This document provides a review of using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and the MODFLOW groundwater modeling package together for groundwater management and modeling applications. It discusses two main areas of application: (1) GIS-based subsurface flow and pollution modeling, including several case studies that developed groundwater models using GIS for input data management and output visualization; and (2) using GIS techniques to select sites for artificial groundwater recharge. The document concludes that integrating GIS with MODFLOW has great potential to improve groundwater monitoring and management in the future.
Assessing the ability of SWAT as a water quality model in the Lake Victoria b...Timo Brussée
There is a need for a water quality model for use in the Lake Victoria basin countries in East-Africa. The
region is characterised by data scarcity, a tropical climate and riverine, lacustrine tidal wetlands which form
an important buffer to riverine pollution of the lake. These characteristics of the basin form a challenge for
water quality models. The objective is to state the strengths and weaknesses of a potential water quality
model under these challenging conditions. This objective is executed with the soil water assessment tool
(SWAT) in a catchment of the Lake Victoria Basin as pilot area. The pilot area of the Mara river basin is
hydrologically complex containing tropical and plantation forest, savanna, grasslands, bi-annual agriculture,
shrublands and wetlands. It has varied soil types and bi-annual rain seasons
The study consist of literature research and flow simulation of the transboundary Mara river basin. The
model study aims to characterise the hydrology in the pilot area. The study includes a thorough analysis of
rainfall, stage and flow data. Model preparation steps include the use of weighted-area rainfall estimation
methods, climate model data and empirical derivation of soil input parameters. Discharge calibration
methods include multi-site calibration, by making use of an alternative objective function statistic for the
commonly used Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) called the Kling-Gupta Efficiency (KGE). The literature study
targets previous flow and water quality studies done in tropical or wetland areas, thereby looking to see how
these studies adapted to hydrological modelling with SWAT in tropical or wetland areas, and why theses
adaptions were made. The literature research also includes a comparison of wetland processes in SWAT
with the physical, biological and chemical processes as described in previous studies.
The Mara river basin flow simulation gave a satisfactory model performance for two out of three calibration
sites, thereby being able to give preliminary outputs on water-balance and other flow characteristics. During
research, a number of model, knowledge and data gaps were found to be critical for better understanding
the hydrological and water quality system workings in the Lake Victoria and Mara river basin. From the
model and literature study it is concluded that several issues on data scarcity and hydrological model
processes in the tropics can be overcome. These do not necessarily decrease model performance or
uncertainty in the SWAT model. However, wetland processes are oversimplified in SWAT. Modification and
coupled SWAT models yet have not been able to provide an alternative to the default model that adequately
represents the main flow, sediment and nutrients processes and fluxes that are present in Mara’s wetlands.
Assessing the ability of SWAT as a water quality model in the Lake Victoria b...Timo Brussée
There is a need for a water quality model for use in the Lake Victoria basin countries in East-Africa. The
region is characterised by data scarcity, a tropical climate and riverine, lacustrine tidal wetlands which form
an important buffer to riverine pollution of the lake. These characteristics of the basin form a challenge for
water quality models. The objective is to state the strengths and weaknesses of a potential water quality
model under these challenging conditions. This objective is executed with the soil water assessment tool
(SWAT) in a catchment of the Lake Victoria Basin as pilot area. The pilot area of the Mara river basin is
hydrologically complex containing tropical and plantation forest, savanna, grasslands, bi-annual agriculture,
shrublands and wetlands. It has varied soil types and bi-annual rain seasons
The study consist of literature research and flow simulation of the transboundary Mara river basin. The
model study aims to characterise the hydrology in the pilot area. The study includes a thorough analysis of
rainfall, stage and flow data. Model preparation steps include the use of weighted-area rainfall estimation
methods, climate model data and empirical derivation of soil input parameters. Discharge calibration
methods include multi-site calibration, by making use of an alternative objective function statistic for the
commonly used Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) called the Kling-Gupta Efficiency (KGE). The literature study
targets previous flow and water quality studies done in tropical or wetland areas, thereby looking to see how
these studies adapted to hydrological modelling with SWAT in tropical or wetland areas, and why theses
adaptions were made. The literature research also includes a comparison of wetland processes in SWAT
with the physical, biological and chemical processes as described in previous studies.
The Mara river basin flow simulation gave a satisfactory model performance for two out of three calibration
sites, thereby being able to give preliminary outputs on water-balance and other flow characteristics. During
research, a number of model, knowledge and data gaps were found to be critical for better understanding
the hydrological and water quality system workings in the Lake Victoria and Mara river basin. From the
model and literature study it is concluded that several issues on data scarcity and hydrological model
processes in the tropics can be overcome. These do not necessarily decrease model performance or
uncertainty in the SWAT model. However, wetland processes are oversimplified in SWAT. Modification and
coupled SWAT models yet have not been able to provide an alternative to the default model that adequately
represents the main flow, sediment and nutrients processes and fluxes that are present in Mara’s wetlands.
Using Computer-simulated hydrological model (SWAT) to estimate the ground-wat...Dhiraj Jhunjhunwala
This work is the result of a project-based course, Water Resources Engineering. The project is about the estimation of ground-water recharge due to rainfall in a US-based watershed. The semi-distributed hydrological model(SWAT) has been used to simulate the monthly input and output sub-basin-wise streamflow values,which have been used to compute the total infiltration. The results have been depicted in th form of various monthy and yearly infilration values
The Development of a Catchment Management Modelling System for the Googong Re...GavanThomas
A scenario assessment model to assist the end-user in determining priorities for a series of agreed management prescriptions that can be enacted through controls on existing landuse
This the presentation I gave for my thesis defense. It\'s entitled "Using bioclimatic envelope modelling to incorporate spatial and temporal dynamics of climate change into conservation planning".
