deformation at the earthquake source and can be
evaluated as follows (Amr S. Elnashai and Luigi Di
Sarno, 2008) [16, 18]:
M0 = G A Δu (7)
Where G is the shear modulus of the material
surrounding the fault, A is the fault rupture area and Δ
u is the average slip between opposite sides of the
fault. Mw is computed by:
Mw = 0.67 log (M0 ) −10.70 (8)
Where, M0 is expressed in ergs.
Cornell, et al. (1979) proposed the mean of log peak
ground acceleration (in units of g) and peak ground
acceleration is calculated with the source distance.
Ln (PGA) = - 0.152+0.859Mw - 1.803ln (R+25) (9)
Where, PGA = Peak ground acceleration
Mw = Moment magnitude
R = Source Distance
If the computed cyclic resistance ratio (CRR) of the
soil is less than or equal to cyclic stress ratio (CSR)
generated due to the earthquake, the soil is suffered
the liquefaction problem at that locations. The factor
of safety against liquefaction (FS) is defined with
(Ishihara, 1993) [17];
CSR
CRR
FS (10)
The soil with the depth of SPT profiles is predicted to
liquefy if FS ≤ 1.0, while FS >1.0 indicates no
liquefaction.
To Liquefaction Potential Index (LPI) is a single-
valued parameter to evaluated regional liquefaction
potential. LPI at a site is computed by integrating the
factor of safety (FS) along the soil column. A
weighting function is added to give more weight to
the layers closer to the ground surface.
For the soil profiles, the Liquefaction Potential Index
(LPI) proposed by Luna and Frost 1998 can be
expressed as follows:
n
i i i
i 1
LPI F z W H
(11)
With
iii 1.0FSforFS1F
ii 1.0FSfor0F
0.5Z10Wi for z 20 m
0Wi for z 20m
Where n denotes the number of discretized layers, Hi
is the thickness of the discretized layer, and Fi denotes
the liquefaction severity for layer which is a function
5. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
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of the FS defined in Equation. Finally, Wi is the
weighting function as defined in Equation.
The categories of liquefaction severity were modified
by Luna and Frost (1998) as shown in Table 1. Also,
the category adopted in this study is proposed, as
discussed below [1].
Table 1. Historic liquefaction severity assessed from the liquefaction potential index (LPI)
LPI Iwasaki et al. (1982) Luna and Frost (1998)
0 Not likely Little to none
0 < LPI ≤ 5 Minor Minor
5 < LPI ≤ 15 - Moderate
15 < LPI ≤ 100 Severe Major
The evaluation of the liquefaction potential index
(LPI) predicts surface detection of liquefaction,
liquefaction damage or failure potential of a
liquefaction-prone area. The LPI is computed by
integrating the FS values over the depth of soil
columns limited to the depths ranging from 0 to 20 m
below the natural ground surface, providing an
assessment of liquefaction-related surface damage.
The factor safety of soil during strong earthquakes
with different magnitudes is calculated by using
equation. 9. Factor of safety (FS) against liquefaction
is evaluated corresponding to different earthquakes
7.26, 7.5, 7.66, 7.93 and 8.13 Mw with peak ground
acceleration 0.21 g, 0.25 g, 0.29 g, 0.36 g and 0.43g.
IV. SOIL INVESTIGATION AND SOIL
DISTRIBUTION MAP
Soil investigation, called geotechnical investigation, is
the important thing to design about the structure
construction. It is to test the physical properties on
site to understand the ground conditions for
geotechnical design (foundations, retaining walls &
soil improvement). There are three basic types of soil
condition: sand, silt and clay. Soil distribution map is
a map to show the soil types and is very useful tool
for geotechnical engineering.
The twenty nine townships in this city are selected as
the study area for the research. Data collection is the
hardest parts of the research work which consumed
time and 530 bore logs are collected for the
liquefaction analysis. The borehole records contained
the geotechnical information such as grain size
distribution, Atterberg limits, N-values, moisture
content, density and unit weight. The location map of
boreholes is presented in Fig 2.
