The document discusses two groundwater flow models developed for Lagos, Nigeria and Birmingham, UK. The Birmingham model had extensive geo-hydrological data including geology, groundwater levels, recharge rates, abstraction data, and aquifer parameters obtained from field tests. This allowed for detailed discretization, calibration, and reliable predictive capabilities. The Lagos model had limited data, requiring interpolation and extrapolation. It had coarse discretization and assumed parameters. This greatly limited its reliability and predictive ability. The document recommends improving Nigeria's geo-hydrological data acquisition and accessibility to enable more effective water resources management planning and modeling.
The impacts of water conservation strategies on waterKuldeepVashist1
We assessed impacts on water use achieved by implementation of controlled experiments relating to four
water conservation strategies in four towns within the Ipswich watershed in Massachusetts.
Putting into consideration most of the dynamics of Water production costs, the SD approach is used in determining the Unit cost of water production. It is hoped that the model will assist Water Companies, Water Supply Agencies and Board to price water in an economic manner.
Catchment classification: multivariate statistical analyses for physiographic...IJERA Editor
The objective of this study was to determine physiographic similarity, as indicator of hydrologic similarity
between catchments located in the Upper Niger Basin, and to derive the dominant factors controlling each group
singularity. We utilized a dataset of 9 catchments described by 16 physical and climatic properties distributed
across a wide region with strong environmental gradients. Catchments attributes were first standardized before
they underwent an integrated exploratory data analysis composed by Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
followed by Hierarchical Clustering. Results showed a clear distribution into 2 major clusters: a group of
easterly flat catchments and another of westerly hilly catchments. This nomenclature came from the
interpretation of the main factors, topography and longitude, that seem to control the most important variability
between both clusters. In addition, the hilly catchments were designated to be dominated by forest and
ACRISOL soil type, two additional drivers of similarity. The outcome of this study can help understanding
catchment functioning and provide a support for regionalization of hydrological information.
Objectives
- Compare effects of climate and land use on fluxes within the same climate zone and among the mesic and semi-arid regions
- Combine multi-scale observations (satellite, flux sites, inventories, tall towers) in neural networks to determine how current climate, land-use and land cover influence processes
- Modify CLM to reduce uncertainties in simulated effects of land use and land cover on biogeochemical and biophysical processes (crops, poplar)
- Investigate future climate variability, and effects of changes in land use and land cover on terrestrial processes
The impacts of water conservation strategies on waterKuldeepVashist1
We assessed impacts on water use achieved by implementation of controlled experiments relating to four
water conservation strategies in four towns within the Ipswich watershed in Massachusetts.
Putting into consideration most of the dynamics of Water production costs, the SD approach is used in determining the Unit cost of water production. It is hoped that the model will assist Water Companies, Water Supply Agencies and Board to price water in an economic manner.
Catchment classification: multivariate statistical analyses for physiographic...IJERA Editor
The objective of this study was to determine physiographic similarity, as indicator of hydrologic similarity
between catchments located in the Upper Niger Basin, and to derive the dominant factors controlling each group
singularity. We utilized a dataset of 9 catchments described by 16 physical and climatic properties distributed
across a wide region with strong environmental gradients. Catchments attributes were first standardized before
they underwent an integrated exploratory data analysis composed by Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
followed by Hierarchical Clustering. Results showed a clear distribution into 2 major clusters: a group of
easterly flat catchments and another of westerly hilly catchments. This nomenclature came from the
interpretation of the main factors, topography and longitude, that seem to control the most important variability
between both clusters. In addition, the hilly catchments were designated to be dominated by forest and
ACRISOL soil type, two additional drivers of similarity. The outcome of this study can help understanding
catchment functioning and provide a support for regionalization of hydrological information.
Objectives
- Compare effects of climate and land use on fluxes within the same climate zone and among the mesic and semi-arid regions
- Combine multi-scale observations (satellite, flux sites, inventories, tall towers) in neural networks to determine how current climate, land-use and land cover influence processes
- Modify CLM to reduce uncertainties in simulated effects of land use and land cover on biogeochemical and biophysical processes (crops, poplar)
- Investigate future climate variability, and effects of changes in land use and land cover on terrestrial processes
Geohydraulic parameters are essential elements in groundwater resource management and conservation.
Most of these parameters especially the hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity are usually estimated
from pumping test carried out on drilled boreholes. This paper presents a study conducted in Abi area of
the Ikom-Mamfe Embayment with the objective of estimating aquifer parameters from 30 evenly
distributed vertical electrical soundings using the Schlumberger configuration and hydrogeologic
measurements from 28 boreholes within the area as an alternative way of generating an initial data
for groundwater characterisation and quality assessment in the area. The results showed low resistivity
645 Xm, hydraulic conductivity 62.0 105 m/s (61.7 m/day) and transmissivity 65.2 104 m2/s
(645 m2/day) for the water-bearing aquifer horizons in the northeastern and northwestern parts of
the study area due to the nature of the aquifer system that were predominantly fractured shale. The sand
based aquifers had higher values in the neighbourhood of 100–800 Xm, 4.0 105–1.0 104 m/s
(3.46–9.04 m/day) and 6.94 104–3.81 103 m2/s (60–330 m2/day) for the respective parameters
mentioned above. The potability of the groundwater system as observed from hydrogeologic measurements
of water samples from most boreholes were relatively poor, having electrical conductivity
and total dissolved solids values of 250–931.0 lS/cm and 500–623.77 mg/l respectively due to the
influence of clay minerals within the aquifer horizon. Some of the vertical electrical sounding points were
taken in the vicinity were pumping tests and lithologic data were available for adequate comparison of
the results.Electrical resistivity
Geohydraulic parameters
Groundwater
Hydraulic conductivity
Ikom-Mamfe Embayment
Abi-Nigeria
DEVELOPMENT OF CLEAN WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK CAPACITY BY USING WATERCADIAEME Publication
In this study a network model was constructed for the hydraulic analysis and
design of a small community (Kedungkandang District) water distribution network in
East Java Province of Indonesia by using Water cad simulator. The analysis included
a review of pressures, velocities and head loss gradients under steady state average
day need. The clean water availability in the location study is 560 l/s, however the
local society that is 23,213 consumers can only use in amount of 116 l/s. The
assessment of existing condition due to the pipe hydraulic condition and the
development of capacity network increasing are carried out by using the program of
Water cad vs. XM Edition. The development condition consists of 27,284 populations.