Presented by Birhanu Zemadim (IWMI) and Emily Schmidt (IFPRI) at the Nile Basin Development Challenge (NBDC) Science Workshop, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 9–10 July 2013
Streamflow simulation using radar-based precipitation applied to the Illinois...Alireza Safari
This paper describes the application of a spatially distributed hydrological model WetSpa (Water and Energy Transfer between Soil, Plants and Atmosphere) using radar-based rainfall data provide by the United States Hydrology Laboratory of NOAA's National Weather Service for a distributed model intercomparison project. The model is applied to the
river basin above Tahlequah hydrometry station with 30-m spatial resolution and one hour time--step for a total simulation period of 6 years. Rainfall inputs are derived from radar. The distributed model parameters are based on an extensive database of watershed characteristics available for the region, including digital maps of DEM, soil type, and land use. The model is calibrated and validated on part of the river flow records. The simulated hydrograph shows a good correspondence with observation (Nash efficiency coeffiecient >80%, indicating that the model is able to simulate the relevant hydrologic processes in the basin accurately.
This study explains the use of remote sensing data for spatially distributed hydrological modeling using the MIKE-SHE software used in Tarim River Basin CHINA
A Method to Determine End-Points ofStraight Lines Detected Using the Hough Tr...IJERA Editor
The Hough transform is often used to detect lines in images, yielding the equations of lines found. It works by
transforming a line in a given image to a point in a new transform image while accumulating a measure of the
likelihood that a point in the new image corresponds to a line from the original image. The resulting equation of
a line describes a line of unspecified length, with no information about the end-points of the actual lines in the
image which informed the detection of the line of unspecified length. This paperpresents a method to determine
the end-points of the actual lines in the image.The method tracks points from the original image whose
transforms led to evidence of lines in the transform image. Consecutive points are then grouped into sub-lines
according to whether or not there are enough of them in the group so that they constitute a significant sub-line,
and all points in the group are far enough from any other points along the same line, that those other points
should not be considered part of the same sub-line.Sample results are shown.
Total Monomeric Anthocyanin and Total Flavonoid Content of Processed Purple P...IJERA Editor
It is well known that processing change physical and chemical composition of foods, thus affecting the content
in bioactive substances. Potatoes are almost always consumed after processing (baked, fried or boiled) making it
critical to understand the effect of such processing techniques on the containing in bioactive compounds. In
order to determine the influence of processing on the content of anthocyanin pigments and flavonoids was
achieved the extraction of these compounds from boiled and baked purple potato tuber (Albastru-Violet de
Galanesti variety). Also, in order to obtain the maximum amount of anthocyanin pigments and flavonoids from
processed potatoes was applied ultrasonic extraction (20 kHz) and was performed the mathematical modeling
(central composite design) using SigmaXL software. The total anthocyanins content were determined
spectrophotometrically by the pH differential method and the total flavonoids content were determine
colorimetric by AlCl3 method. This study proves that the potato processing decreases the content of
anthocyanin pigments and flavonoids.
Using Computer-simulated hydrological model (SWAT) to estimate the ground-wat...Dhiraj Jhunjhunwala
This work is the result of a project-based course, Water Resources Engineering. The project is about the estimation of ground-water recharge due to rainfall in a US-based watershed. The semi-distributed hydrological model(SWAT) has been used to simulate the monthly input and output sub-basin-wise streamflow values,which have been used to compute the total infiltration. The results have been depicted in th form of various monthy and yearly infilration values
The Development of a Catchment Management Modelling System for the Googong Re...GavanThomas
A scenario assessment model to assist the end-user in determining priorities for a series of agreed management prescriptions that can be enacted through controls on existing landuse
This the presentation I gave for my thesis defense. It\'s entitled "Using bioclimatic envelope modelling to incorporate spatial and temporal dynamics of climate change into conservation planning".
Presented by Birhanu Zemadim (IWMI) and Emily Schmidt (IFPRI) at the Nile Basin Development Challenge (NBDC) Science Workshop, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 9–10 July 2013
Streamflow simulation using radar-based precipitation applied to the Illinois...Alireza Safari
This paper describes the application of a spatially distributed hydrological model WetSpa (Water and Energy Transfer between Soil, Plants and Atmosphere) using radar-based rainfall data provide by the United States Hydrology Laboratory of NOAA's National Weather Service for a distributed model intercomparison project. The model is applied to the
river basin above Tahlequah hydrometry station with 30-m spatial resolution and one hour time--step for a total simulation period of 6 years. Rainfall inputs are derived from radar. The distributed model parameters are based on an extensive database of watershed characteristics available for the region, including digital maps of DEM, soil type, and land use. The model is calibrated and validated on part of the river flow records. The simulated hydrograph shows a good correspondence with observation (Nash efficiency coeffiecient >80%, indicating that the model is able to simulate the relevant hydrologic processes in the basin accurately.