Soil distribution maps at different depth are analyzed
by using Unified Soil Classification System. There are
seven soil types such as SM (Silty Sand), CL (Clay
with Low Plasticity), CH (Clay with High Plasticity),
MH (Silt with High Plasticity), ML (Silt with Low
Plasticity), and SC (Clayey Sand) in these maps. In
this research, soil distribution maps are developed by
using ArcGIS software at Yangon area.
Figure 2. Location Map of Boreholes
Figure 3. Soil Distribution Map at 5 m Depth
6. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
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Figure 4. Soil Distribution Map at 10 m Depth
Figure 5. Soil Distribution Map at 15 m Depth
Figure 6. Soil Distribution Map at 20 m Depth
The most area of Yangon City, namely Hlaing,
Mayangone, Insein, Mingalartaungnyut, South
Okkalarpa, Thingangyun, Thekata and Ahlone
Townships are covered by the CH soil type up to 5 m
depth in Fig 3. Some area such as Hlaing,
Hlaingtharyar, Mayangone, South Okkalarpa,
Mingalartaungnyut, Ahlone and Tarmwe Townships
are covered by CH soil type between 5 m and 10 m
shown in Fig 4. In Hlaing, Mayangone, Insein,
Yankin, Mingalartaungnyut and Ahlone Townships, it
is found that CL soil type mostly covered between 10
m and 15 m depth in Fig 5. The SM and CH soil type
is covered in Yangon area at 20 m depth. The soil
liquefaction has been occurred in silty sand during
earthquakes shown in Fig 6. Therefore, the
development of liquefaction potential map is needed
for these study area.
V. Liquefaction Potential Mapping
In this research, the safety factor (FS) against
liquefaction of five hundred and thirty (530) borehole
locations is evaluated by NCEER Method. The FS at
different soil profiles is calculated by using different
earthquake magnitudes such as 7.26, 7.5, 7.66, 7.93
and 8.13 Mw with peak ground acceleration 0.21 g,
0.25 g, 0.29 g, 0.36 g and 0.43g. Liquefaction
potential index (LPI) values for different site locations
are computed by using Luna and Frost Method.
Liquefaction assessments are categorized based on
LPI values. i.e. none to little for LPI = 0, minor for 0
< LPI ≤ 5, moderate for 5 < LPI ≤ 15 and major for
LPI > 15. Liquefaction potential map plays an
important role to know liquefaction susceptibility at
specific locations. Liquefaction Potential Maps are
developed by ArcGIS software shown in Fig: 7, 8 9,
10 and 11. It was shown that the liquefaction potential
map was developed for 1 % probability of
exceedancce in 50 years with moment magnitude Mw
= 8.13 and amax = 0.43 g in Fig 7. The liquefaction
potential map for 2 % probability of exceedance in 50
years with Mw = 7.93 and amax = 0.36 g was prepared
in Fig. 8. The liquefaction potential map was
developed with 5% probability of exceedance in 50
years (Mw = 7.66 and amax = 0.29) shown in Fig 9. In
Fig. 10, the liquefaction map for 10 % probability of
exceedance in 50 years with moment magnitude Mw
= 7.5 and amax= 0.25 g was prepared. The
development of liquefaction potential map for 20%
probability of exceedance in 50 years with Mw = 7.26
and amax = 0.21 g was shown in Fig 11. The LPI
values of the area around the river are higher than
other area in this city.
7. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
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Figure 7. Liquefaction potential map for 1 %
probability of exceedance in 50 years
Figure 8. Liquefaction potential map for 2 %
probability of exceedance in 50 years
Figure 9. Liquefaction potential map for 5%
probability of exceedance in 50 years
Figure 10. Liquefaction potential map for 10%
probability of exceedance in 50 years
Figure 11. Liquefaction potential map for 20%
probability of exceedance in 50 years
VI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The liquefaction potential map of Yangon City offers
a quantitative approach for mapping liquefaction
susceptibility. The Yangon City area are taken as the
study area for evaluation of liquefaction potential of
soil. A total of 530 numbers of borehole data in
Yangon City, both undisturbed and disturbed soil test
reports were supported by Yangon City Development
Committee and professionals working in geotechnical
engineering field. In this research, factor safety
against liquefaction (FS) and corresponding
liquefaction potential indices (LPI) for the seismic
scenario were evaluated using SPT based
semiempirical producers.