Result indicates that the average discharge need is 41.763 l/s, however in the peak
hour need there is needed 65.150 l/s on 2031. The water pressure in the development
area is 2.3 atm on 06.00 am
DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS DESIGN MODEL OF BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND IN INTEGRATED ...IAEME Publication
A dimensional analysis design model for the prediction of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) in the integrated solar and hydraulic jump enhanced waste stabilization pond (ISHJEWSP) was derived using the Buckingham’s π-theorem approach. The concentration of effluent BOD was derived as a function of the influent concentration of BOD, intensity of solar radiation, influent algae concentration, inlet velocity, density of wastewater, characteristic length of the pond, detention time, dispersion coefficient and dissolved oxygen.
APPLICATION OF GENE EXPRESSION PROGRAMMING IN FLOOD FREQUENCY ANALYSISMohd Danish
Flood frequency and its magnitude are essential for the proper design of hydraulics structures such as bridges, spillways, culverts, waterways, roads, railways, flood control structures and urban drainage systems. Since, flood is a very complex natural event depending upon characteristics of catchment, rainfall conditions and various other factors, thus its analytical modelling is very difficult to pursue. Recently, artificial intelligence techniques such as gene expression programming (GEP), artificial neural network (ANN) etc. have been found to be efficient in modelling complex problems in hydraulic engineering. The performance of GEP model has been reported to be better than that of the ANN. Moreover, GEP provides mathematical equation which makes it more superior over other soft computing techniques that do not give any analytical mathematical equation. Therefore, in present study, GEP is implemented in flood frequency analysis for typical Indian river gauging station. The results obtained in the present study are highly promising and suggest that GEP modelling is a versatile technique and represents an improved alternative to the more conventional approach for the flood frequency analysis.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A novel fuzzy rule based system for assessment of ground water potability: A ...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Groundwater is an important water resource for domestic, irrigation, and industrial needs. The most
widely exploited use of this resource is for consumption. Assessment of potability of any ground water samples
is a non-trivial task. A new fuzzy rule based system has been proposed to assess the quality of ground-water
samples collected from the bore-wells across 24 districts of Karnataka (South India). Eight groundwater quality
salts parameters are selected for water quality analysis. A membership function for the fuzzy rule based system
for each salt is developed and the weights for each parameter was calculated using Analytic Hierarchy Process
(AHP) that relies on pair wise comparison. The system showed that out of 24 districts of Karnataka state,
ground water from 51.78% bore-wells was not feasible for consumption.
Keywords: Groundwater quality, Fuzzy rule based system
Prediction of scour depth at bridge abutments in cohesive bed using gene expr...Mohd Danish
The scour modelling in cohesive beds is relatively more complex than that in sandy beds and
thus there is limited number of studies available on local scour at bridge abutments on cohesive
sediment. Recently, a good progress has been made in the development of data-driven techniques
based on artificial intelligence (AI). It has been reported that AI-based inductive modelling
techniques are frequently used to model complex process due to their powerful and non-linear model
structures and their increased capabilities to capture the cause and effect relationship of such
complex processes. Gene Expression Programming (GEP) is one of the AI techniques that have
emerged as a powerful tool in modelling complex phenomenon into simpler chromosomal
architecture. This technique has been proved to be more accurate and much simpler than other AI
tools. In the present study, an attempt has been made to implement GEP for the development of
scour depth prediction model at bridge abutments in cohesive sediments using laboratory data
available in literature. The present study reveals that the performance of GEP is better than nonlinear
regression model for the prediction of scour depth at abutments in cohesive beds.
Smart metering technologies allow for gathering high resolution water demand data in the residential sector, opening up new opportunities for the development of models describing water consumers’ behaviors. Yet, gathering such accurate water demand data at the end-use level is limited by metering intrusiveness, costs, and privacy issues. In this paper, we contribute a stochastic simulation model for synthetically generating high-resolution time series of water use at the end-use level. Each water end-use fixture in our model is characterized by its signature (i.e., its typical single-use pattern), as well as frequency distributions of its number of uses per day, single use duration, time of use during the day, and contribution to the total household water demand. The model relies on statistical data from a real-world metering campaign across 9 cities in the US. Showcasing our model outputs, we demonstrate the potential usability of this model for characterizing the water end-use demands of different communities, as well as for analyzing the major components of peak demand and performing scenario analysis.
Geohydraulic parameters are essential elements in groundwater resource management and conservation.
Most of these parameters especially the hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity are usually estimated
from pumping test carried out on drilled boreholes. This paper presents a study conducted in Abi area of
the Ikom-Mamfe Embayment with the objective of estimating aquifer parameters from 30 evenly
distributed vertical electrical soundings using the Schlumberger configuration and hydrogeologic
measurements from 28 boreholes within the area as an alternative way of generating an initial data
for groundwater characterisation and quality assessment in the area. The results showed low resistivity
645 Xm, hydraulic conductivity 62.0 105 m/s (61.7 m/day) and transmissivity 65.2 104 m2/s
(645 m2/day) for the water-bearing aquifer horizons in the northeastern and northwestern parts of
the study area due to the nature of the aquifer system that were predominantly fractured shale. The sand
based aquifers had higher values in the neighbourhood of 100–800 Xm, 4.0 105–1.0 104 m/s
(3.46–9.04 m/day) and 6.94 104–3.81 103 m2/s (60–330 m2/day) for the respective parameters
mentioned above. The potability of the groundwater system as observed from hydrogeologic measurements
of water samples from most boreholes were relatively poor, having electrical conductivity
and total dissolved solids values of 250–931.0 lS/cm and 500–623.77 mg/l respectively due to the
influence of clay minerals within the aquifer horizon. Some of the vertical electrical sounding points were
taken in the vicinity were pumping tests and lithologic data were available for adequate comparison of
the results.Electrical resistivity
Geohydraulic parameters
Groundwater
Hydraulic conductivity
Ikom-Mamfe Embayment
Abi-Nigeria
DEVELOPMENT OF CLEAN WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK CAPACITY BY USING WATERCADIAEME Publication
In this study a network model was constructed for the hydraulic analysis and
design of a small community (Kedungkandang District) water distribution network in
East Java Province of Indonesia by using Water cad simulator. The analysis included
a review of pressures, velocities and head loss gradients under steady state average
day need. The clean water availability in the location study is 560 l/s, however the
local society that is 23,213 consumers can only use in amount of 116 l/s. The
assessment of existing condition due to the pipe hydraulic condition and the
development of capacity network increasing are carried out by using the program of
Water cad vs. XM Edition. The development condition consists of 27,284 populations.