This study explains the use of remote sensing data for spatially distributed hydrological modeling using the MIKE-SHE software used in Tarim River Basin CHINA
A Method to Determine End-Points ofStraight Lines Detected Using the Hough Tr...IJERA Editor
The Hough transform is often used to detect lines in images, yielding the equations of lines found. It works by
transforming a line in a given image to a point in a new transform image while accumulating a measure of the
likelihood that a point in the new image corresponds to a line from the original image. The resulting equation of
a line describes a line of unspecified length, with no information about the end-points of the actual lines in the
image which informed the detection of the line of unspecified length. This paperpresents a method to determine
the end-points of the actual lines in the image.The method tracks points from the original image whose
transforms led to evidence of lines in the transform image. Consecutive points are then grouped into sub-lines
according to whether or not there are enough of them in the group so that they constitute a significant sub-line,
and all points in the group are far enough from any other points along the same line, that those other points
should not be considered part of the same sub-line.Sample results are shown.
Total Monomeric Anthocyanin and Total Flavonoid Content of Processed Purple P...IJERA Editor
It is well known that processing change physical and chemical composition of foods, thus affecting the content
in bioactive substances. Potatoes are almost always consumed after processing (baked, fried or boiled) making it
critical to understand the effect of such processing techniques on the containing in bioactive compounds. In
order to determine the influence of processing on the content of anthocyanin pigments and flavonoids was
achieved the extraction of these compounds from boiled and baked purple potato tuber (Albastru-Violet de
Galanesti variety). Also, in order to obtain the maximum amount of anthocyanin pigments and flavonoids from
processed potatoes was applied ultrasonic extraction (20 kHz) and was performed the mathematical modeling
(central composite design) using SigmaXL software. The total anthocyanins content were determined
spectrophotometrically by the pH differential method and the total flavonoids content were determine
colorimetric by AlCl3 method. This study proves that the potato processing decreases the content of
anthocyanin pigments and flavonoids.
Distributed Shared Memory – A Survey and Implementation Using OpenshmemIJERA Editor
Parallel programs nowadays are written either in multiprocessor or multicomputer environment. Both these
concepts suffer from some problems. Distributed Shared Memory (DSM) systems is a new and attractive area of
research recently, which combines the advantages of both shared-memory parallel processors (multiprocessors)
and distributed systems (multi-computers). An overview of DSM is given in the first part of the paper. Later we
have shown how parallel programs can be implemented in DSM environment using Open SHMEM.
Using Remote Sensing Techniques For Monitoring Ecological Changes In Lakes: C...IJERA Editor
The ability to use remote sensing in studying lake ecology lies in the capability of satellite sensors to measure
the spectral reflectance of constituents in water bodies. This reflectance can be used to determine the
concentration of the constituents of the water column through mathematical relationships. This work identified a
simple linear equation for estimating suspended matter in Lake Naivasha with reflectance in Landsat7 ETM+
image. A R² = 0.94, n = 6 for suspended matter was obtained. Archive of Landsat imagery was used to
produce maps of suspended matter concentrations in the lake. The suspended matter concentrations at five
different locations in the lake over 30 year’s period were then estimated. It was therefore concluded that the
ecological changes Lake Naivasha is experiencing is the result of the high water abstraction and the effect of
climate change.
A Survey of provenance management in wireless sensor networkIJERA Editor
Wireless Sensor Networks have great potential for numerous applications such as military target tracking and
surveillance, natural disaster relief, health monitoring and hazardous environment exploration and seismic
sensing. This paper describes the concepts of efficient mechanism of provenance in WSNs as provenance
respresents a key factor in evaluating the trustworthiness of sensor data. Data in sensor networks is processed by
the multiple agents; data provenance plays an important role for assuring data trustworthiness. Due to energy
and bandwidth limitations of WSNs, it is crucial that data provenance for these networks be as compress as
possibles. To address such issues, this paper explained various proposed technique.
Seismic Microzonation Study in Tabriz Metropolitan City for Earthquake Risk M...IJERA Editor
Azerbaijan is the site of convergent plate collisions along the Alpine-Himalayan active mountain belt. Brittle
faults in the Azerbaijan area are mostly Cenozoic in or younger. The data presented demonstrate clearly that
geological structures are commonly repeated at all scales from outcrop to regional. Several regional earthquakes
have been strongly felt and caused damages in and around Tabriz during history. Urban seismic risk is
increasing with population growth and encroachment of vulnerable built in environment into areas susceptible
seismic hazard. Seismic -hazard assessment an estimate of ground motion at the site of interest, taking into
account instrumental and historical earthquake records, information on tectonics, geology, and
attenuation characteristics of seismic waves Tabriz is important industrial city of Iran. It has a very high
population density about 2.000000 people in area just 90 km2. The main objective of the Tabriz seismic
instrumentation and microzonation study was to carry out and propose new building in Tabriz and suburbs in
order to apply these criteria its development programs and determine the potential for damage to
existing constructions during earthquake motions, and finally earthquake risk mitigation assessment.
Ground water distillation by basin type solar still for different basin water...IJERA Editor
Adequate quality and reliability of drinking water supply is a fundamental need. Without potable water or
drinking water (less than about 500 ppm of salt) human life is not possible. Only 1% of Earth's water is in a
fresh, liquid state, and nearly all of this is polluted by both diseases and toxic chemicals. For this reason,
purification of water supplies is extremely important.
