The document summarizes a paper presented at the 2009 IEEE International Advance Computing Conference on implementing a codec driver for network embedded devices. It discusses:
1) The need for developing device drivers for audio CODECs on embedded systems with network functions.
2) The methodology used to write the driver, including initialization, setup, opening/closing the device, and data transmission/reception.
3) Hardware details of the Intel PXA255 processor and CS4297A audio CODEC used as the target embedded system.
ETHERNET PACKET PROCESSOR FOR SOC APPLICATIONcscpconf
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This document describes the design of an Ethernet packet processor for system-on-chip applications. The processor performs core packet processing functions like segmentation, reassembly, classification, and queue management to improve switching and routing performance. It has been implemented on an FPGA for 10/100/1000 Ethernet links. The design includes five VHDL modules with the core functionality in an aggregate module. It can identify packet fields, extract addresses and lengths, and check the CRC for errors. This packet processor is intended to offload tasks from the processor and accelerate functions like SFD detection and CRC calculation to improve the performance of next-generation IP network products like high-speed switches and routers.
This document discusses network interface cards (NICs). It describes how NICs establish a computer's network connection by translating parallel data from the computer bus into serial signals for transmission and vice versa for receiving data. It explains different types of NICs and factors to consider when selecting one, such as the computer bus, memory transfer method, and special features. It also covers how driver software allows the operating system to communicate with the NIC.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) ijceronline
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International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
The Intel 845G chipset:
1. Unleashes the power of the Intel Pentium 4 processor and supports new features like Hyper-Threading Technology.
2. Provides integrated graphics, high memory bandwidth up to DDR266, and I/O including USB 2.0 to ensure high performance.
3. Is designed for scalability and flexibility to enable future technologies while delivering performance for both consumer and business applications.
The IBM® System x3630 M4 server offers a cost-effective high-capacity storage solution with exceptional energy-smart design, leadership virtualization, and powerful systems management. It supports up to two eight-core Intel Xeon processors and high-density memory designs with twelve DDR3 DIMM slots. This 2U server consolidates storage and server into one system, offers easy management, and saves floor...
Noile solutii Intel pentru afaceri eficiente-tm-20mai2010Agora Group
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This document discusses Intel technologies for efficient IT infrastructures and provides the following key points:
1. Intel has fabrication facilities around the world producing microchips on advanced technology nodes.
2. Intel's Core processor family delivers scalable performance across devices from netbooks to servers through Intel architecture.
3. Intel's new 2010 Core processors feature technologies like Turbo Boost for intelligent performance and integrated graphics.
Noile tehnologii INTEL pentru infrastructuri IT eficiente-19mar2010Agora Group
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This document discusses Intel technologies for efficient IT infrastructures and provides the following key points:
1. Intel has fabrication facilities around the world producing microchips on advanced technology nodes.
2. Intel's Core processor family delivers scalable performance across devices from netbooks to servers through Intel architecture.
3. Intel's new 2010 Core processors feature technologies like Turbo Boost for intelligent performance and integrated graphics.
ETHERNET PACKET PROCESSOR FOR SOC APPLICATIONcscpconf
Â
This document describes the design of an Ethernet packet processor for system-on-chip applications. The processor performs core packet processing functions like segmentation, reassembly, classification, and queue management to improve switching and routing performance. It has been implemented on an FPGA for 10/100/1000 Ethernet links. The design includes five VHDL modules with the core functionality in an aggregate module. It can identify packet fields, extract addresses and lengths, and check the CRC for errors. This packet processor is intended to offload tasks from the processor and accelerate functions like SFD detection and CRC calculation to improve the performance of next-generation IP network products like high-speed switches and routers.
This document discusses network interface cards (NICs). It describes how NICs establish a computer's network connection by translating parallel data from the computer bus into serial signals for transmission and vice versa for receiving data. It explains different types of NICs and factors to consider when selecting one, such as the computer bus, memory transfer method, and special features. It also covers how driver software allows the operating system to communicate with the NIC.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) ijceronline
Â
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
The Intel 845G chipset:
1. Unleashes the power of the Intel Pentium 4 processor and supports new features like Hyper-Threading Technology.
2. Provides integrated graphics, high memory bandwidth up to DDR266, and I/O including USB 2.0 to ensure high performance.
3. Is designed for scalability and flexibility to enable future technologies while delivering performance for both consumer and business applications.
The IBM® System x3630 M4 server offers a cost-effective high-capacity storage solution with exceptional energy-smart design, leadership virtualization, and powerful systems management. It supports up to two eight-core Intel Xeon processors and high-density memory designs with twelve DDR3 DIMM slots. This 2U server consolidates storage and server into one system, offers easy management, and saves floor...