Result indicates that the average discharge need is 41.763 l/s, however in the peak
hour need there is needed 65.150 l/s on 2031. The water pressure in the development
area is 2.3 atm on 06.00 am
DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS DESIGN MODEL OF BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND IN INTEGRATED ...IAEME Publication
A dimensional analysis design model for the prediction of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) in the integrated solar and hydraulic jump enhanced waste stabilization pond (ISHJEWSP) was derived using the Buckingham’s π-theorem approach. The concentration of effluent BOD was derived as a function of the influent concentration of BOD, intensity of solar radiation, influent algae concentration, inlet velocity, density of wastewater, characteristic length of the pond, detention time, dispersion coefficient and dissolved oxygen.
APPLICATION OF GENE EXPRESSION PROGRAMMING IN FLOOD FREQUENCY ANALYSISMohd Danish
Flood frequency and its magnitude are essential for the proper design of hydraulics structures such as bridges, spillways, culverts, waterways, roads, railways, flood control structures and urban drainage systems. Since, flood is a very complex natural event depending upon characteristics of catchment, rainfall conditions and various other factors, thus its analytical modelling is very difficult to pursue. Recently, artificial intelligence techniques such as gene expression programming (GEP), artificial neural network (ANN) etc. have been found to be efficient in modelling complex problems in hydraulic engineering. The performance of GEP model has been reported to be better than that of the ANN. Moreover, GEP provides mathematical equation which makes it more superior over other soft computing techniques that do not give any analytical mathematical equation. Therefore, in present study, GEP is implemented in flood frequency analysis for typical Indian river gauging station. The results obtained in the present study are highly promising and suggest that GEP modelling is a versatile technique and represents an improved alternative to the more conventional approach for the flood frequency analysis.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A novel fuzzy rule based system for assessment of ground water potability: A ...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Groundwater is an important water resource for domestic, irrigation, and industrial needs. The most
widely exploited use of this resource is for consumption. Assessment of potability of any ground water samples
is a non-trivial task. A new fuzzy rule based system has been proposed to assess the quality of ground-water
samples collected from the bore-wells across 24 districts of Karnataka (South India). Eight groundwater quality
salts parameters are selected for water quality analysis. A membership function for the fuzzy rule based system
for each salt is developed and the weights for each parameter was calculated using Analytic Hierarchy Process
(AHP) that relies on pair wise comparison. The system showed that out of 24 districts of Karnataka state,
ground water from 51.78% bore-wells was not feasible for consumption.
Keywords: Groundwater quality, Fuzzy rule based system
Prediction of scour depth at bridge abutments in cohesive bed using gene expr...Mohd Danish
The scour modelling in cohesive beds is relatively more complex than that in sandy beds and
thus there is limited number of studies available on local scour at bridge abutments on cohesive
sediment. Recently, a good progress has been made in the development of data-driven techniques
based on artificial intelligence (AI). It has been reported that AI-based inductive modelling
techniques are frequently used to model complex process due to their powerful and non-linear model
structures and their increased capabilities to capture the cause and effect relationship of such
complex processes. Gene Expression Programming (GEP) is one of the AI techniques that have
emerged as a powerful tool in modelling complex phenomenon into simpler chromosomal
architecture. This technique has been proved to be more accurate and much simpler than other AI
tools. In the present study, an attempt has been made to implement GEP for the development of
scour depth prediction model at bridge abutments in cohesive sediments using laboratory data
available in literature. The present study reveals that the performance of GEP is better than nonlinear
regression model for the prediction of scour depth at abutments in cohesive beds.
Smart metering technologies allow for gathering high resolution water demand data in the residential sector, opening up new opportunities for the development of models describing water consumers’ behaviors. Yet, gathering such accurate water demand data at the end-use level is limited by metering intrusiveness, costs, and privacy issues. In this paper, we contribute a stochastic simulation model for synthetically generating high-resolution time series of water use at the end-use level. Each water end-use fixture in our model is characterized by its signature (i.e., its typical single-use pattern), as well as frequency distributions of its number of uses per day, single use duration, time of use during the day, and contribution to the total household water demand. The model relies on statistical data from a real-world metering campaign across 9 cities in the US. Showcasing our model outputs, we demonstrate the potential usability of this model for characterizing the water end-use demands of different communities, as well as for analyzing the major components of peak demand and performing scenario analysis.
Data Preparation for Assessing Impact of Climate Change on Groundwater RechargeAM Publications
Climate change is a change in the statistical properties of the climate system when considered over long
periods of time. It significantly affects the various components of hydrological cycle like temperature, precipitation,
evapotranspiration and infiltration. All these components together affect the rate of groundwater recharge. So
understanding the effects of climate change on groundwater recharge is the need of time for the management of
groundwater resources. This paper presents the data preparation initiatives and a suitable methodology that can be
used to characterize the effect of climate change on groundwater recharge. The method is based on the hydrologic
model Visual HELP which can be used to estimate potential groundwater recharge at the regional scale. The success
of Modeling depends on the accuracy of data and the mode of collecting the data. Therefore, identifying the data
needs of a particular modeling study, collection/monitoring of required data and preparation of data set form an
integral part of any groundwater modeling exercise. The main objective of this paper is to describe the exact data
required and its preparation to simulate the groundwater recharge using HELP Model Software for Yavatmal as a
study area situated in Maharashtra state, India. The impact of climate change as a pilot study is modeled by using
computer software HELP (Hydrologic Evaluation of Landfill Performance). The initiatives for data preparation
presented herein may be useful to the researchers in this field.
THE APPLICATION OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS IN MANAGEMENT OF AQUIFERAnonymouslVQ83F8mC
Before feeling water -shortage crisis human has understood the importance of water From the
religious texts. Considering recent conditions of the world the water will replace most recent
boundaries, at future. Imamzadeh Jaafar plain is located 5 kilometers northeast of Gachsaran, south
of Kohgilooye and Boerahmad province. The plain has 61km 2 area extents and contains two,
alluvial and carbonate aquifers. These aquifers supply the water needs, agricultural, industrial and
domestic. Highly exploitation and transportation of groundwater resources, especially by National Oil
Company, caused highly drawdown in alluvial aquifer, 1.85m in a 5 years period from 1361 to
1365 as reported by Mahab Ghods Consulting Engineers. There are two artificial recharge
projects, 1 flood spreading system and 1 recharge ponds system, in the plain. To present the future
water resources management program the hydrogeological behaviors of the alluvial aquifer and the
effects of artificial recharge must be evaluated. edrock, hydrodynamic coefficients, topography, water
resources and were collected, field surveys were performed and required maps were prepared. Using
conceptual model and MODFLOW PMWIN code the mathematical model of the plain was
calibrated against water year 1380 -81 and then verified against water year 1384 - 85. The verified
model was used to predict future conditions of aquifer. The results implied the rapid response of
aquifer to precipitation due to high aquifer ransmissivity, positive water budget at year 1385
comparing year 65, change of direction of groundwater flow from plain outlet to the center of
plain in response to highly exploitation at the center of plain, water level in the wells located
downward the flood spreading system will raise as 1 to 6m and water level in t he wells located
downward the recharge pond system will lower as 1 to 4m.