Keeping these things in mind, we have devised a model which will convert the saline ground water into pure
and potable water using the renewable source of energy (i.e. solar energy). Solar energy is an abundant, never
lasting, and available on site and pollution free energy.Solar Energy is freely available and can be used as a very
cheap option to convert saline ground Water through Solar Distillation, by using Solar Stills. The conventional
single basin and single slop Passive Solar Still can be used to purify water but the main problem is that the per
square meter distillate output is less. So it is need to modify the design of solar still for high output of solar
distillate
Solar still is easy to construct, can be done by local people from locally available materials, simple in
operation by unskilled Personnel, no hard maintenance requirements and almost no operation cost. Simplest
basin type models of solar still in earlier days, researchers have progressed a lot to increase its efficiency.
Suitable modification of solar still can produce high output using minimum areas of land and even in cloudy
days. Experimental study is done at Rewa M.P. on two different basin water depth solar stills. Low water depth
solar water still is produced more distillate than high water depth still by the experiment.
Framework for Bridges Maintenance in EgyptIJERA Editor
The traditional approaches for bridges maintenance is proven to be inefficient as they lead to random way of
spending maintenance budget and deteriorating bridge conditions. In many cases, maintenance activities are
performed due to user complaints. The objective of this paper is to develop a practical and reliable framework to
manage the maintenance and repair activities of Bridges network in Egypt considering performance and budget
limits. The model solves an optimization problem that maximizes the average condition of the network given the
limited budget using Genetic Algorithm (GA).
The main tasks of the system are bridge inventory, condition assessment, deterioration using markov model, and
maintenance optimization. The developed model takes into account multiple parameters including serviceability
requirements, budget allocation, element importance on structural safety and serviceability, bridge impact on
network, and traffic. A questionnaire is conducted to complete the research scope. The proposed model is
implemented in software, which provides a friendly user interface. The results of the framework are multi – year
maintenance plan for the entire network for up to five years. A case study is presented for validating and testing
the model with Data collected from “General Authority for Roads, Bridges and Land Transport” in Egypt.
Routing in Cognitive Radio Networks - A SurveyIJERA Editor
Cognitive Radio Networks (CRNs) have been emerged as a revolutionary solution to migrate the spectrum
scarcity problem in wireless networks. Due to increasing demand for additional spectrum resources, CRNs have
been receiving significant research to solve issues related with spectrum underutilization. This technology
brings efficient spectrum usage and effective interference avoidance, and also brings new challenges to routing
in multi-hop Cognitive Radio Networks. In CRN, unlicensed users or secondary users are able to use
underutilized licensed channels, but they have to leave the channel if any interference is caused to the primary or
licensed users. So CR technology allows sharing of licensed spectrum band in opportunistic and non-interfering
manner. Different routing protocols have been proposed recently based on different design goals under different
assumptions.
Effects of A Simulated Power Cut in AMS on Milk Yield Valued by Statistics ModelIJERA Editor
A statistics model was developed in order to be able to determine the effects of a simulated power cut of an
Automatic Milking System on the milk output.Measurable and relevant factors, such as power cuts, milk yield,
lactation days, average two days digestion and rumination and time were considered in the calculation tool.
A study on Quality Attributes of Ghee based on packaging materials and storag...IJERA Editor
Glass ,Polyethyleneterephthalate(PET), Polypropylene (PP) and High density Polyethylene(HDPE) bottles were
filled with ghee, prepared by differently treated cream, under light with little headspace to determine the effects
of light ,method of preparation, packaging materials and storage time on the stability of ghee. The moisture
content, acid value, peroxide value, refractive index and TBA Value were measured to determine the stability of
ghee every 30 days of storage period.. Glass bottles recorded lower oxidation values followed by ghee packed in
PET, PP and HDPE. In few cases, PET packaged ghee also showed comparable good results. This study showed
that packaging material, method of preparation and storage time has an effect on the stability of ghee.
Evaluation of Groundwater Resource Potential using GIS and Remote Sensing App...IJERA Editor
Environment and Development are the two wheels of the cart. However, they become antagonists at some
points. It has been witnessed many a times that development is done at the cost of environment. Analysis and
assessment tools like GIS along with Remote Sensing have proved to be very efficient and effective and hence
useful for management of natural resources. Groundwater is a precious resource of limited extent. In order to
ensure a judicious use of groundwater, proper evaluation is required. There is an urgent need of planned and
optimal development of water resources. An appropriate strategy is required to develop water resources with
planning based on conjunctive use of surface and subsurface water resources. Integrated remote sensing and GIS
can provide the appropriate platform for convergent analysis of diverse data sets for decision making in
groundwater management and planning. Sustainable water resources development and management necessarily
depends on proper planning, implementation, operation and maintenance. The interpretation of remote sensing
data in conjunction with conventional data and sufficient ground truth information makes it possible to identify
and outline various ground features such as geological structures, geomorphic features and their hydrologic
characters that may serve as direct or indirect indicators of the presence of ground and surface water. Remotely
sensed data provides unbiased information on geology, geomorphology, structural pattern and recharging
conditions, which logically define the groundwater regime of an area. Groundwater resource potential has been
evaluated in Pulivendula-Sanivaripalli, Kadapa district, Andhra Pradesh, India, using remote sensing and
Geographic information system. Under this study, three thematic maps viz. Geological map (Lithology and
Structure), Geomorphological map and Hydro morphological maps were prepared. These thematic maps have
been integrated with the help of GIS. Appropriate weightage has been assigned to various factors controlling
occurrence of groundwater to assess the groundwater potential in each segment of the study area. The area has
been classified into high potential, moderate potential, low potential and non-potential zones landforms ground
water development on the basis of hydromorphological studies. Some of the favorable locations have been
suggested to impound the excessive run off so as to augment the ground water resources of the area.
