The document discusses quaternions and their applications. It begins by providing a brief history of quaternions, defined by Sir William Rowan Hamilton in 1843. Quaternions represent rotations and orientations in 3D space and are used in computer graphics, control theory, physics, and other fields due to advantages like avoiding gimbal lock. The document then covers details of quaternion operations like addition, multiplication, and rotation representations. It provides examples of using quaternions to represent and perform rotations in three dimensions.
Mathematics and History of Complex VariablesSolo Hermelin
Mathematics of complex variables, plus history.
This presentation is at a Undergraduate in Science (Math, Physics, Engineering) level.
Please send comments and suggestions to solo.hermelin@gmail.com, thanks! For more presentations, please visit my website at http://www.solohermelin.com
Mathematics and History of Complex VariablesSolo Hermelin
Mathematics of complex variables, plus history.
This presentation is at a Undergraduate in Science (Math, Physics, Engineering) level.
Please send comments and suggestions to solo.hermelin@gmail.com, thanks! For more presentations, please visit my website at http://www.solohermelin.com
Mathematics (from Greek μάθημα máthēma, “knowledge, study, learning”) is the study of topics such as quantity (numbers), structure, space, and change. There is a range of views among mathematicians and philosophers as to the exact scope and definition of mathematics
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
2. Electrical Application
Let's say you have to analyze a circuit with a sinusoidal
voltage source, a resistor, and a capacitor in parallel. Here
are the rules:
V = v cos (kt) // we said it was a sinusoid
V = IR // Ohm's Law
dV/dt = CI // the voltage across a capacitor increases as
you run current through it
If you solve this circuit with ordinary calculus, dealing with
real voltages, you get results like the following:
V = v cos (kt)
V' = -k v sin (kt)
3. V = v cos (kt) + iv sin (kt)
Let's do similar calculus now:
V' = - kv sin (kt) + i kv cos (kt)
Looks even uglier, right? Well, let's rearrange V' a bit:
V' = -kv sin (kt) + i kv cos(kt)
= ik v cos(kt) - kv sin (kt) // switched terms
= (ik) [ v cos (kt) + iv sin (kt) ] // algebra I factoring
= (ik) V
So, now to take the derivative of V, we just multiply by (ik)!
Now, here's where things get strange. We had
dV/dt = CI
But now, for our half-real/half-imaginary sinusoid, we
know that V' = (ik) V. So, now, our capacitor works like this:
(ik) V = CI
4. V = (C/ik) I // little i is the square root of -1, big I is
current
Looks a lot like Ohm's Law! In effect, in sinusoidal
situations, a capacitor is mathematically just like a
resistor, that happens to have an imaginary value.
Strange but true. So, we can treat our circuit with the
same techniques that we use for two ordinary resistors,
which is just algebra, only now one of our resistors is
imaginary. The algebra is a little messier, but it's still
algebra! That is the beauty of complex numbers. Poof,
the Calculus is out of your face!
6. Quaternion - Brief History
Invented in 1843 by Irish mathematician Sir
William Rowan Hamilton
Founded when attempting to extend complex
numbers to the 3rd dimension
Discovered on October 16 in the form of the
equation:
1222
ijkkji
6
From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternion
8. Applications of Quaternions
Used to represent rotations and orientations of
objects in three-dimensional space in:
Computer graphics
Control theory
Signal processing
Attitude controls
Physics
Orbital mechanics
Quantum Computing, quantum circuit design
8
From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternion
9. Advantages of Quaternions
Avoids Gimbal Lock
Faster multiplication algorithms to combine successive
rotations than using rotation matrices
Easier to normalize than rotation matrices
Interpolation
Mathematically stable – suitable for statistics
11. Define unit quaternion as follows to represent rotation
Example
Rot(z,90°)
q and –q represent the same rotation
nqn ˆsincos),ˆ(Rot 22
1q
2
2
2
2
00q
Why “unit”?
DOF point of
view!
Unit Quaternion
12. q = w + xi + yj + zk
• w, x, y, z are real numbers
• w is scalar part
• x, y, z are vector parts
• Thus it can also be represented as:
q = (w, v(x,y,z)) or
q = w + v
Quaternion – scalar and vector
parts
13. Scalar & Vector
4 dimensions of a quaternion:
3-dimensional space (vector)
Angle of rotation (scalar)
Quaternion can be transformed to other
geometric algorithm:
Rotation matrix ↔ quaternion
Rotation axis and angle ↔ quaternion
Spherical rotation angles ↔ quaternion
Euler rotation angles ↔ quaternion
What are relations of quaternions to
other topics in kinematics?
Quaternion – Dimension and
Transformation
22. Quaternion Operations
Magnitude
Also called modulus
Is the length of the quaternion from the origin
Given a quaternion:
q = w + xi+ yj + zk
The magnitude of quaternion q is |q|, where:
2222
*|| zyxwqqq
23. Quaternion Operations
Normalization
Normalization results in a unit quaternion where:
w2 + x2 + y2 + z2 = 1
Given a quaternion:
q = w + xi+ yj + zk
To normalize quaternion q, divide it by its magnitude
(|q|):
Also referred to as quaternion sign: sgn(q)
q
||
ˆ
q
q
q
24. Quaternion Operations
Conjugate:
Given a quaternion:
q = w + xi+ yj + zk
The conjugate of quaternion q is q*, where:
q* = w – xi – yj – zk
25. Quaternion Operations
Inverse
Can be used for division
Given a quaternion:
q = w + xi+ yj + zk
The inverse of quaternion q is q-1, where:
2
1
||
*
q
q
q
27. Matrix Rotation is based on 3
rotations:
On axes: x, y, z
Or yaw, pitch, roll (which one
corresponds to which axis,
depends on the orientation to
the axes)
Sequence matters (x-y may not
equal y-x)
x
y
z
Matrix Rotation
29. w = cos(θ/2)
v = sin(θ/2)û
Where û is a unit/normalized
vector u (i, j, k)
Quaternion can be represented
as:
q=cos(θ/2)+sin(θ/2)(xi+yj+zk)
or
q=cos(θ/2)+sin(θ/2) û
w
Parts of quaternion
Matrix rotation versus quaternion
rotation
Quaternion Rotation
34. Calculation is still done in
matrix form
Given a quaternion:
q = w + xi+ yj + zk
The matrix form of quaternion
q is:
w
2222
2222
2222
2222
2222
2222
zyxwyzwxwyxz
wxyzzyxwxywz
xzwywzxyzyxw
Matrix entries are taken all from
quaternion
Rotation of a Quaternion
35. Quaternion Rotation
When it is a unit quaternion: w
222
22
22
2212222
2222122
2222221
yxyzwxwyxz
wxyzzxxywz
xzwywzxyzy
Quaternion matrix for unit quaternion: w=1
36. Rotation of vector v is v’
Where v is: v=ai+bj+ck
By quaternion q=(w,u)
Where w = 1
Vector (axis): u = i + j + k
Rotation angle: 120° = (2π)/3
radian (θ)
Length of u =√3
If we rotate a vector, the result
should be a vector.
2
1
3
)(
.
2
3
2
1
ˆ
2
3
2
1
ˆ60sin60cos
ˆ
3
sin
3
cos
ˆ
2
sin
2
cos
ˆ
2
sin
2
cos
3
2
3
2
kji
q
kji
q
uq
uq
uq
uq
uq
Our notation:
quaternion
Example of unit quaternion
37. So to rotate v:
v’ = q v q*
Where q* is conjugate of q:
2
)1(
*
kji
q
So now we can substitute q v q*
to matrix form of quaternion
Example of quaternion rotation
(cont’d)