THE APPLICATION OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS IN MANAGEMENT OF AQUIFERamsjournal
Before feeling water -shortage crisis human has understood the importance of water From the
religious texts. Considering recent conditions of the world the water will replace most recent
boundaries, at future. Imamzadeh Jaafar plain is located 5 kilometers northeast of Gachsaran, south
of Kohgilooye and Boerahmad province. The plain has 61km 2 area extents and contains two,
alluvial and carbonate aquifers. These aquifers supply the water needs, agricultural, industrial and
domestic. Highly exploitation and transportation of groundwater resources, especially by National Oil
Company, caused highly drawdown in alluvial aquifer, 1.85m in a 5 years period from 1361 to
1365 as reported by Mahab Ghods Consulting Engineers. There are two artificial recharge
projects, 1 flood spreading system and 1 recharge ponds system, in the plain. To present the future
water resources management program the hydrogeological behaviors of the alluvial aquifer and the
effects of artificial recharge must be evaluated. edrock, hydrodynamic coefficients, topography, water
resources and were collected, field surveys were performed and required maps were prepared. Using
conceptual model and MODFLOW PMWIN code the mathematical model of the plain was
calibrated against water year 1380 -81 and then verified against water year 1384 - 85. The verified
model was used to predict future conditions of aquifer. The results implied the rapid response of
aquifer to precipitation due to high aquifer ransmissivity, positive water budget at year 1385
comparing year 65, change of direction of groundwater flow from plain outlet to the center of
plain in response to highly exploitation at the center of plain, water level in the wells located
downward the flood spreading system will raise as 1 to 6m and water level in t he wells located
downward the recharge pond system will lower as 1 to 4m.
THE APPLICATION OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS IN MANAGEMENT OF AQUIFERpijans
Before feeling water -shortage crisis human has understood the importance of water From the
religious texts. Considering recent conditions of the world the water will replace most recent
boundaries, at future. Imamzadeh Jaafar plain is located 5 kilometers northeast of Gachsaran, south
of Kohgilooye and Boerahmad province. The plain has 61km 2 area extents and contains two,
alluvial and carbonate aquifers. These aquifers supply the water needs, agricultural, industrial and
domestic. Highly exploitation and transportation of groundwater resources, especially by National Oil
Company, caused highly drawdown in alluvial aquifer, 1.85m in a 5 years period from 1361 to
1365 as reported by Mahab Ghods Consulting Engineers. There are two artificial recharge
projects, 1 flood spreading system and 1 recharge ponds system, in the plain. To present the future
water resources management program the hydrogeological behaviors of the alluvial aquifer and the effects of artificial recharge must be evaluated. edrock, hydrodynamic coefficients, topography, water resources and were collected, field surveys were performed and required maps were prepared. Using
conceptual model and MODFLOW PMWIN code the mathematical model of the plain was calibrated against water year 1380 -81 and then verified against water year 1384 - 85. The verified model was used to predict future conditions of aquifer. The results implied the rapid response of
aquifer to precipitation due to high aquifer ransmissivity, positive water budget at year 1385 comparing year 65, change of direction of groundwater flow from plain outlet to the center of
plain in response to highly exploitation at the center of plain, water level in the wells located downward the flood spreading system will raise as 1 to 6m and water level in t he wells located
downward the recharge pond system will lower as 1 to 4m.
THE APPLICATION OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS IN MANAGEMENT OF AQUIFERpijans
Before feeling water -shortage crisis human has understood the importance of water From the
religious texts. Considering recent conditions of the world the water will replace most recent
boundaries, at future. Imamzadeh Jaafar plain is located 5 kilometers northeast of Gachsaran, south
of Kohgilooye and Boerahmad province. The plain has 61km 2 area extents and contains two,
alluvial and carbonate aquifers. These aquifers supply the water needs, agricultural, industrial and
domestic. Highly exploitation and transportation of groundwater resources, especially by National Oil
Company, caused highly drawdown in alluvial aquifer, 1.85m in a 5 years period from 1361 to
1365 as reported by Mahab Ghods Consulting Engineers. There are two artificial recharge
projects, 1 flood spreading system and 1 recharge ponds system, in the plain. To present the future
water resources management program the hydrogeological behaviors of the alluvial aquifer and the
effects of artificial recharge must be evaluated. edrock, hydrodynamic coefficients, topography, water
resources and were collected, field surveys were performed and required maps were prepared. Using
conceptual model and MODFLOW PMWIN code the mathematical model of the plain was
calibrated against water year 1380 -81 and then verified against water year 1384 - 85. The verified
model was used to predict future conditions of aquifer. The results implied the rapid response of
aquifer to precipitation due to high aquifer ransmissivity, positive water budget at year 1385
comparing year 65, change of direction of groundwater flow from plain outlet to the center of
plain in response to highly exploitation at the center of plain, water level in the wells located
downward the flood spreading system will raise as 1 to 6m and water level in t he wells located
downward the recharge pond system will lower as 1 to 4m.
THE APPLICATION OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS IN MANAGEMENT OF AQUIFERpijans
Groundwater models are often developed to obtain predictions of societal importance. Such
predictions might be the response of an aquifer to future groundwater pumping, or the
groundwater transport of contaminants from a source location. Because the groundwater flow
system characteristics represented in such models are always unknown to some degree, model
predictions are uncertain. To reduce this prediction uncertainty, it is necessary to improve the
model so that it more accurately represents the flow system
THE APPLICATION OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS IN MANAGEMENT OF AQUIFERamsjournal1
Before feeling water -shortage crisis human has understood the importance of water From the
religious texts. Considering recent conditions of the world the water will replace most recent
boundaries, at future. Imamzadeh Jaafar plain is located 5 kilometers northeast of Gachsaran, south
of Kohgilooye and Boerahmad province. The plain has 61km 2 area extents and contains two,
alluvial and carbonate aquifers. These aquifers supply the water needs, agricultural, industrial and
domestic. Highly exploitation and transportation of groundwater resources, especially by National Oil
Company, caused highly drawdown in alluvial aquifer, 1.85m in a 5 years period from 1361 to
1365 as reported by Mahab Ghods Consulting Engineers. There are two artificial recharge
projects, 1 flood spreading system and 1 recharge ponds system, in the plain. To present the future
water resources management program the hydrogeological behaviors of the alluvial aquifer and the
effects of artificial recharge must be evaluated. edrock, hydrodynamic coefficients, topography, water
resources and were collected, field surveys were performed and required maps were prepared. Using
conceptual model and MODFLOW PMWIN code the mathematical model of the plain was
calibrated against water year 1380 -81 and then verified against water year 1384 - 85. The verified
model was used to predict future conditions of aquifer. The results implied the rapid response of
aquifer to precipitation due to high aquifer ransmissivity, positive water budget at year 1385
comparing year 65, change of direction of groundwater flow from plain outlet to the center of
plain in response to highly exploitation at the center of plain, water level in the wells located
downward the flood spreading system will raise as 1 to 6m and water level in t he wells located
downward the recharge pond system will lower as 1 to 4m.
