Lipid biotechnology uses enzymes like lipases to modify lipids and produce specialty products. Lipases can hydrolyze or interesterify triglycerides and are used in food processing. Glycerol, a byproduct of biodiesel production, can be converted to high-value chemicals like dihydroxyacetone and 1,3-propanediol using biocatalysts. Supercritical fluids like carbon dioxide are also used to efficiently extract lipids due to their gas-like diffusion properties.

2. INTRODUCTION
• The impact of biotechnology is rising, with an increasing
number of biotech-based products
• “Lipid biotechnology” covers the microbial production and the
biotechnological transformation of lipids and lipid-soluble
compounds.
• Triglycerols and storage lipids being the main target of
development with minor extent into phospholipids,
sphingolipids, glycolipids, sterols and carotenoids.
• The oleo chemical industry has processed renewable
resources, mainly vegetable oils and animal fats, for more than
100 years.
• Positive examples for biotechnological developments are
found mainly in the field of specialty products for the
cosmetic, health food and pharmaceuticals.

3. BIOCATALYST FOR LIPID TRANSFORMATION:
• Several classes of biocatalysts including lipases, esterases or
phospholipases may be utilised for the modification of lipids,
fats and oils.
• Lipases are the most versatile catalysts in the field of lipid
biotechnology.
• These enzymes can be of microbial, animal or plant origin.
• These catalysts exhibits fatty acid selectivity and
regioselectivity. E.g. Lipopan, a baking lipase manufactured
by Novozymes.
• Lipases are not only able to modify ester bonds of lipids but
also to catalyse non-natural reactions, including the
modification of hydrophilic polyol compounds, the
peroxidation of fatty acids or the transformation of amine-
based compounds.

4. OILS AND FATS
• Oils and fats are triacylglycerols.
• In presence of water, microbial lipases catalyses the hydrolysis
of oils and fatty acids to yield free fatty acids, partial glycerols
and glycerol.
• At water content of about 10% of their weight ,lipases
catalyses the hydrolysis and resynthesis of ester bonds. The
process achieves an exchange of fatty acyl groups between
glycerol molecules in a mixture of different fats and fatty acids
INTER ESTERIFICATION
• Used in food industry.
• LIPASES : Group 1, 2 and 3

5. • Group 1: shows no specificity to position on the glycerol
molecules or nature of fatty acids they attack. Organism
involved : Candida cylindracae, Propionibacterium acnes, and
Staphylococcus aureus
• Group 2: catalyses reactions only at outer 1 and 3 positions of
the aclglcerols. Produced by Aspergillus niger, Mucor
javanicus
• Group 3: selectivel attacks esters of long chain fatty acids
containing a cis double bond in the 9th position. Eg
Geotrichum candidum

6. • An example of lipase catalysed inter esterification is used to
modify fats and oil in the production of high value cocoa
butter.
• Diacyl glycerols cannot be deposited in the adipose tissue.
Designer cooking and salad oil based on diacyl glycerols may
prevent accumulation of fat in the body. time controlled
hydrolysis of oil using group and 2 lipases.
• Lipase catalyzed reactions may be performed batch wise in
stirred tank reactors or continuously in packed bed reactors.

7. GLCEROL BASED INTERMEDIATES
• Glycerol-based intermediates manufactured biotechnologically on an
industrial scale are dihydroxyacetone, and 1,3-propanediol.
• Around 10% of glycerol is obtained from the transesterification.
• Dihydroxyacetone, produced by Merck KGaA can be used as a
chemical intermediate and as a tanning agent in the cosmetic industry
is obtained by selective microbial oxidation of the 2-OH group of
glycerol with Gluconobacter oxydans.
• With wild-type strains of Clostridium and an integrated fermentation
process, 1,3-propanediol concentrations of 100 g/L were obtained
from crude glycerol as feedstock.

8. PUFA
• Most commercially available lipases show a higher selectivity for
saturated and mono unsaturated fatty acids than for poly
unsaturated ones .
• Several enzymatic strategies for the enrichment of PUFA from
fish and plant origin have been investigated: the selective
hydrolysis or alcoholysis of oils, the selective esterification of
fatty acids and the selective transesterification of ethyl ester
mixtures.
• The highest PUFA concentration by enzymatic enrichment is
obtained by the use of lipases of the genus Candida.

9. TRANS ESTERIFICATION

10. • In organic chemistry, transesterification is the process of
exchanging the organic group R″ of an ester with the
organic group R′ of an alcohol. These reactions are often
catalyzed by the addition of an acid or base catalyst. The
reaction can also be accomplished with the help of
enzymes (biocatalysts) particularly lipases (E.C.3.1.1.3).
• Transesterification: alcohol + ester → different alcohol +
different ester
• Strong acids catalyse the reaction by donating a proton to
the carbonyl group, thus making it a more potent
electrophile, whereas bases catalyse the reaction by
removing a proton from the alcohol, thus making it more
nucleophilic.
• Esters with larger alkoxy groups can be made from methyl
or ethyl esters in high purity by heating the mixture of
ester, acid/base, and large alcohol and evaporating the
small alcohol to drive equilibrium

12. SUPERFICIAL FLUID
TECHNOLOGY
• Critical fluids are substances held above their critical
temperature (T,) and pressure (P,) or liquids sustained in their
liquid state by the application of pressure, which can be used
for the extraction of natural products or as an alternative
reaction medium.
• By far the most utilized critical fluid has been supercritical
carbon dioxide (SC-COP) or its liquified analogue (LCOZ),
due to its benign effect on the environment, low toxicity,
nonflammability, and compatibility with processed foodstuffs.
• Several well-known applications of the technology exist,
including the decaffeination of coffee [I], extraction of hop
essence for flavoring [2], production of spice and aroma
concentrates [3], and isolation of natural antioxidants [4].

13. • The extraction fluxes obtained using SC-CO2 are both a
function of the solubility and diffusivity of the dissolved
solutes (i.e., lipids) in CO, therefore, the mass transfer
properties of SFs such as diffusivity and viscosity also play an
important role in processes using SFs.
• For example, SF solvents exhibit self-diffusivities of the order
of 10m3 cm*/sec, whereas liquids have diffusion coefficients
of approximately 10m6c m*/sec.
• This “gaslike” nature of SFs gives them superior penetration
properties into substrates, such as oilseeds, relative to that
obtained by using liquid solvents.
• Hence extraction of fat and lipid is easier.