The liquefaction susceptibility at different sites in
Yangon City is shown in LPI maps. Liquefaction
potential maps for earthquakes such as 1%, 2%, 5%,
8. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
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10% and 20% probability of exceedance in 50 years
are analyzed by using LPI values. The maps of LPI
are developed for the city to predict the occurrence of
liquefaction damages for the earthquake magnitudes
such as Mw = 7.26, Mw = 7.5, Mw = 7.66, Mw = 7.93
and Mw = 8.13 of amax level 0.21g, 0.25 g, 0.29 g, 0.36
g and 0.43 g shown in Fig 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 of the
previous section. The liquefaction potential maps
showed the liquefaction vulnerability at different sites
of the city. The liquefaction susceptibility for sites
with LPI > 15 is very high and the liquefaction is very
unlikely at sites with LPI < 5.
Most of the area is minor and moderate of
liquefaction with 1 % probability of exceedance in 50
years as shown Fig: 7. Some area is suffered the
major liquefaction problem. The LPI values of the
area are varied from 16.75 to 52.09 in the figure. As
can be seen in Fig: 8, Hlaing, Insein and Kamaryut
Twonships are moderate and major of liquefaction
susceptibility and most of the townships was lower
than 5 for 2 % probability of exceedance in 50 years.
LPI values arranged from 13.69 to 48.51 shown in
figure. Insein, Hlaing and Kamaryut Twonships are
moderate of liquefaction susceptibility and most of
the townships are minor of liquefaction susceptibiliy
for 5 % probability of exceedance in 50 years shown
in Fig 9. The LPI values varied from 15 to 42.73.
Some of the area of city; namely Inseing Hlaing and
Dagon Myothit Seikkan Townships are moderate of
liquefaction susceptibility and the other townships are
minor of liquefaction susceptibility for 10 %
probability of exceedance in 50 years as shown in Fig:
10. There is no major to liquefaction susceptibility in
the map. In Fig 11, most of the areas are minor of
liquefaction susceptibility for 20 % probability of
exceedance in 50 years. Other townships are minor
state of liquefaction problem.
The liquefaction potential maps are proposed by five
earthquake levels with 20 m depth of soil profiles.
The results showed that the thickness of discrete soil
layer and blow accounts are very important
parameters in soil liquefaction. The liquefaction
potential maps shown in figures serves as useful tools
for geotechnical engineering to mitigate liquefaction
hazards in future earthquakes. In this research, these
maps are suitable for deep foundation in Yangon City.
VII. CONCLUSION
The liquefaction potential maps for this study
revealed that the selected areas are higher for
liquefaction susceptibility during 1% probability of
exceedance in 50 years. The seismological aspects
such as ground motion levels and earthquake
magnitudes are the most important factors of
liquefaction potential. The appropriate peak horizontal
ground acceleration for the scenario earthquake can
be chosen one of the uncertain factors for future
study. The liquefaction potential of the Yangon city
varied from none to major liquefaction susceptibility.
LPI value of each SPT profile is evaluated from the
safety factor that is estimated using the NCEER
method. The liquefaction potential maps were
generated for Yangon city to predict the occurrence of
damaging liquefaction for different moment
magnitudes. In this research, the liquefaction potential
maps were developed for Yangon city to predict the
occurring liquefaction damages for 1%, 2%, 5%, 10%
and 20% probabilities of exceedance in 50 years.
These maps will benefit for the designers and
practicing engineers to identify liquefaction
vulnerability of the proposed work at particular area
in Yangon City.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful for the Yangon City
Development Committee, Committee for Quality
Control of High-Rise Building Construction Projects
in Myanmar and professional working in geotechnical
engineering field for providing the borehole data at
different sites in the study area.
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