Noile solutii Intel pentru afaceri eficiente-tm-20mai2010Agora Group
Â
This document discusses Intel technologies for efficient IT infrastructures and provides the following key points:
1. Intel has fabrication facilities around the world producing microchips on advanced technology nodes.
2. Intel's Core processor family delivers scalable performance across devices from netbooks to servers through Intel architecture.
3. Intel's new 2010 Core processors feature technologies like Turbo Boost for intelligent performance and integrated graphics.
Noile tehnologii INTEL pentru infrastructuri IT eficiente-19mar2010Agora Group
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This document discusses Intel technologies for efficient IT infrastructures and provides the following key points:
1. Intel has fabrication facilities around the world producing microchips on advanced technology nodes.
2. Intel's Core processor family delivers scalable performance across devices from netbooks to servers through Intel architecture.
3. Intel's new 2010 Core processors feature technologies like Turbo Boost for intelligent performance and integrated graphics.
Introduction to Embedded Systems I: Chapter 2 (1st portion)Moe Moe Myint
Â
The document provides an introduction to embedded systems and covers several topics:
- The core components of embedded systems including microprocessors, microcontrollers, digital signal processors, programmable logic devices, and commercial off-the-shelf components.
- Memory technologies used in embedded systems such as ROM, RAM, and flash memory.
- Sensors, actuators, and interfacing components like LEDs, displays, and motors.
- Communication interfaces including I2C, SPI, UART, and wireless standards.
- Other system components like reset circuits, oscillators, and watchdog timers.
- PCBs and their role in embedded design.
The document aims to provide learning objectives on the building
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
Â
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
This document discusses an Intel reference design for machine-to-machine (M2M) applications based on the Intel Atom processor. The design provides a small form factor compute platform in a credit card size that supports various wireless technologies. It offers manufacturers a way to develop low-cost and low-power connected devices. The reference design reduces development time and risks for manufacturers by providing an open, modular design that supports diverse wireless connectivity options and a range of M2M device types.
Mark Zuckerberg has funded a project called Aquila, which is an unmanned solar-powered airplane that can stay in the air for months at a time. Its purpose is to beam internet connectivity from the sky. It has the wingspan of a Boeing 737 but weighs less than a car. Embedded blocks such as memory, processors and DSP units are commonly used in FPGAs to improve performance, power efficiency and resource utilization for the target application. However, unused blocks result in silicon waste.
The DCS-6113 is a full HD day and night dome network camera that provides high-quality live video both day and night using a 1/2.7" CMOS sensor, H.264 compression, and infrared LEDs. It connects to a network and can stream to multiple devices simultaneously. The camera also includes features like motion detection, tamper detection, and support for a microSD card and external devices. It is designed for reliable 24/7 surveillance both indoors and outdoors.
The IBM® BladeCenter® HS23E is a versatile, dual-socket blade server running the Intel Xeon processor E5-2400 product family. The server offers performance for value with new levels of memory capacity, processor performance, and flexible configuration options. A standard 30 mm single-wide form factor protects your investments by providing compatibility with the IBM BladeCenter H, E, S, and HT chassis...
This document summarizes a research paper that describes the development and verification of a VHDL code for a 16-bit analog-to-digital converter (ADC) for an FPGA-based beam position measurement board. The board uses a Spartan-3 FPGA and 4-channel 16-bit ADC interfaced with a VME bus to digitize signals from a beam position indicator and store the data in onboard memory. The VHDL code for the ADC was developed and tested using various tools. Testing verified the functionality of the ADC, VME interface, and data acquisition.
The document describes a PC-based industrial automation control system for a test facility. It discusses the objectives of automating plant operations for optimal production efficiency. It then provides an overview of different automation system types including PLC, DCS, and PC-based systems. The document outlines the architecture and advantages of traditional PLC, DCS, and industrial PC-based control systems. It also describes Teclever's PC-based control system framework and its features.
The IBM System x3530 M4 is a 1U rack server that offers dual-socket performance. It features the latest Intel Xeon E5-2400 processors, supports up to 192GB of memory, and includes redundant power supplies and fans for high availability. The flexible design allows for various drive and I/O expansion options. It is an energy efficient and manageable platform for business applications.
In this paper, proposed a novel implementation of a Soft-Core system using
micro-blaze processor with virtex-5 FPGA. Till now Hard-Core processors are used in
FPGA processor cores. Hard cores are a fixed gate-level IP functions within the FPGA
fabrics. Now the proposed processor is Soft-Core Processor, this is a microprocessor fully
described in software, usually in an HDL. This can be implemented by using EDK tool. In
this paper, developed a system which is having a micro-blaze processor is the combination
of both hardware & Software. By using this system, user can control and communicate all
the peripherals which are in the supported board by using Xilinx platform to develop an
embedded system. Implementing of Soft-Core process system with different peripherals like
UART interface, SPA flash interface, SRAM interface has to be designed using Xilinx
Embedded Development Kit (EDK) tools.