Sachpazis: ewra2005, A Hydrogeotechnical Integrated SystemDr.Costas Sachpazis
«A Hydrogeotechnical Integrated System for Water Resources Management of Attica – Greece». Presented in the 6th International Conference of the European Water Resources Association (EWRA2005), held in Menton (France) on 7-10 September 2005. Cooperation with Manoliadis Odysseus, Baronos Athina, and Tsapraili Chrysanthy. 2005
Planning for water sensitive communities: the need for a bottom up systems ap...Michael Barry
This paper was prepared by myself and Dr Peter Coombes of Urban Water Cycle Solutions and accepted under peer review for inclusion in the WSUD 2018 conference in Perth, February 2018. It describes how the use of top down average potable water demands in network analyses can generate unreliable predictions of water security and water distribution patterns. In contrast, the use of highly resolved bottom up analysis is shown to produce robust outcomes that can reliably inform the future management of our water resources.
Summary: The province of Mendoza can administrate water using digital tools that are used for the Science of Earth, and that way to optimize the use of resource, with an intrinsic impact on Economic Science, it is said projections on its productive array. Thus, early development of abilities on this kind of tools that takes part of the so-called Administration 4.0, allows to the professional future of Economic Science and more specifically to the Public Administrators, being more competitive, keeping up online with the new demands that visualize by the digital revolution that are undertaking.
Evaluations of Stream Flow Response to Land use and Land Cover Changes in Wab...IJCMESJOURNAL
Land Use and Land Cover Change (LU/LC) is one of the notable human induced worldwide changes. Hence, understanding the stream flow responses of a watershed to this dynamic change is becoming fundamental for water resources management planning. The study was conducted with the objective to analyses the impact of Land use and Land cover changes on stream flow response of Wabe watershed, in Omo-Gibe basin. Land use and land cover maps were developed using satellite image of Landsat5 TM 1988, Landsat7 ETM+ 2001 and Landsat8 OLI/TIRS 2018 through maximum likelihood algorithm of supervised classification using ERDAS Imagine 2014 and ArcGIS software for satellite image processing and map preparation. A physical based, semi-distributed hydrological model SWAT was used to simulate LU/LC change effects on the stream flow responses of watershed. During the study period the land use and land cover has changed due to natural and anthropogenic activity. The results depicted that there was an incessant expansion of agricultural land, built-up area and forest cover, on the other hand declining of agroforestry; grassland and woodland were happened during from the 1988 to 2018 periods. Due to the occurred LU/LC changes, the mean monthly stream flow were increased by 5.97m3/s for wet season and similarly the dry season flow showed increasing by 0.96m3/s during the study periods from 1988 up to 2018. Generally the result indicated that large changes of the stream flow in the watershed. Hence result notified an urgent intervention, so as to regulate the LU/LC change and to reduce its strong impacts on the stream flow of the Wabe watershed.
Gis Based Analysis of Supply and Forecasting Piped Water Demand in Nairobiinventionjournals
ABSTRACT : Predicting long term water demand is necessary to assess the future adequacy ofwater resources, to attain an efficient allocation of water supplies among competingwater users and to ensure long-term water sustainability. It assists in developing long term water supply infrastructure development. In order to predict future waterdemand and assess the effects of future population growth and other factors on water demand, suitable mathematical models are needed. The study uses GIS based regression model,that is Geographically weighted regression(GWR) and ordinary least square(OLS) to forecast monthly water demand in the western region of NCWSC Water Supply System, Nairobi. Vector dataset (spatial) of the study region by Itinerary levels and statistical data (non-spatial) on water consumption, household, Building density, Land value, connections and population data were used in this exploratory analysis. The result shows that GWR is a significant improvement on the Global model. Comparing both models with the AICc value and the R2 value revealed that for the former, the value is reduced from 2801 (for OLS model) to 2694 (for GWR model). For the latter, OLS explained 83.46 percent while GWR explained 91.16 percent.The results of the studyshow that the GWR model is capable of predicting waterdemand more accurately than OLS regression model. This implies that local model’s fitness is higher than global model. In addition, the empirical analysis revealed that water consumption and demand in the study region is significantly associated with population and Building density. This relationship, as detected by GWR, largely varies across the region. The GWR also achieved the water demand prediction for 2017 and 2020.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Generating a custom Ruby SDK for your web service or Rails API using Smithyg2nightmarescribd
Have you ever wanted a Ruby client API to communicate with your web service? Smithy is a protocol-agnostic language for defining services and SDKs. Smithy Ruby is an implementation of Smithy that generates a Ruby SDK using a Smithy model. In this talk, we will explore Smithy and Smithy Ruby to learn how to generate custom feature-rich SDKs that can communicate with any web service, such as a Rails JSON API.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...
Assessing the importance of geo hydrological data acquisition in the development of sustainable water resources framework in nigeria
1. Journal of Environment and Earth Science
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol.3, No.14, 2013
www.iiste.org
Assessing the importance of geo-hydrological data acquisition in
the development of sustainable water resources framework in
Nigeria
Olayinka Simeon Oladeji
Department of Civil Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P. M. B. 4000, Ogbomoso,
Nigeria; E-mail: osoladeji@lautech.edu.ng; olayinka_oladeji@yahoo.co.uk
Abstract
Lack of access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation facilities suggests that water resources management is
not at its optimal level in Nigeria. Also, literature indicates transformation in the approaches of water resources
management from the more traditionally approach which rely largely on physical solutions, to a new concept that
blends resource development with ecological concerns. However, the trade-offs in the transformation requires
more detailed geo-hydrological data in its implementation. Hence, the aim of this paper is to demonstrate the
importance of the need for acquisition of continuous and consistent geo-hydrological data for the development of
sustainable framework for water resources in Nigeria. The methodology adopted is to compare the development
of two MODFLOW based groundwater flow model scenarios for Lagos metropolis, Nigeria, and Birmingham,
UK; evaluate the sufficiency of the required input data, and assessed the emanating implications for the model
outputs. The results showed that Lagos metropolis model was plagued with dearth of the required geohydrological data and this greatly limited the reliability and prediction capability of the model.
