An Economically Feasible Portable Water Purifying Bottle for the Flood Affected Zones
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A novel design for flood water purification is fabricated using cost-effective technologies for the point-of-use in the flood affected areas. HDPE is used to build the bottle as it is rigid enough to absorb the shock loads and it could be easily machined for desired shape. The bottle is cylindrical shaped with a piston for the effective use of space. The piston used to push the contaminated water through the filtration cartridges. The first cartridge containing 2 nylon membranes, each with the thickness of 0.35 mm and pore size of 0.2 μm is used for pre-purification of larger microbes. The second level filtration has nanocomposites for a perfect destruction of all pathogens. The nanocomposites were synthesized by the crosslinking reaction between alumina and chitosan in the presence of glutaraldehyde. Silver nitrate was added to the nanocomposites in the presence of sodium borohydride. Thus, the silver ions were embedded in the nanocomposites. These nanocomposites when water crosses over their surface area, release the silver nanoparticles and they kill the microbes. The third cartridge is filled with granulated activated carbon with a pore size of 0.2 μm is used to remove the odour, colour and traces of silver ions from the purified water. Finally again a membrane cartridge is kept for precaution to remove the dust from carbon filter and nano filter. The filtered outlet water was compared with the contaminated inlet water using parameters such as bacterial count determined by microscopic examination using colony forming testing and silver ion traces found by scanning electron microscope by concentrating the purified water x1000.
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An Economically Feasible Portable Water Purifying Bottle for the Flood Affected Zones
- 1. An Economically Feasible Portable Water Purifying Bottle for the Flood Affected Zones Department of Mechanical Engineering College of Engineering, Guindy Anna University, Chennai
- 2. STUDENT ARJUN M ARUN KUMAR P S BIBIN JOE S SURYAPRAKASH S GUIDE DR. K. SHANMUGA SUNDARAM ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, GUINDY, ANNA UNIVERSITY CO-GUIDES DR. R. JAYAVEL PROFESSOR & DIRECTOR CENTRE FOR NANOSCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ANNA UNIVERSITY DR. D. SANGEETHA ASSISTANT PROFESSOR DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING ANNA UNIVERSITY
- 3. Identification of the problem
- 9. Consumption of Contaminated Water
- 11. Unhygienic Resource Sharing in the Camps
- 12. clean water alone can reduce 21% of diseases# #courtesy: www.charitywater.org Waterborne Diseases
- 14. lid membrane filtered water outlet - hole micro filtration membrane filter inlet – ball operated check valve contaminated water case nanofiltration using nanoparticles (Ag) embedded nanocomposites (CA) activated carbon filtration piston with a head piston handle Created using Pro-E wildfire 5.0 clean water outlet hydro sponge CAD Design micro filtration membrane filter
- 15. Contaminated water Membrane filtered water Nano & activated carbon filtered water Functioning
- 16. 2D CAD Design
- 17. • Synthetic microfiltration membranes 0.3 ߤm − glass fibre membrane or nylon membrane. • Can withstand transmembrane pressure given by hands • Can halt the bacteria in ߤm size • Non-toxic and commercially available • Preferable for short-term applications 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝛼 1 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 Membrane filtration MF – Micro Filtration; UF – Ultra Filtration; NF – Nano Filtration; RO – Reverse Osmosis
- 18. Transmembrane pressure ≈ 2.05 bar (0.7 to 3.4) Force that can be given by an adult human ≈ 550 N (500 N to 600 N) – for safety concern we’re considering 300 N to 700 N Pressure = F A A = πx2 4 ; x = diameter of cylinder = 45 mm When applying 300 N, Pressure = 1.90 bar When applying 400 N, Pressure = 2.50 bar When applying 500 N, Pressure = 3.14 bar When applying 600 N, Pressure = 3.77 bar When applying 700 N, Pressure = 4.40 bar Calculation
- 19. Al2O3 H2O SLURRY SOLUTION 1 CH3COOH(C6H11O4)n SOLUTION 1 STIR SLURRY CH2(CH2-CHO)2 STIR REFRIGERATE DRY CA Prepared nanocomposite is referred as CA which abbreviates to give Chitosan and Alumina Nano Filtration Preparation of Chitosan Alumina nanocomposite
- 20. Surface Morphologies of Chitosan-Alumina nanocomposite
- 21. CAREDISPERSED CA REDISPERSE IN WATER AgNO3 Sodium borohydride < 283 K WASH WITH WATER Ag-CA STIR DRY AT ROOM TEMPERATURE Ag-CA is the final product which is silver nanoparticles embedded CA nanocomposites • Non-soluble • High shear stress Embedding of silver in the chitosan-alumina nanocomposite
- 22. Surface Morphologies of Silver Embedded Chitosan-Alumina nanocomposite
- 23. • Low price • Non-toxic • Abundantly available • Eco-friendly preparation (by burning the ordinary carbon in no presence of air) Activated Carbon Filtration
- 24. Manufacturing • Separate die must be prepared to make this product as it contains many cartridges • The piston must be prepared in a high strength plastic to withstand. • HDPE plastic other polymer materials are suitable to manufacture the product. • The membranes, activated carbon, raw materials for nanocomposite synthesis are commercially available and economically feasible.
- 26. • Efficient water purification aid in the flood affected areas • Stranded people will be get benefitted. • Example: Uttarakhand floods of 2013. • Instead heavy water cans, military personnel can use this for short-term operations. • Can be scaled up to meet the demands. • Can be mass-producible. Scope
- 27. Future Works • The efficiency of Ag-CA will be fine-tuned using volume vs. mass analysis of water vs. Ag-CA • More suitable (low cost, high wet resistance, high transportability, less transmembrane pressure) membrane will be chosen and used. • Other fouling, scaling problems will be addressed and will be attempted to make this as a commercial / long- term water purifier used anywhere.