-Study of the functionality of 2MB mother board, providing E1 data interfaces
-CMS LAB,TEST EQUIPMENT, QUALITY CONTROL. - ABOUT BEL,ROTATIONAL PROGRAM.-FPGA,ADSP,DSO,VHDL.
-E1 EUROPEAN DATA FORMAT , LINK, SPECIFICATION
ENCODING TECHNIQUES- HDB3, AMI
Learn about the IBM Flex System x220 Compute Node. The IBM Flex System x220 Compute Node is the next generation cost-optimized compute node designed for less demanding workloads and low-density virtualization. The x220 is efficient and equipped with flexible configuration options and advanced management to run a broad range of workloads. For more information on Pure Systems, visit http://ibm.co/18vDnp6.
Visit the official Scribd Channel of IBM India Smarter Computing at http://bit.ly/VwO86R to get access to more documents.
The document provides an overview of embedded systems and printed circuit board (PCB) design. It defines embedded systems as computers dedicated to specific tasks and optimized for size and cost. Examples of embedded systems include appliances, vehicles, and medical devices. The document then discusses PCB design software Eclipse and Tina Pro and the PCB design process in OrCad, including schematic capture, board layout, and routing. Key steps are summarized as importing schematics, setting board parameters, manually or automatically placing components, and routing connections between components.
ORICS is a new generation operating room information and communication system. It provides improved user friendliness, performance, and customer benefits over previous versions. Key features include flexible camera systems, communication capabilities, technical features like video formats and ports, and easy installation examples. ORICS aims to increase efficiency, quality, and decentralized expertise through networking and digital documentation.
Learn about the IBM Flex System x440 Compute Node. A building block for the IBM PureFlex System family, the IBM Flex System x440 Compute Node is a four-socket Intel Xeon processor-based server optimized for high-end virtualization, mainstream database deployments, and memory-intensive high performance environments. For more information on Pure Systems, visit http://ibm.co/18vDnp6.
Visit the official Scribd Channel of IBM India Smarter Computing at http://bit.ly/VwO86R to get access to more documents.
The document discusses CDSVAN, a digital audio conference system that offers an all-in-one solution combining audio sources and real-time audio processing using an open architecture. It has superior audio quality, broad functions, and integration capabilities. The system includes delegate units, interpreter control consoles, transmitters, converters, and other components to provide flexible solutions for conferences of any size.
Introduction to Embedded Systems and its ApplicationsGaurav Verma
Â
This document outlines the content of a course on basic embedded systems and design. It covers several topics including hardware fundamentals for embedded developers, microprocessors and microcontrollers, real-time operating systems, advanced microprocessors, and communication protocols. For hardware fundamentals, it discusses digital circuit parameters, programmable logic devices like PAL, PLA, CPLD and FPGA, and system on chip. It also provides examples of using PAL and PLA for digital logic design problems. The document contains detailed descriptions of topics along with diagrams and examples.
The document discusses a system-on-chip (SoC) and programmable retina that aims to mimic the functions of the human retina in a single integrated circuit. The SoC retina combines image sensing and processing to acquire and analyze images in real-time with low power consumption. It consists of a CMOS sensor, cellular processor, and digital processing units. The SoC retina can perform tasks like target tracking, image recognition and industrial machine vision with applications in areas like retinal prosthesis and autonomous systems.
Ieee Transition Of I Pv4 To I Pv6 Network Applicationsguest0215f3
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This document discusses transitioning IPv4 network applications to IPv6. It begins with an introduction to the need for IPv6 due to IPv4 address depletion. It then discusses IPv6 architecture and some key benefits of IPv6 like increased address space and built-in security. The document outlines three primary considerations for transitioning applications: using IPv6 multicast instead of IPv4 broadcast, enabling multicast reception, and ensuring dual stack compatibility. It categorizes transition complexity and provides examples of changes needed, such as replacing IPv4 data structures and function calls with IPv6 equivalents. Related work on transitioning applications is also discussed.
This document discusses strategies for transitioning from IPv4 to IPv6. It describes:
1. Dual-stack as the simplest approach, allowing IPv4 and IPv6 to operate simultaneously and maintain legacy IPv4 applications while adding new IPv6 applications.
2. Tunneling mechanisms like configured and automatic tunnels that allow IPv6 packets to be encapsulated and sent over IPv4 networks.