Evaluation of Groundwater Resource Potential using GIS and Remote Sensing App...IJERA Editor
Environment and Development are the two wheels of the cart. However, they become antagonists at some
points. It has been witnessed many a times that development is done at the cost of environment. Analysis and
assessment tools like GIS along with Remote Sensing have proved to be very efficient and effective and hence
useful for management of natural resources. Groundwater is a precious resource of limited extent. In order to
ensure a judicious use of groundwater, proper evaluation is required. There is an urgent need of planned and
optimal development of water resources. An appropriate strategy is required to develop water resources with
planning based on conjunctive use of surface and subsurface water resources. Integrated remote sensing and GIS
can provide the appropriate platform for convergent analysis of diverse data sets for decision making in
groundwater management and planning. Sustainable water resources development and management necessarily
depends on proper planning, implementation, operation and maintenance. The interpretation of remote sensing
data in conjunction with conventional data and sufficient ground truth information makes it possible to identify
and outline various ground features such as geological structures, geomorphic features and their hydrologic
characters that may serve as direct or indirect indicators of the presence of ground and surface water. Remotely
sensed data provides unbiased information on geology, geomorphology, structural pattern and recharging
conditions, which logically define the groundwater regime of an area. Groundwater resource potential has been
evaluated in Pulivendula-Sanivaripalli, Kadapa district, Andhra Pradesh, India, using remote sensing and
Geographic information system. Under this study, three thematic maps viz. Geological map (Lithology and
Structure), Geomorphological map and Hydro morphological maps were prepared. These thematic maps have
been integrated with the help of GIS. Appropriate weightage has been assigned to various factors controlling
occurrence of groundwater to assess the groundwater potential in each segment of the study area. The area has
been classified into high potential, moderate potential, low potential and non-potential zones landforms ground
water development on the basis of hydromorphological studies. Some of the favorable locations have been
suggested to impound the excessive run off so as to augment the ground water resources of the area.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Efficiency and Capability of Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information ...nitinrane33
In this review paper, the potential of remote sensing (RS) and geographic information systems (GIS) for sustainable groundwater management and development is explored. Recent literature on the use of RS and GIS in groundwater resource management is analyzed, evaluating the efficiency and capability of these technologies throughout various stages of groundwater management. Challenges and limitations associated with their use are also highlighted, with potential solutions proposed to overcome them. Ultimately, the review concludes that RS and GIS are powerful tools for sustainable groundwater management and development, with significant benefits in terms of cost-effectiveness, accuracy, and time-efficiency. However, more research is needed to improve their integration in groundwater management and address current limitations. Overall, this review offers valuable insights into the potential of RS and GIS in sustainable groundwater management and development.
Water Resource Management Using Artificial Intelligence Enabled RS & GIS (1).pdfSamirsinh Parmar
RS
GIS
AI
ANI
AGI
ASI
IoT
DSS
ESRI
Artificail Intelligence
Remote sensing with AI
AI enhanced GIS
AI enhanced RS
AI Application for RS & GIS
Scope of AI in RS & GIS
Geospatial Artificial Intelligence
Comparison of multi‑infuence factor, weight of evidence and frequency ratio ...nitinrane33
Groundwater is the largest available reservoir of freshwater. But the rapid increase in the
population and urbanisation, has led to over exploitation of groundwater which imposed
tremendous pressure on global groundwater resources. Because of the hidden and dynamic
nature of groundwater, it requires appropriate quantifcation for the formulation of ground-
water planning and management strategies. The present study evaluates the efcacy of
geospatial technology based Multi Infuence Factor (MIF), Weight of Evidence (WofE)
and Frequency Ratio (FR) technique to evaluate groundwater potential using a case study
of basaltic terrain. The thematic layers infuencing the groundwater occurrence viz. rain-
fall, slope, geomorphology, soil type, land use, drainage density, lineament density, and
elevation were prepared using satellite images, hydrologic, hydrogeologic and relevant
feld data. Based on the conceptual frameworks of MIF, WofE and FR techniques these
thematic layers and their features were assigned with appropriate weight and then inte-
grated in the ArcGIS platform for the generation of aggregated raster layer which portray
the groundwater potential zones. The results of validation showed that the groundwater
potential delineated using MIF technique has a prediction accuracy of 81.94%, followed by
WofE technique (76.19%) and FR techniques (71.43%). It is concluded that for evaluation
of groundwater potential, the MIF technique is most reliable, followed by the WofE tech-
nique. The evaluated groundwater potential zones are useful as a scientifc guide to identify
the suitable location of wells and recharge structure in a cost-efcient way and also for the
development of structured and pragmatic groundwater management strategies.
