This document discusses several applications of nanofiltration membranes for water treatment and separation processes. It describes using nanofiltration membranes to separate amoxicillin from pharmaceutical wastewater based on differences in molecular weight. It also discusses nanofiltration applications in the dairy industry for processes like partial demineralization of whey, lactose reduction, and detergent recovery from cleaning solutions. Additional applications discussed include removing cyanobacterial metabolites from water, concentrating copper in acid rinse water from mining operations, and treating textile wastewater.

1. NANOFILTRATON
APPLICATION.

2. SEPERATION OF AMOXICILIN FROM
PHARMACEUTICAL WASTEWATER.
 Polyamide spiral wound nanofiltration (NF) membrane was evaluated for
the treatment of amoxicillin wastewater.
 Amoxicillin, 6-(R-hydroxy-a-amino phenyl acetamido) penicillanic acid is
the only phenolic penicillin which is used as an antibacterial drug.
 It is frequently used as antibiotic to treat many kinds of infections.
 The presence of amoxicillin,potential to promote bacterial resistance as
well as trigger long term adverse human health effects.

3.  NF membranes retain matters that can penetrate ultrafiltration
(UF) membranes but some low molecular weight micropollutants
that can be rejected by Reverse Osmosis (RO) membranes
 The nominal molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) of NF membranes
is in the range of 100-1000 Da.
 MWCO is molecular weight of the molecule that is 90% retained
by the membrane Therefore the molecular weight of antibiotics is
coincident with the range of MWCO of NF membranes and the
noticeable difference in molecular weight between amoxicillin and
other materials in the amoxicillin wastewater makes it possible for
them to be separated effectively with NF membranes.

4. DAIRY INDUSTRY
 Nanofiltration membrane with specific pores size is
possible to separate specific components of milk and whey.
 In dairy industry, nanofiltration mainly used for special
application such
 partial demineralisation of whey,
 lactose-free milk or ,
 volume reduction of whey

5.  Application of nanofiltration can performe separation such
 Color removal
 Demineralisation
 Desalination
 Type of dairy product that produced in application of
nanofiltration
 Milk
 Cheese
 Whey

7.  Milk has own concentration for some type of dairy, protein
standardization and whey protein separation.
 Whey is watery portion of milk that remaining after
 milk coagulation
 removal of curd

8. Dairy Industry for concentration
and partial Demineralisation
 In whey and permeates, nanofiltration will decrease
mineral content especially for
 Sodium
 Potassium chloride
 Both sodium and potassium chlorides are monovalent ion in
dairy product.
 Whey and permeates need pass through concentration
step prior to further processing and combines volumes
reduction with partial demineralisation.

9.  For saving transportation cost, nanofiltration for volume
reduction (concentration) of whey and permeates must be
applied.
 It will increase flux rates
 Lactose can be concentrated before next process. It will
 Decrease amount of mineral and,
 Increase efficient crystallisation process

10.  Lactose product has higher degree of purity
 Permeate in nanofiltration contains,
 Salt
 Nitrogen
 Lactose (some)

11.  Losses nitrogen and lactose in permeate, depends on
 nanofiltration membrane characteristics
 pre-treatment of feed
 process condition

12. Dairy Industry for lactose
reduction and detergent recovery.
 Membrane layer in nanofiltration technology rejects
lactose, but allows passage of various materials
 Milk will maintain most original composition
 Consumer will get sensory experience which almost similar
to fresh milk

13.  Detergent recovery has purification of cleaning in place
(CIP) solution
 When detergent consumption higher, nanofiltration can
achieve purification solution by using NaOH and HNO3
 Loss of detergent removal of impurities and reduction of
COD level
 Enable very long recycling period to rduce in minimum

14. WASTEWATER TREATMENT
 For waste water treatment, application of nanofiltration is
applied in removal of cyanobacterial metabolites:
 two treated water
 production of drinking water
 Cynobacteria metabolites are major problem that
contributes for water industry:
 produces toxic
 taste and odour compound that make drinking water
aesthetically displeasing

15.  process cynobacterial metabolites can be removed in very
efficient due to larger compound than the pore size of
nanofiltration membrane theorecticallly be removed by
size exclusion.
 Nanofiltration more often used due to the micro pollutants
great rejection reached in contaminated water
treatments.
 an alternative to superficial water treatment for portable
water production

16. RECOVERY of COPPER FROM ACID
RINSE WATER.
 An existing mining operation, using an acid leaching process
for copper recovery, was confronted with two problems
which prevented further expansion, namely.
 (i) water in the mine’s area was scarce, and new wells
expensive to drill
 (ii) neutralization of spent sulphuric acid resulted in
large sludge volumes with 2–3 mg/l residual copper.

17.  To overcome these limitations, acid rinse line was
introduced to the feed tank at a pH of 1.2 and copper
content of 1230 ppm.
 This was pumped to a reverse osmosis system under high
pressure (27–35 bar (g)) to concentrate the copper to
8100 ppm, and it is possible to conentrate using RO, due to
osmotic pressures exerted by the sulphuric acid.
 Nanofiltration membrane was therefore used to
concentrate the copper further, as the acid will pass
through the membrane without adding significantly to the
osmotic pressure.

18. Textile Industry
 When the wastewater of a textile factory is gathered and treated in
an activated sludge system, nanofiltration can provide an
additional purification that allows to reuse the filtered water as
process water.
 As a pretreatment for the membrane filtration, a sand filter was
used. The pretreatment removed suspended and settleable solids,
which was necessary to avoid fouling of the nanofiltration
membranes, which would shorten the membrane lifetime
dramatically