3. Transition scenarios involving gradual deployment of dual-stack systems and applications until pure IPv6 is achieved, maintaining compatibility with IPv4 nodes during transition.
The key recommendation is for applications to support dual-stack environments to facilitate a smooth transition and interoperability between IPv4 and IPv6 nodes. Careful planning
Iccns08 Cp27 Softone To One Gateway Protocolguest0215f3
Â
Soft One To One Gateway Protocol describes a call control architecture where call control intelligence is handled externally by call agents rather than within the gateways. The gateway protocol assumes call agents will synchronize and send coherent commands to controlled gateways. Gateways are expected to execute commands from call agents without defining call states. The document outlines the MGCP model where gateways focus on audio translation and call agents handle signaling and processing. Key components and operations of the system like endpoints, connections, commands, and call flow are defined.
Life In The Fast Lane: August 2014 Indy QS Meetup PresentationBrad Pillow
Â
Brad Pillow discusses various fasting and diet methods at an Indianapolis Quantified Self Meetup. He summarizes research on the every other day diet where people eat no more than 500 calories every other day, alternating with unrestricted feast days. Pillow follows an intermittent fasting plan where he eats within an 8 hour window each day and has found it helps somewhat with snacking but hasn't led to significant weight changes for him. He emphasizes tracking calories and staying hydrated when fasting.
Introduction to Embedded Systems I: Chapter 2 (1st portion)Moe Moe Myint
Â
The document provides an introduction to embedded systems and covers several topics:
- The core components of embedded systems including microprocessors, microcontrollers, digital signal processors, programmable logic devices, and commercial off-the-shelf components.
- Memory technologies used in embedded systems such as ROM, RAM, and flash memory.
- Sensors, actuators, and interfacing components like LEDs, displays, and motors.
- Communication interfaces including I2C, SPI, UART, and wireless standards.
- Other system components like reset circuits, oscillators, and watchdog timers.
- PCBs and their role in embedded design.
The document aims to provide learning objectives on the building
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
Â
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
This document discusses an Intel reference design for machine-to-machine (M2M) applications based on the Intel Atom processor. The design provides a small form factor compute platform in a credit card size that supports various wireless technologies. It offers manufacturers a way to develop low-cost and low-power connected devices. The reference design reduces development time and risks for manufacturers by providing an open, modular design that supports diverse wireless connectivity options and a range of M2M device types.
Mark Zuckerberg has funded a project called Aquila, which is an unmanned solar-powered airplane that can stay in the air for months at a time. Its purpose is to beam internet connectivity from the sky. It has the wingspan of a Boeing 737 but weighs less than a car. Embedded blocks such as memory, processors and DSP units are commonly used in FPGAs to improve performance, power efficiency and resource utilization for the target application. However, unused blocks result in silicon waste.
The DCS-6113 is a full HD day and night dome network camera that provides high-quality live video both day and night using a 1/2.7" CMOS sensor, H.264 compression, and infrared LEDs. It connects to a network and can stream to multiple devices simultaneously. The camera also includes features like motion detection, tamper detection, and support for a microSD card and external devices. It is designed for reliable 24/7 surveillance both indoors and outdoors.
The IBM® BladeCenter® HS23E is a versatile, dual-socket blade server running the Intel Xeon processor E5-2400 product family. The server offers performance for value with new levels of memory capacity, processor performance, and flexible configuration options. A standard 30 mm single-wide form factor protects your investments by providing compatibility with the IBM BladeCenter H, E, S, and HT chassis...
This document summarizes a research paper that describes the development and verification of a VHDL code for a 16-bit analog-to-digital converter (ADC) for an FPGA-based beam position measurement board. The board uses a Spartan-3 FPGA and 4-channel 16-bit ADC interfaced with a VME bus to digitize signals from a beam position indicator and store the data in onboard memory. The VHDL code for the ADC was developed and tested using various tools. Testing verified the functionality of the ADC, VME interface, and data acquisition.
The document describes a PC-based industrial automation control system for a test facility. It discusses the objectives of automating plant operations for optimal production efficiency. It then provides an overview of different automation system types including PLC, DCS, and PC-based systems. The document outlines the architecture and advantages of traditional PLC, DCS, and industrial PC-based control systems. It also describes Teclever's PC-based control system framework and its features.
The IBM System x3530 M4 is a 1U rack server that offers dual-socket performance. It features the latest Intel Xeon E5-2400 processors, supports up to 192GB of memory, and includes redundant power supplies and fans for high availability. The flexible design allows for various drive and I/O expansion options. It is an energy efficient and manageable platform for business applications.