To prevent losing water resources and wetlands, and conserve existing wetlands
ecosystem for ecosystem and biodiversity services, good, wetlands habitats forstart
any sustainable development programs, it is necessary to detect, monitor and
inventory water resources and their surround uplands. Recently, AL-Razaza Lake
suffer from a critical situation because of the decreasing in the water level and
increase a salinity. We have propose a method to monitor and model the spatial and
multi-temporal changes of AL-Razaza Lake in the period 1992–2018. This study
includes pre-processing, processing and post-processing stages. In Addition, a
supervised classification was used to classify the satellite images. Validation result
reveals that the overall accuracies and kappa coefficients of the supervised
classifications were 88, 90.79, 95.94 and 87.67 respectively, and 82%, 86%, 93% and
79% respectively. The results showed that the percentage change was significant
during this period, such that the decreased surface area was from 1313.87 km2 in
1992 to 224.85 km2 in 201.The noticeable results show the rapidly decreasing in the
Lake area by 82.8% with area about 1089.02 km2 over the last three decades. All the
dehydration extended area of the Lake was replaced by soil.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Application of GIS and MODFLOW to Ground Water Hydrology- A Review
1. Singha Sudhakar et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 1, (Part - 1) January 2016, pp.36-42
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Application of GIS and MODFLOW to Ground Water
Hydrology- A Review
Singha Sudhakar1
, Verma. M. K2
, Singha Soumya3
1.
Asst. Professor, Dept. Of Civil Engineering, REC, Raipur, India.
2.
Vice Chancellor CSVTU, Bhilai (Professor, Dept. Of Civil Engineering, NIT, Raipur), India.
3.
Asst. Professor, Dept. Of Civil Engineering, RCET, Raipur, India.
ABSTRACT
Groundwater is one of the most valuable natural resources, which supports human health, economic
development and ecological diversity. Due to over exploitation, the ground water systems are affected and
require management to maintain the conditions of ground water resources within acceptable limits. With the
development of computers and advances in information technology, efficient techniques for water management
has evolved. The main intent of the paper is to present a comprehensive review on application of GIS
(Geographic Information System) followed by coupling with MODFLOW package for ground water
management and development. Two major areas are discussed stating GIS applications in ground water
hydrology. (i) GIS based subsurface flow and pollution modelling (ii) Selection of artificial recharge sites.
Although the use of these techniques in groundwater studies has rapidly increased since last decade the sucess
rate is very limited. Based on this review , it is concluded that integation of GIS and MODFLOW have great
potential to revolutionize the monitoring and management of vital ground water resources in the future.
Keywords - GIS, Ground water management, MODFLOW, Recharge, Sub-surface modeling
I. INTRODUCTION
Sub surface water is natural resource in most
countries, particularly for those in arid and semi-arid
areas, due to its relatively low susceptibility to
pollution in comparison to surface water (Jamrah et
al., 2008). It is the source of freshwater available for
all socioeconomic development. But the existence of
groundwater is under great stress of degradation both
in quality and quantity. Due to increase in population,
lack of awareness among the people, and improper
management of this valuable resource lead to
depletion of potential and deterioration of the quality.
Unfortunately the excessive use and continued
mismanagement of water resources to supply ever
increasing water demands to profligate users have led
to water shortages, increasing pollution of fresh water
resources and degraded ecosystems worldwide
(Clarke, 1991; Falkenmark and Lundqvist, 1997; de
Villiers 2000; Tsakiris, 2004). It presents a clear fact
that water is finite and vulnerable resource and it
must be used efficiently for present and future
generations.
GIS has emerged as an effective tool for
handling spatial data and decision making in several
areas including engineering and environmental fields
(Stafford, 1991; Goodchild, 1993).GIS provides a
means of representing the real world through
integrated layers of constituent spatial information
(Corwin, 1996). Most GIS, can easily access overlay
and index operations but cannot model groundwater
flow and transport processes. However, coupling a
GIS to process-based groundwater models can
provide an effective tool for data processing, storing,
manipulating, visualizing and displaying hydro
geological information. Data used in groundwater
modelling consists of four categories: (1) the aquifer
system stress factor, (2) the aquifer system geometry,
(3) the hydro geological parameters, and (4) the main
measured variables (Gogu et al.,
2001). A well designed GIS database can
significantly reduce the time required for data
preparation, processing and presentation during the
modelling process. Use of groundwater models in
hydrogeology mainly includes the simulation of
steady or transient sate groundwater flow, advection,
hydrodynamic dispersion, and multi-component
chemical reaction. In recent years, the use of GIS has
grown rapidly in groundwater assessment and
management research works. Lasserre et al. (1999)
developed a simple GIS linked model for ground
water nitrate transport in the IDRISI GIS
environment. Visual MODFLOW is also an user
friendly software that has ability to generate 3D
visualization graphics and import GIS data. Xu et al.
(2009) used MODFLOW 2000 (Harbaugh et al.
2000) coupled with GIS to simulate the groundwater
dynamics. All of them vary both in space and time,
thus adopting a Geographic Information System
(GIS) in association with a model is helpful.
Coupling GIS technology with a process-based
groundwater model may facilitate hydro geological
and hydrologic system conceptualization and
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
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characterization (Hinaman1993; Kolm1996; Gogu et
al. 2001), thus also a proper adaptation of the
groundwater flow model to the area under study
(Brodie1998). In most of groundwater modelling
softwares such as FEFLOW, MODFLOW, GMS
(Groundwater Modelling System) there is an
interface that links vector data through compatible
GIS formats i.e. .shp, .lin, .dxf etc. and raster data
formats i.e. .tif, .bmp, .img etc. Unlike surface water
hydrology, the applications of GIS techniques in
groundwater hydrology have received only cursory
treatment and are less documented. In the present
paper an attempt has been made to highlight coupling
of GIS technology with MODFLOW as well as to
present a state of the art review on the application of
GIS techniques along with MODFLOW package in
ground water hydrology.