Recommendations include wide availability of quality assured, retrievable and accessible data, effective
coordination and interactions between the various relevant government agencies, and Water Resources Bill that
mandates professionals to submit all data acquire from government and privately funded projects and researches.
Others include pro-active engagement between professional bodies and government agencies, as well as
implementation and enforcement of the existing regulations.
KEYWORDS: Groundwater models, water resources, sustainability, ecological preservation
1
Introduction
Historically, availability of water resources has played major role in ancient civilization, and has underpinned the
rate of growth of socio-economic development as well as the resulting quality of life (Priscoli, 1998; De Feo et
al., 2011; Flores et al., 2011). However, in the contemporary Nigeria, water resources management is not at its
optimal level. According to the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (WHO/UNICEF, 2012),
approximately 109 million Nigerians lack access to basic sanitation facilities, and 63 million are not within the
reach of improved source of safe drinking water. Diarrhoea in children constitutes the second main cause of
infant mortality (after malaria), and the third main cause of under-five mortality in Nigeria. Therefore, effective
and efficient water resources management will play a significant role in the development of sustainable
framework for a healthy society.
Literature (Melloul and Collin 2003; McClain, 2012) indicates that the approaches to management of water
resources is widely varied, and are also being transformed from the more traditionally approach which rely
largely on physical solutions to a new concept that blends resource development with ecological concerns. The
traditional water resources management approach which solely relies on sourcing of new reserves to mitigate
increasing water demands caused by population increase and technological advancement (among others) is
facing increasing opposition and claims of derogation (Oladeji et al., 2012; Asiwaju-Bello and Oladeji, 2001).
Conversely, the new approach incorporates environmental restoration and ecological design programs into the
water resources management policy, and thereby it is considered to provide more efficient use of the resource.
However, the trade-offs in the transformation of the management options is that the newer approach requires
more detailed geo-hydrological data in the understanding of the environment. These requirements include the
need for detailed characterization of the spatial and temporal variability of the resource, exploring efficiency
improvement in water use, implementing options for managing demands, as well as resource re-allocation to
ensure sustainable use. In order to achieve these requirements, a tool with simulating and predictive capabilities
1
2. Journal of Environment and Earth Science
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol.3, No.14, 2013
www.iiste.org
for characterizing and understanding the environmental systems, its behavior, as well as for assessing ecological
responses to the management of the resource is required.
A major tool in the assessment of water resources management scenarios is a model, due to its capability to
enable decision makers to compare alternative actions and take management decisions to achieve efficiency
goals without violating specified constraints. However, the accuracy of any solution produced by a model is
directly dependent on the input of the geo-hydrologic data and other boundary conditions that characterize the
domain and the problem being solved. The reliability of the solution increases with increasing model
discretization, but the detail and amount of the input data requirements also proportionally increases greatly.
Hence, the aim of this paper is to demonstrate the importance of the need for acquisition of continuous and
consistent geo-hydrological data for the development of sustainable framework for water resources in Nigeria.
2
Methodology
The approach adopted in this paper is to compare the developments of two groundwater flow model scenarios
developed for Lagos metropolis, Nigeria, and Birmingham, UK. Groundwater model is used to demonstrate the
concept presented in this paper because models integrates large amount of geo-hydrologic data that are required
in most water resources development projects. In addition, calibrated models are used to evaluate management
policies prior to their actual field implementation. The numerical code adopted for this work is MODFLOW
2000 (Harbaugh et al. 2000). The preparation of the input data and the presentation of the modelling output
were facilitated by ArcGIS 9.1 and GRASS GIS 5.7 software, and complimented by customized FORTRAN
utility programs, Microsoft Excel and MS WordPad.
2.1
Birmingham model
The model area covers approximately 221 km2, and presented in Figure 1. Powell et al. 2000 showed that the
area is underlain by Sherwood sandstone Group overlying the Westphalian Formations. These constitute the
aquifer and impervious horizons, respectively. The constituent geological strata for the Sherwood Group are
Kidderminster, Wildmoor, and Bromsgrove sandstone Formations. A major geological structure is the
Birmingham Fault that juxtaposes the Triassic mudstone to the east against the Sherwood (Triassic) sandstone to
the west (Figure 1). The flow model was setup and calibrated under transient conditions covering 20 years from
January 1970 to December 1989.
The average length of the stress period was 90 days, making a total number of 80 stress periods. Each stress
period was in turn divided into nine time steps, corresponding to approximately 10-day time step. The total
number of time step was 720. In order to validate the model output and for future predictions, the model was
further setup to run for a period of 30 years from March 1985 to February 2015, with the simulation length
consisting of 120 stress periods. The length of each stress period varies between 90 and 91 days. The spatial
discretization of the model was setup using 760 rows and 600 columns, with cell dimensions (∆y and ∆x) of 25 x
25 m, making a total of 456,000 nodes. The model was set up as three layers representing the constituent aquifer
horizons namely, Bromsgrove, Wildmoor and Kidderminster Formations, corresponding to model layer 1, 2 and
3, respectively.
Conceptually, the flows across the eastern and the southern boundaries of the aquifer geometry were restricted
by imposing low hydraulic conductivity values along the fault paths. The presence of the Westphalian
Formations along the western parts of the area supports the choice of the defined no-flow cells along the western
boundary of the model. The northern boundary of the model was also defined as no flow boundary because of
the presence of a groundwater divide. The initial conditions of the groundwater heads, aquifer properties and
abstraction rates were obtained from the measured spatial and temporal field data. Distributed recharge values
were computed for each model cell using series of spreadsheet calculations based Food and Agricultural
Organisation methodology (FAO, 1998). The model was calibrated by minimizing the residuals between the
observed and the simulated groundwater head data, coupled with graphical analysis of the model fit and
constrained by the conceptual understanding of the study area. The convergence criterion for the hydraulic head
observations was set to 0.01 m. The major geo-hydrological input data requirements in this model include
geology for aiding the conceptual understanding and boundary conditions (Figure 1) and groundwater levels for
head transient calibration (Figure 2). Data used for calculation of distributed recharge flux are precipitation (01
January 1961 – 10 January 2010) and evapo-transpiration (31 December 1969 – 29 November 2009), as well as
soils, landuse, and vegetation cover types. The final calculated recharge flux for each stress period of the model
2
3. Journal of Environment and Earth Science
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol.3, No.14, 2013
www.iiste.org
simulation is presented in Figure 3. Simulation of external stress was based on records of groundwater
abstractions (Figure 4) and aquifer characterization was based on field test data.
Figure 1. Birmingham model area
2.2
Lagos Metropolis model
The Lagos metropolis groundwater flow model area covering approximately 3672 km2 is presented in Figure 5.