In this paper, proposed a novel implementation of a Soft-Core system using
micro-blaze processor with virtex-5 FPGA. Till now Hard-Core processors are used in
FPGA processor cores. Hard cores are a fixed gate-level IP functions within the FPGA
fabrics. Now the proposed processor is Soft-Core Processor, this is a microprocessor fully
described in software, usually in an HDL. This can be implemented by using EDK tool. In
this paper, developed a system which is having a micro-blaze processor is the combination
of both hardware & Software. By using this system, user can control and communicate all
the peripherals which are in the supported board by using Xilinx platform to develop an
embedded system. Implementing of Soft-Core process system with different peripherals like
UART interface, SPA flash interface, SRAM interface has to be designed using Xilinx
Embedded Development Kit (EDK) tools.
-Study of the functionality of 2MB mother board, providing E1 data interfaces
-CMS LAB,TEST EQUIPMENT, QUALITY CONTROL. - ABOUT BEL,ROTATIONAL PROGRAM.-FPGA,ADSP,DSO,VHDL.
-E1 EUROPEAN DATA FORMAT , LINK, SPECIFICATION
ENCODING TECHNIQUES- HDB3, AMI
Learn about the IBM Flex System x220 Compute Node. The IBM Flex System x220 Compute Node is the next generation cost-optimized compute node designed for less demanding workloads and low-density virtualization. The x220 is efficient and equipped with flexible configuration options and advanced management to run a broad range of workloads. For more information on Pure Systems, visit http://ibm.co/18vDnp6.
Visit the official Scribd Channel of IBM India Smarter Computing at http://bit.ly/VwO86R to get access to more documents.
The document provides an overview of embedded systems and printed circuit board (PCB) design. It defines embedded systems as computers dedicated to specific tasks and optimized for size and cost. Examples of embedded systems include appliances, vehicles, and medical devices. The document then discusses PCB design software Eclipse and Tina Pro and the PCB design process in OrCad, including schematic capture, board layout, and routing. Key steps are summarized as importing schematics, setting board parameters, manually or automatically placing components, and routing connections between components.
ORICS is a new generation operating room information and communication system. It provides improved user friendliness, performance, and customer benefits over previous versions. Key features include flexible camera systems, communication capabilities, technical features like video formats and ports, and easy installation examples. ORICS aims to increase efficiency, quality, and decentralized expertise through networking and digital documentation.
Learn about the IBM Flex System x440 Compute Node. A building block for the IBM PureFlex System family, the IBM Flex System x440 Compute Node is a four-socket Intel Xeon processor-based server optimized for high-end virtualization, mainstream database deployments, and memory-intensive high performance environments. For more information on Pure Systems, visit http://ibm.co/18vDnp6.
Visit the official Scribd Channel of IBM India Smarter Computing at http://bit.ly/VwO86R to get access to more documents.
The document discusses CDSVAN, a digital audio conference system that offers an all-in-one solution combining audio sources and real-time audio processing using an open architecture. It has superior audio quality, broad functions, and integration capabilities. The system includes delegate units, interpreter control consoles, transmitters, converters, and other components to provide flexible solutions for conferences of any size.
Introduction to Embedded Systems and its ApplicationsGaurav Verma
Â
This document outlines the content of a course on basic embedded systems and design. It covers several topics including hardware fundamentals for embedded developers, microprocessors and microcontrollers, real-time operating systems, advanced microprocessors, and communication protocols. For hardware fundamentals, it discusses digital circuit parameters, programmable logic devices like PAL, PLA, CPLD and FPGA, and system on chip. It also provides examples of using PAL and PLA for digital logic design problems. The document contains detailed descriptions of topics along with diagrams and examples.
The document discusses a system-on-chip (SoC) and programmable retina that aims to mimic the functions of the human retina in a single integrated circuit. The SoC retina combines image sensing and processing to acquire and analyze images in real-time with low power consumption. It consists of a CMOS sensor, cellular processor, and digital processing units. The SoC retina can perform tasks like target tracking, image recognition and industrial machine vision with applications in areas like retinal prosthesis and autonomous systems.
Ieee Transition Of I Pv4 To I Pv6 Network Applicationsguest0215f3
Â
This document discusses transitioning IPv4 network applications to IPv6. It begins with an introduction to the need for IPv6 due to IPv4 address depletion. It then discusses IPv6 architecture and some key benefits of IPv6 like increased address space and built-in security. The document outlines three primary considerations for transitioning applications: using IPv6 multicast instead of IPv4 broadcast, enabling multicast reception, and ensuring dual stack compatibility. It categorizes transition complexity and provides examples of changes needed, such as replacing IPv4 data structures and function calls with IPv6 equivalents. Related work on transitioning applications is also discussed.