II. Overview Of GIS Technology
GIS can be characterized as a software package
that efficiently relates graphical information to
attribute data stored in a database and vice-versa. GIS
is used as a effective tool for developing solutions for
water resources problems for assessing and mapping
of ground water quality, understanding the natural
environment and managing water resources on a
required scale, assessing groundwater vulnerability to
pollution, selection of artificial recharge sites,
subsurface flow and pollution modelling.
Figure 1 shows the relationship between GIS and
different types of information systems. At present,
however, GIS not only represents the skills and
procedures for collecting, managing, and using
geographic information, but also entails a
comprehensive body of scientific knowledge from
which these skills and procedures are developed (Lo
and Yeung, 2003).
III. OVERVIEW OF MODFLOW
MODFLOW is programmed under the
FORTRAN 77 (American National Standards
Institute 1978) language environment with the finite–
difference method to describe the movement of
groundwater flow. It was developed by McDonald
and Harbaugh (1984) of US Geology Survey in 1984
and had been updated for three times including
MODFLOW-88(McDonald and Harbaugh 1988),
MODFLOW-96 (Harbaugh and McDonald 1996) and
MODFLOW-2000 (Harbaugh et al. 2000). The
newest version of MODFLOW-2000 could be
compiled by FORTRAN language of Visual Studio
program and general language of C could be used
here.
3.1 COMPONENT OF VISUAL MODFLOW
The Visual MODFLOW is divided in three main
sections such as input, run and output section. The
input section of Visual MODFLOW is used to
1. Defining 3D finite difference grids,
2. Entering pumping well and observation well and
attributes.
3. Defining soil properties zone, and
4. Assigning boundary conditions locations and
attributes.
Visual MODFLOW is the most complete and
easy to use modelling environment for practical
applications in three-dimensional groundwater flow
and contaminant transport simulations. Figure 2
shows various features and generation of model using
Visual MODFLOW. With the combination of
powerful analytical tools and logical menu structure,
the software possesses the following major functions.
easily dimension the model domain and select
units,
conveniently assign model properties and
boundary conditions,
run the model simulations,
calibrate the model using manual or automated
techniques, and
Visualize the results using 2D or 3D graphics.
IV. Application Of GIS And MODFLOW
In Ground Water Hydrology
4.1 BROAD SCENARIO
A review of GIS applications in hydrology and
water management has been presented by several
researchers during early nineties and mid-nineties
such as Zhang et al. (1990), DeVantier and Feldman
(1993), Ross and Tara (1993), Schultz (1993),
Deckers and Te Stroet (1996), and Tsihrintzis et al.
(1996). These reviews indicate that GIS applications
in hydrology and water management are essentially
in a modelling dominated context. Although the use
of GIS in groundwater modelling studies dates back
to 1987, its use for surface-water modelling has been
more prevalent than for groundwater modelling
because the available standardized GIS coverages are
primarily of the land surface; few standardized
coverages of hydro geologic properties are available
(Watkins et al., 1996). Watkins et al. (1996) present
an excellent overview of GIS applications in
groundwater-flow modelling as well as discuss its
usefulness and future directions. On the other hand,
Pinder (2002) provides step-by-step procedures for
groundwater flow and transport modelling using GIS
technology.
Numerical models are capable of solving the
more complex equations that describe ground water
flow. These complex equations generally describe
multi-dimensional ground water flow, solute
transport and chemical reactions, although they are
one dimensional numerical model. Tripathi et al.,
(2009) conducted a study to present the overall
availability of groundwater in Chhattisgarh. Effort
has also been made to suggest scientific methods for
proper development and effective management of
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Fig.1 Typology of information systems (After Lo and Yeung, 2003)
Fig. 2 Flowchart of various features and generation of model using MODFLOW
groundwater. Tripathi et al. (2009) conducted a study
for groundwater assessment of a small watershed
using Visual MODFLOW. The analysis was
performed to know the impact of different flow and
contaminant properties on hydraulic head, dispersion
and chemical reaction in small ground water basin.
The study had been performed for the Kurudih Nala
Watershed adjoining the Patan block of Durg district
in Chhattisgarh. Sekhar (2005) has adopted an
integrated groundwater modelling approach for better
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assessment of water balance components. The model
study shows that impact of pumping results in
regional ground water flows influencing the hydro-
geologic regime in the recharge zone of the sub
basin. MODFLOW is calibrated assuming specified
transmisivities for each of the zones obtained from
several pump tests in the region. Madabhushi et al.
(2006) has made an attempt to solve the problem of
the ground water flow in porous media using a finite
difference code called "MODFLOW". This code
performs satisfactory in solving simple two or three
dimensional problems; it takes a large computational
effort when used to solve through layered soil strata
with varying hydraulic conductivities. The modular
structure of the code renders itself for the
development of a parallelized code.
Based on this comprehensive literature survey
the application of GIS technique and MODFLOW
package in ground water hydrology to date have been
characterized into two groups.
4.2 GIS-Based Subsurface Flow And Pollution
Modeling: Model Development, Applications And
Evaluation
Camp and Brown (1993) developed a GIS-based
methodology for developing subsurface profiles from
well-log data. They examined the accuracy and the
reliability of well-logs with the help of geophysical
logs and formation logs for each borehole from as
many sources as possible. It was found that the
geophysical logs were the most important and formed
the nucleus of the GIS-well-log database. It was also
demonstrated that any number of cross-sectional
profiles or three-dimensional images of well-log data
could be created and viewed interactively from this
database. Furthermore, for each of the subsurface
units, a GIS-MODFLOW interface was developed
that computes the geo-hydro graphic parameters from
the well-log database. It was concluded that a GIS-
based interface provided a powerful method for
overcoming data generation problems in
groundwater-flow modelling.