- 28. References 1. “A TED Talk by Michael Pritchard” on July 2009 at Oxford, England and the video content is available on TED.com 2. “Preparation and Application of alumina/chitosan biocomposite” by Rajiv Gandhi, N. Viswnathan, S. Meenakshi of Gandhigram Rural University, Dindigul published by International Journal of Biological Macromolecules May 13, 2010 in vol. 47 and page no. 146 – 154. 3. “Biopolymer-reinforced Synthetic Granular Nanocomposites for Affordable Point-of-use Water Purification” by Mohan Udhaya Sankar, Sahaja Aigal, Shihabudheen M. Maliyekkal, Amrita Chaudary, Ansuhup, Avula Anil Kumar, Kamalesh Chaudhar&Thalappil Pradeep from Unit of Nanoscience, Department of Chemistry, IIT-M, published by PNAS on May 21, 2013 in vol. 110, no. 211 and page no. 8459 – 8464. 4. “Membrane Technologies For Water Applications – Highlights From A Selection Of European Research Projcts” by European Commission. 5. United States Patent Patent No : US 7,824,546 B1 Patent Title : Canteen
- 29. Thank You
Editor's Notes
- Good evening everybody. This is Surya Prakash doing my final year Mechanical engineering at College of Engineering, Guindy, Anna University, Chennai. It’s a great pleasure to be here today. Firstly I’d like to thank NIOT for giving me this opportunity. It gives great pleasure to me when coming to know that I’m a part of this conference in my undergrad itself. I think, most of the attendees are faculty members and research scholars Also, I’d like to thank personally Dr. Prabhakar sir and Dr. Poornima madam for constantly answering to my queries.
- Identification of the problem: We connected some of the socio economical problems that are currently existing in this emerging nation and tried to find a solution for that. So, that’s the root cause for this project. Let me tell you how we connected some dots to get a problem out of it.
- Cloudburst is a new name for India as Tsunami. But, after the 2013 floods of Uttarrakhand changed everything. So, what is cloudburst? A large amount of rain pouring in a small amount of time at a particular space for a continuous amount of time or intermittently. This kind of strange phenomenon are the results of the dramatic atmospheric condition changings and man-nature relationship unstableness.
- Due to cloudburst a massive human loss occurs and it’s also make many people in a life long trouble like organ losses.
- Not only human being, but also the habitat where they live and dwell are struck very hardly by the cloudburst and causes a great economical loss to the community. Also, it takes immense amount of work to rebuild everything.
- During the cloudbursts people get stranded in the non-habitable places like mountains, caves, top of the roofs, wilds etc.
- So, how ever they have access to water – but that water is contaminated due to the wash away caused by the flood and it’s filled with animal and man-made wastes like faeces, bacteria, pathogens etc. So, drinking that water results in weakening of the person by diarrohea and they get other diseases too simultaneously.
- So, even before rescuing they die in the places they left stranded. So, by giving them potable water they can live. But, there comes the problem.
- We can’t provide healthy resources to the people in a disaster area. Like they have to share very little resources among themselves.
- So, we thought of giving the power of creating resources to the people.
- By giving a system like this we can reduce life losses dramatically. And we can prevent people from the diseases like Amoebiasis Microsporidiosis E. Coli infection Dysentery Botulism Cholera Hepatitis A Poliomyelitis
- So, our problem here is creating a portable water purifying system for the flood affected zones as the road transportation and flight transportation are not reliable at the time of natural disasters.
- Here is the CAD design of our portable water purifier. Let me explain the parts briefly first. This is a lid used to open and close the purifier bottle. After the lid, we gonna keep some amount of hydrosponge to filter the very larger parts of wastes like leaves, small stones, sand particles, papers etc. Then we have here the micro filtration membrane cartridge and then an outlet for that. Also, here we have an ball operated check valve inlet to let the water in. This is contaminated water case and here we used a nanofiltration cartridge which contains of nanocomposites. And, finally we use an activated carbon filtration cartridge to remove the odour and color of the water. We here have the piston handle to push and pull. And, this spout is used to drink the pure water.
- This is how our system works. We take the contaminated water from here. And it travels through this outer most case and comes here. Then we are pulling the piston outside, so, a pressure drop takes place here. And, this pressure drop makes the non-return valve to operate and suck the water inside to this case. Then the water is filled here. Now, we’re pushing this piston upward. So, the water is squeezed now. It goes through this O-ring and meets the membrane cartridge there. We have used few microfiltration membrane here to reduce the cost. It removes larger particles like bigger molecules, parasites, large bacteria etc. Then due to the pushing movement the water goes through this hole and gets out to this case. Here we keep the nano filter which has nanocomposites. These nanocomposites constantly releasing silver ions which kill the pathogens present in the water. Finally we have an activated carbon filter here to remove the odour and colour of the water. Then the water comes here and gets out through this spout.
- Here is the constrained 2D model of the purifying bottle.
- As we all know the membrane are classified into micro, ultra, nano & reverse osmosis membranes. So, higher the pore size lesser the price. Thus to reduce the overall price of the product. We have chosen two types of membrane which satisfies this criteria. One is glass fibre membrane and nylon membrane. We also need to use membrane which are hydrophilic as to increase the efficiency of the membrane filtration. We are now working on it.
- Here is a little calculation to know the stability of the membrane cartridge.