This document discusses strategies for transitioning from IPv4 to IPv6. It describes:
1. Dual-stack as the simplest approach, allowing IPv4 and IPv6 to operate simultaneously and maintain legacy IPv4 applications while adding new IPv6 applications.
2. Tunneling mechanisms like configured and automatic tunnels that allow IPv6 packets to be encapsulated and sent over IPv4 networks.
3. Transition scenarios involving gradual deployment of dual-stack systems and applications until pure IPv6 is achieved, maintaining compatibility with IPv4 nodes during transition.
The key recommendation is for applications to support dual-stack environments to facilitate a smooth transition and interoperability between IPv4 and IPv6 nodes. Careful planning
Iccns08 Cp27 Softone To One Gateway Protocolguest0215f3
Â
Soft One To One Gateway Protocol describes a call control architecture where call control intelligence is handled externally by call agents rather than within the gateways. The gateway protocol assumes call agents will synchronize and send coherent commands to controlled gateways. Gateways are expected to execute commands from call agents without defining call states. The document outlines the MGCP model where gateways focus on audio translation and call agents handle signaling and processing. Key components and operations of the system like endpoints, connections, commands, and call flow are defined.
Life In The Fast Lane: August 2014 Indy QS Meetup PresentationBrad Pillow
Â
Brad Pillow discusses various fasting and diet methods at an Indianapolis Quantified Self Meetup. He summarizes research on the every other day diet where people eat no more than 500 calories every other day, alternating with unrestricted feast days. Pillow follows an intermittent fasting plan where he eats within an 8 hour window each day and has found it helps somewhat with snacking but hasn't led to significant weight changes for him. He emphasizes tracking calories and staying hydrated when fasting.
This document discusses emerging educational technologies including Twitter, RSS feeds, podcasts, and SMART boards. It provides descriptions of each tool and suggests ways they could be used in the classroom. Potential benefits include engaging students, enhancing learning, improving writing skills, and making lessons more interactive. Some challenges mentioned are costs and ensuring all students can access the technologies.
This document provides a comparison of IPv4 and IPv6 by analyzing their features and addressing schemes. Some key points:
- IPv6 was designed to replace IPv4 due to IPv4's limited 32-bit address space being exhausted, while IPv6 uses a 128-bit address space.
- IPv6 addresses are written in hexadecimal colon notation and can be abbreviated, while IPv4 uses dotted decimal notation.
- IPv6 introduces anycast addressing for routing packets to the closest node, and absorbs IPv4's broadcast addressing into multicast.
- IPv6 supports auto-configuration to simplify address assignment without DHCP, and its larger addressing scheme allows clearer routing.
So in summary, the document
This document is a resume for Mohamed Yousef Abdulghany Elmasry that includes his contact information, objective, education history, related experience working as a senior hardware/logic design engineer and network design engineer, skills including expertise in VHDL, embedded software and hardware design, and recent projects involving designing hardware security cores, communication protocols, and embedded systems.
The document discusses 32-bit microcontroller design and architecture. It covers various CPU cores like ARM, PowerPC, MIPS and SH. It explains the advantages of 32-bit microcontrollers like performance, operating system support and sophisticated peripheral support. It also discusses RISC vs CISC architecture and features of ARM processors like ARM7 including thumb instruction set.
1) Anupama is an electronics engineer with over 7 years of experience in PCB design, circuit design, and firmware coding. She has expertise in Cadence Allegro, Mentor Graphics PADS, and Altium Designer.
2) Her project experience includes designs for automotive, healthcare, communications, and industrial applications. She has experience with technologies like USB, Ethernet, DDR memory, HDMI, Bluetooth, and WiFi.
3) She holds a Diploma in Electronics and Communication Engineering and a Bachelor's degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering.
Design and Development of ARM9 Based Embedded Web ServerIJERA Editor
Â
This paper describes the design of embedded web server based on ARM9 processor and Linux platform. It
analyses hardware configuration and software implementation for monitoring and controlling systems or
devices. User can monitor and control temperature and smoke information. It consists of application program
written in „C‟ for accessing data through the serial port and updating the web page, porting of Linux 2.6.3x
Kernel with application program on ARM9 board and booting it from the RAM.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document provides a summary of a job applicant's career experience and qualifications. It outlines their objective of seeking a senior hardware engineering role, education as an electronics and communications graduate with 5.5 years of experience in defense, aerospace and medical industries. It details technical skills in circuit design, debugging tools, and programming languages. It also lists work experience at various companies and highlights roles and responsibilities on several hardware design projects involving medical devices, processors, DSPs and networking modules.