Hinamann (1993) demonstrated the use of GIS
for assembling input datasets for a FDM (Finite
difference method) based three-dimensional
groundwater flow model, MODFLOW through a case
study in the middle Patuxent River basin of Howard
County, Maryland. The model grids were developed
with GIS. They considered various attributes such as
model boundaries, regolith thickness, stream length,
stream location, etc. After preparing the input layers
using GIS, the output layers were prepared in a
format which was suitable for the MODFLOW input.
It was emphasized that the ability of GIS to change
large sets of spatial data quickly and accurately
enhanced the model calibration process.
Richards et al. (1993) used a numerical
groundwater model, MODFLOW in a GIS
environment using Arc Info software to optimize
well-field design and to analyze aquifer stress
problems in a coastal area of Santa Rosa County,
Florida. They used GIS as a primary tool for the
development of the model grids, in studying the
performance of modeling procedure and the model
analysis. They demonstrated that the model
calibration became very quick and efficient using
GIS tools. They concluded that GIS was well-suited
to efficiently manage resource modeling projects by
allowing data management, data analysis and graphic
outputs within a single integrated software system.
Model systems for specific modeling projects could
also be developed very quickly and easily.
Lasserre et al. (1999) developed a simple GIS-
linked model for nitrate transport using the IDRISI
GIS software. They found that significantly less data
are required for this GIS-linked model compared to
the more classical hydro-geochemical model. They
also linked this model with an unsaturated-zone
transport model called Agri Flux for simulating water
and nitrate fluxes leaving the root zone. The results
indicated that the simulated nitrate concentrations
were in good agreement with the measured values.
Further, in order to compare the GIS-linked model
with a more complete model, simulations were also
performed using the standard software, MT3D-
MODFLOW. The similarities between the results of
these two models confirmed the validity of the
developed GIS-linked model.
Boutt et al. (2001) presented an approach to
examine potential relationships between land use-
derived solutes and base flow surface water quality
by estimating chloride concentrations in surface
water due to road-salt transport through groundwater
at the Michigan’s Grand Traverse Bay Watershed
(GTBW) using groundwater modeling and GIS. They
developed a three-dimensional groundwater flow
model of the GTBW using MODFLOW and
incorporated Arc Info GIS software in the model
which was beneficial for the model development and
the analysis of model output as large amount of
spatial data were required to execute the model. They
reported that the developed geologically
parameterized model offers a method to estimate
spatially and temporally variable solute fluxes via
groundwater to streams and lakes in the study area. A
considerable legacy of land use influencing surface
water quality was found in the area. It was concluded
that this approach could also be used to examine the
impacts of other land-use related solutes on base flow
surface water quality.
4.3 SELECTION OF ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE
SITES
Many workers in various parts of the world have
followed different techniques for generation thematic
maps on geology and hydrogeology integrated the
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data to select favourable areas for groundwater
recharge (Weston and swain, 1979, Murakami, 1982,
Sara et.al.1992). A limiting factor in developing
artificial recharge of groundwater is site selection
(Bouwer 2002). A lack of suitable sites often causes
neglect of artificial recharge as a water management
technique (Pyne 1995; Kalantari and Rangzan 2000;
Abu-Taleb 2003).
Rezaei and Sargezi (2009) studied the effects of
artificial recharge on the aquifer of Goharkooh Plain
and specified the best location for the implementation
of artificial recharge using MODFLOW model. The
results showed that the aquifer response to artificial
recharge was positive and the artificial recharge
didn’t have a destructive effect on the aquifer.
Chenini and Ben Mamou (2010) made use of
GIS and numerical modelling in order to specify the
proper location of artificial discharge and
development of groundwater resources. MODFLOW
code was used to estimate the effects of recharge on
the piezometric behaviour of hydro geologic system
and to manage groundwater resources in the studied
area, as well.
The methodology adopted by researchers for the
identification of ground water potential zones and for
the selection of suitable sites for artificial recharge is
explained in Figure 3.
Fig. 3 Flowchart for evaluating and managing groundwater resources by coupling GIS with MODFLOW
V. CONCLUSIONS
Rapidly developing computer technology has
continued to improve modelling methods in
hydrology and water resource management. The
present paper sufficiently highlights integration of
GIS techniques and MODFLOW and presents a state-
of-the-art review on the application of these two
emerging coupling techniques in groundwater
hydrology. The detailed reviews presented in this
paper indicated that the current applications of GIS
techniques in groundwater hydrology are limited to
two areas: (i) GIS-based subsurface flow and
pollution modelling, (ii) selection of artificial
recharge sites. Considerable basic research and
developments are indispensable in the future for
enhanced and wide-scale applications of these two
highly promising and economically viable integration
techniques in groundwater hydrology. Rapidly
expanding GIS technology will play a central role in
handling the voluminous spatio-temporal data and
their effective interpretation, analysis, and
presentation, though such applications will raise
some new problems.
Finally, it is concluded that Visual MODFLOW
software has great potential to revolutionize
groundwater monitoring and management in the
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future by providing unique and new data to
supplement the conventional field data. The
developed model would thus provides a decision
support tool for evaluating better management
options for sustainable development of land, surface
and groundwater resources on micro as well as on
macro levels in future.
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