Figure 2: Groundwater monitoring data for model calibration
3
4. Journal of Environment and Earth Science
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol.3, No.14, 2013
www.iiste.org
Figure 3: Groundwater recharge flux for stress periods
Figure 4: Groundwater abstraction data
Figure 5: Lagos metropolis model area
4
5. Journal of Environment and Earth Science
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol.3, No.14, 2013
www.iiste.org
Figure 6: Transmissivity coefficient distribution of Lagos model area
Figure 7: Storage coefficient distribution of Lagos model area
Available model data include borehole locations and logs, pumping test data and static water levels acquired
from drilling contractors and well owners. Hydrostratigraphic model was developed by delineation of subsurface
geologic horizons into aquifers and aquicludes. Transmissivity and Storage coefficients of the pumped aquifers
were estimated from the analysis of the pumping tests data, using Aquiferwin 32 software. The study area was
discretized into 403 nodes. The problem of dearth of data required extensive extrapolation and interpolation of
the available data in order to fill the data gap. The spatial distribution of the interpolated Transmissivity and
Storage coefficient values are presented in Figures 6 and 7, respectively. The input data for the two models are
summarized and presented in Table 1.
3
Results and Discussion
The available required input data for each scenario were considered, evaluated their sufficiency, and emanating
implications for the model outputs were assessed.
3.1
Birmingham model
The plot of the simulated groundwater head against the observed values is presented in Figure 8.
5
6. Journal of Environment and Earth Science
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol.3, No.14, 2013
www.iiste.org
Table 1: Summary of model input data
1
S/N
Parameter
Elevations (m OD)
Birmingham Model
Distributed values (Shapefiles)
2
Boundary Conditions
No flow conditions (†FBI)
3
Geometry
3 Layer model; 1: Bromsgrove sst Fm; 2:
Wildmoor sst; 3: Kidderminster Fm
4
Spatial discretization
No of rows: 760; No of columns: 600; ∆x=25 m;
∆y=25 m
5
No of abstraction BHs
12, with time varied abstraction rates (†FBI)
6
Observation boreholes
31 boreholes (see Figure 1 for locations).
7
River bed cond. (m/s)
Initial:1.296 x 10-5; Final: 9.2593 x 10-6 (†FBI)
8
Recharge rate (m/s)
9
Horizontal hydraulic
conductivity (m/s)
10
Vertical hydraulic
conductivity (m/s)
11
Specific yield
12
Specific storage
13
KBirmingham Fault (m/s)
Distributed values (modelled) (†FBI)
Bromsgrove Fm =5.787x10-6; Wildmoor sst Fm
=2.315x10-5; Kidderminster Fm =3.472x10-5
(†FBI)
Bromsgrove Fm =5.787x10-8; Wildmoor sst Fm
=1.157x10-7; Kidderminster Fm =5.787x10-8
(†FBI)
Bromsgrove Fm = 0.12; Wildmoor sst Fm = 0.10;
Kidderminster Fm = 0.12 (†FBI)
Bromsgrove =1x10-4; Wildmoor Fm =5x10-4;
Kidderminster = 1x10-4 (†FBI)
Initial:1.0 x 10-12; (†FBI); Final: 1.0 x 10-9
†
Lagos Model
Interpolated Values
Assumed no flow
conditions
1 Layer model
(though geology
shows 3 layers)
No of rows: 13; No
of columns: 31;
∆x=4 km; ∆y=2.5
km
9, with assumed
constant flow rate
None with temporal
groundwater level
data
Assumed none
required
Gross Estimation
1.08x10-5 – 4.68x10-4
Not computed
Not required
1.90x10-4 – 2.87x10-3
Not required
FBI: Field Based Information
Also, the observed groundwater head values against the corresponding residuals are presented in Figure 9. The
respective final horizontal hydraulic conductivity values for the Bromsgrove, Wildmoor and Kidderminster
sandstone Formations were 5.787x10-6, 2.315x10-5, and 3.472x10-5 m/s. The corresponding values for vertical
hydraulic conductivity were 5.787x10-8, 1.157x10-7, and 5.787x10-8 m/s, respectively. The final horizontal
conductivity values are within the same ranges compared to the values obtained by Allen et al. (1997) and Jones
et al. (2000) from field test data, for the respective aquifer horizons, as well as to those values obtained by Knipe
et al. (1993).
Furthermore, the final values for the specific yield were 0.12, 0.10 and 0.12, and for the specific storage were
1x10-4, 5x10-4, and 1x10-4, respectively for Bromsgrove, Wildmoor and Kiderminster Formations. The value
reported by Allen et al. (1997) for the specific yield of the undivided Sherwood sandstone Group is 0.12. Knipe
et al. (1993) and Rushton and Salmon (1993) respectively reported specific yield value of 0.15, and 0.10 for the
Bromsgrove sandstone Formation. The values obtained in this work are similar to these referenced values. Also,
the recharge value of 112 mm/yr obtained in this work is comparable to 115 mm/yr obtained by Knipe et al.,
(1993). Buss et al., (2008) obtained similar value of 121 mm/yr for year 1996 and relatively higher value of 131
mm/yr for year 2000. Generally, a sufficient degree of match was obtained between the measured head
observations and the simulated equivalents (Figure 8). The simulated data are within ± 2 m of the observed data.
The percentage numerical error associated with the volumetric balance is less than 0.1 % throughout the duration
of the simulation. The final refined value for the hydraulic conductance along the Birmingham fault was 1.0 x
10-9 m/s. This value is less than the hydraulic conductivity values obtained for the sandstone layers (5.787x10-6 3.472x10-5 m/s), and indicates that the fault acts as a barrier to groundwater flow, and not conduits. This
conclusion agrees with the earlier work of Knipe et al. (1993), who modelled the faults as reduced thickness to
6
7. Journal of Environment and Earth Science
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol.3, No.14, 2013
www.iiste.org
achieve the required lower transmissivity value along the fault path. The spatial distribution of the calibrated and
predicted groundwater head obtained for layer 3, and the associated drawdown values are presented in Figure 10.