Andes Technology Corporation provides a product selector guide and overview of its AndesCore CPU architecture and associated products for Internet of Things (IoT) applications. The AndesCore architecture was designed specifically for the power, performance, and security needs of IoT devices, unlike architectures for PCs and smartphones. Key features of AndesCore include frequency throttling, a patented memory architecture, and custom instructions. AndesCore CPU cores range from small 2-stage pipelines to larger 8-stage pipelines and include options for security, custom instructions, and digital signal processing. Andes also offers associated platform IP and software development tools to simplify IoT product development.
The document provides an overview of microcontrollers and embedded systems. It defines an embedded system and describes their characteristics such as real-time operation, small size, low power usage, and operation in harsh environments. It discusses the hardware components of typical embedded systems including microcontrollers. It then focuses on the 8051 microcontroller, describing its architecture and pin layout.
The document discusses embedded systems and microcontrollers. It defines an embedded system as a combination of computer hardware and software designed for a specific application. Microcontrollers are similar to microprocessors but have memory and I/O integrated on a single chip, making them well-suited for embedded applications that require low cost, low power consumption, and small size. The 8051 microcontroller is commonly used in embedded systems due to its low price and availability of development tools. Programming techniques for microcontrollers include assembly language and high-level languages like C.
The document discusses ARM microprocessors and embedded systems. It provides an overview of ARM including that it was established in 1990 as a joint venture and licenses RISC microprocessor designs. It describes the wide use of ARM processors in devices like mobile phones and discusses key aspects of ARM processors like their low power consumption and high code density making them suitable for embedded applications. It also summarizes the RISC design philosophy implemented in ARM and describes the typical components of an ARM-based embedded system including the processor, peripherals, controllers and bus.
A PIC compatible RISC CPU core Implementation for FPGA based Configurable SOC...IDES Editor
Â
Modern embedded systems are built around the soft
core processors implemented on FPGA. The FPGAs being
capable of implementing custom hardware blocks giving the
advantage of ASICs, and allowing the implementation of
processor platform are resulting in powerful Configurablesystem
on chip(C-SoC)platforms. The Microchip’s PIC
microcontroller is very widely used microcontroller
architecture across various embedded systems. The
implementation of such core on FPGA is very much useful in
CSOC based embedded systems. This type of designs can be
widely used in those controlling fields demanding low power
consumption and high ratio of performance to price. In this
project a reduced instruction set computer (RISC) CPU IP
core whose instructions are compatible with the Microchip
PIC16C6Xseries of microcontrollers is implemented in VHDL.
The core is based on 8-bit RISC architecture and top-Down
design methodology is used in developing the core. The RISC
CPU core is based on Harvard architecture with 14-bit
instruction length and 8-bit data length and two-stage
instruction pipeline. The architecture will be designed aiming
at single cycle execution of the instructions, except those
related to program branches. Since this type of CPU based on
RISC architecture, there are only 35 reduced instructions in
its instruction set, which are easy to be learned and used. The
performance of the 8-bit RISC CPU is better than those of
CPUs which are based on CISC architecture. Modelsim Xilinx
Edition (MXE) will be used simulation and functional
verification. The Xilinx Spartan-3E FPGAs will be used
synthesis and timing analysis. The results will be verified on
chip with chipscope tool.
Eric Theis has extensive experience as a senior software and firmware engineer, with skills in areas such as project management, requirements analysis, design, software engineering, integration and testing. He has worked on complex embedded systems for applications such as medical devices, wireless networking, video conferencing, smartphones and aerospace.
This starter kit contains hardware and software for developing applications using Wi-Fi connectivity on the Renesas RX62N microcontroller. The kit includes an RX62N microcontroller board, a companion card with the Redpine Connect-io-n RS9110-N-11-22 Wi-Fi module mounted and integrated with the RX62N over SPI. The kit provides everything needed to begin development, including demo applications, driver code, and development tools to interface with the Wi-Fi module and evaluate its features.
Data Acquisition and Control System for Real Time Applicationsijsrd.com
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This paper proposes an Embedded Ethernet which is nothing but a processor that is capable to communicate with the network. This helps in data acquisition and status monitoring with the help of standard LAN. Currently device with processor is widely used in industrial field. The Embedded Ethernet provides web access to distributed measurement/control systems and provides optimization for instrumentation, educational laboratories and home automation. However, a large number of devices don't have the network interface and the data from them cannot be transmitted in network. A design of ARM Processor based Embedded Ethernet interface is presented. In this design, data can be transmitted transparently through Ethernet interface unit to remote end desktop computer. By typing the IP address of LAN on the ARM9 board, the user gets sensor values on the PC screen at remote station. This provides the status of the devices at remote field. The user can also control the devices interfaced to the ARM9 Board by pressing the button displayed on the GUI of the remote Desktop PC.