Figure 8: Field and simulated groundwater heads
Figure 9: Residual values simulated at observation locations
7
8. Journal of Environment and Earth Science
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol.3, No.14, 2013
www.iiste.org
Figure 10: Simulated and predicted groundwater head values
3.2
Lagos Metropolis model
Also, for the Lagos metropolis model, the hydrostratigraphic model showed that the area is underlain by three
major and laterally extensive alternating sequences of aquifer and aquiclude horizons, with a near horizontal
water table. The thicknesses of the aquifers are irregular and widely varied. However, the model was setup for
only the first layer because there were no sufficient data available to support a three-layer model. The ranges of
values of transmissivity and storage coefficients for the first layer are 1.08x10-5 – 4.68x10-4 m2/s and 1.90x10-4 –
2.87x10-3, respectively. The regional groundwater flow direction was towards the south both for the simulated
and field conditions (Figure 11). The range of values of drawdown after 158 days of pumping is 2 m – 15 m
(Figure 12). The coarse discretization, dearth of available initial data, non reliable borehole logs and lack of
8
9. Journal of Environment and Earth Science
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol.3, No.14, 2013
www.iiste.org
temporal water level data hindered efficient model calibration process and therefore limits predictive capability
of the flow model.
Figure 11: Simulated regional groundwater flow pattern
Figure 12: Simulated drawdown values
4
Conclusions
In this work, emphasis was laid on the availability of the required input data and the implications for the validity
of the resultant solution of the models. Although flow models were developed for both the Birmingham and
Lagos metropolis study areas, however the Lagos model was plagued with dearth of the required spatial and
temporal geo-hydrological data and this greatly limited the reliability, possible applicability and the prediction
capability of the model. Therefore, in order to ensure development of sustainable water resources framework for
Nigeria, the following recommendations are made:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Wide availability of quality assured, retrievable and accessible data (Online access).
Effective coordination and interactions between the various relevant governmental agencies.
Water Resources Bill that will mandate professionals to surrender / submit all data acquire from
government and private funded projects and researches.
Pro-active engagement between the professional associations and the relevant government agencies.
Effective implementation and enforcement of the existing and new regulations.
9
10. Journal of Environment and Earth Science
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol.3, No.14, 2013
5.0
www.iiste.org
References
Allen, D.J., Brewerton, L.J., Coleby, L.M., Gibbs, B.R., Lewis, M.A., MacDonald, A.M., Wagstaff, S.J., and
Williams, A.T. 1997. The physical properties of major aquifers in England and Wales. British
Geological Survey Technical Report WD/97/34. 312pp.
Asiwaju-Bello, Y.A., and Oladeji, O.S., 2001. Numerical modelling of groundwater flow patterns within Lagos
Metropolis, Nigeria. Journal of Mining and Geology. Vol. 37 (2), Pp 185 – 194.
Buss, S.R., Streetly, M.J., and Shepley, M.G., (Ed); 2008. Lichfield Permo-Triassic sandstone Aquifer
Investigation (Final Report). Environment Agency (Midlands Region).
De Feo, G., Mays, L.W., and Angelakis, A.N. 2011. Water and wastewater management technologies in the
ancient Greek and Roman civilizations. Treatise on Water Science, Vol. 4, Pp 3-22.
Flores, J.C., Bologna, M., and Urzagasti, D., 2011. A mathematical model for the Andean Tiwanaku civilization
collapse: Climate variations.Journal of Theoretical Biology, Vol. 291, Pp 29-32.
Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), 1998. Crop evapotranspiration; Guidelines for computing crop water
requirements, FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56, Rome, 301pp.
Harbaugh, A.W., Banta, E.R., Hill, M.C., and MacDonald, M.G., 2000. MODFLOW – 2000, The U.S.
Geological Survey modular groundwater model: U.S. Geological Survey open – file report 00 – 92.
Jones, H.K., Morris, B.L., Cheney, C.S., Brewerton, L.J., Merrin, P.D., Lewis, M.A. MacDonald, A.M., Coleby,
L.M., Talbot, J.C., Mckenzie, A.A., Bird, M.J., Cunningham, J. and Robinson, V.K., 2000. The
physical properties of minor aquifers in England and Wales. British Geological Survey Technical
Report WD/00/4. 234pp. Environment Agency R & D Publication 68.
Knipe, C.V., Lloyd, J.W., Lerner, D.N., and Greswell, R. 1993. Rising groundwater levels in Birmingham and
the engineering implications. CIRIA Special Publication 92, 116p.
McClain, M.E., 2012. Balancing water resources development and environmental sustainability in Africa: A
review of recent research findings and applications. AMBIO; DOI 10.1007/s13280-012-0359-1
Melloul, A.J. and Collin, M.L., 2003. Harmonizing water management and social needs: A necessary condition
for sustainable development. The case of Israel’s coastal aquifer. Journal of Environmental
Management. Vol. 67, Pp 385 – 394.
Oladeji, O.S., Adewoye, A.O., and Adegbola, A.A., 2012. Suitability assessment of groundwater resources for
irrigation around Otte Village, Kwara State, Nigeria. International Journal of Applied Sciences and
Engineering Research. Vol. 1 (3), Pp 438 – 446.
Powell, J.H., Glover, B.W., and Waters, C.N., 2000. Geology of the Birmingham area. Memoir of the British
Geological Survey. Sheet 168 (Englang and Wales). 132p.
Priscolli, J.D., 1998. Water and civilization: Using history to reframe water policy debates and to build a new
ecological realism. Water Policy; Vol. 1, Pp 623 – 636.
Rushton, K.R., and Salmon, S. 1993. Significance of vertical flow through low conductivity zones in the
Bromsgrove sandstone aquifer. Journal of Hydrology. 152, 131 – 152.
UNICEF and World Health Organization (WHO/UNICEF), 2012. Progress on Drinking Water 2012 UPDATE.
Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation. ISBN: 978-924-1503297; 61p.
10
11. This academic article was published by The International Institute for Science,
Technology and Education (IISTE). The IISTE is a pioneer in the Open Access
Publishing service based in the U.S. and Europe. The aim of the institute is
Accelerating Global Knowledge Sharing.
More information about the publisher can be found in the IISTE’s homepage:
http://www.iiste.org
CALL FOR JOURNAL PAPERS
The IISTE is currently hosting more than 30 peer-reviewed academic journals and
collaborating with academic institutions around the world. There’s no deadline for
submission. Prospective authors of IISTE journals can find the submission
instruction on the following page: http://www.iiste.org/journals/
The IISTE
editorial team promises to the review and publish all the qualified submissions in a
fast manner. All the journals articles are available online to the readers all over the
world without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from
gaining access to the internet itself. Printed version of the journals is also available
upon request of readers and authors.
MORE RESOURCES
Book publication information: http://www.iiste.org/book/
Recent conferences: http://www.iiste.org/conference/
IISTE Knowledge Sharing Partners
EBSCO, Index Copernicus, Ulrich's Periodicals Directory, JournalTOCS, PKP Open
Archives Harvester, Bielefeld Academic Search Engine, Elektronische
Zeitschriftenbibliothek EZB, Open J-Gate, OCLC WorldCat, Universe Digtial
Library , NewJour, Google Scholar