This document describes the design and implementation of an online interactive data acquisition and control system using a Beagle Board. Key points:
- The system uses a Beagle Board running the Real-Time Linux operating system to function as both an embedded web server and data acquisition/control unit. This allows remote monitoring and control via a web browser.
- Hardware includes sensors like an ultrasonic sensor and camera connected to the Beagle Board via interfaces like I2C. Software is designed using languages like HTML, JSP.
- The Beagle Board boots Linux and runs the Apache Tomcat web server. This allows clients to access sensor data, video feed, and control machinery from a web page on their browser.
System on Chip (SOC) integrates multiple complex components previously designed as separate chips onto a single silicon chip. This provides benefits like reduced size, power consumption, and increased performance. An SOC typically includes a processor, memory, and peripheral interfaces integrated with analog and digital components. Platform-based SOC design uses pre-designed intellectual property blocks and software components to streamline development.
To access any device, it is necessary to have an access point. A device driver is an entry point to access a device. This project is aimed to customize the Wi-Fi and general packet radio service (GPRS) device drivers in Linux OS for PXA270 (Intel Xscale ARM processor). Customizing a device driver is a special way of designing software that can be more easily ported from one architecture to another without rewriting it from scratch. The paper is discussing about the customisation of Wi-Fi and GPRS device driver in Linux OS for PXA270 (Intel Xscale ARM processor). To develop a device driver, it is necessary to understand the processor architecture and Linux kernel internals and other design constraints. Since dynamically loaded driver module is attached to the existing kernel, and any error in the driver will crash the entire system. Resource allocation and implementation for a device is one of the main concerns for device driver developers. The device resources are input/output, memory, IRQs and ports. The required toolchain to build the cross-complier for the Intel Xscale ARM processor was built on Linux platform. The customised device drivers of Wi-Fi, and GPRS was customised, and the customised images are made to port for PXA270 processor architecture on EMX-270 board. With all the supporting parameters the kernel images with drivers are build and ported efficiently. Also, a successful verification and testing had been performed for their functionalities.
This document discusses embedded systems and provides details about various aspects. It defines embedded systems as devices used to control, monitor or assist equipment operation. Embedded systems consist of custom hardware and a real-time operating system. It describes common embedded system components like CPUs, memory, input/output devices. It also discusses recent embedded system technologies like ARMS, NEST, MoBIES and PCES and their applications in areas like automotive, medical, military and more. In conclusion, the document emphasizes the importance of embedded systems in daily life and the need for engineers to advance embedded system technology.
This document discusses different types of sensor node hardware: augmented general-purpose computers, dedicated embedded sensor nodes, and system-on-chip devices. It notes that Berkley motes have gained popularity due to their small size, open source software, and commercial availability. The document also outlines programming challenges for sensor networks and different approaches like event-driven execution, node-level software platforms, and state-centric programming.
This document discusses different types of sensor node hardware: augmented general-purpose computers, dedicated embedded sensor nodes, and system-on-chip devices. It notes that Berkley motes have gained popularity due to their small size, open source software, and commercial availability. The document also outlines challenges in sensor network programming like event-driven execution and low-level hardware controls. It describes node-level software platforms and simulators as well as state-centric programming approaches.
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
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Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und ĂĽberflĂĽssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
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The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024Hiroshi SHIBATA
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I develop the Ruby programming language, RubyGems, and Bundler, which are package managers for Ruby. Today, I will introduce how to enhance the security of your application using open-source software (OSS) examples from Ruby and RubyGems.
The first topic is CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures). I have published CVEs many times. But what exactly is a CVE? I'll provide a basic understanding of CVEs and explain how to detect and handle vulnerabilities in OSS.
Next, let's discuss package managers. Package managers play a critical role in the OSS ecosystem. I'll explain how to manage library dependencies in your application.
I'll share insights into how the Ruby and RubyGems core team works to keep our ecosystem safe. By the end of this talk, you'll have a better understanding of how to safeguard your code.
Salesforce Integration for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions A...Jeffrey Haguewood
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Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on integration of Salesforce with Bonterra Impact Management.
Interested in deploying an integration with Salesforce for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and MilvusZilliz
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During this demo, the founders of Secludy will demonstrate how their system utilizes Milvus to store and manipulate embeddings for generating privacy-protected synthetic data. Their approach not only maintains the confidentiality of the original data but also enhances the utility and scalability of LLMs under privacy constraints. Attendees, including machine learning engineers, data scientists, and data managers, will witness first-hand how Secludy's integration with Milvus empowers organizations to harness the power of LLMs securely and efficiently.
This presentation provides valuable insights into effective cost-saving techniques on AWS. Learn how to optimize your AWS resources by rightsizing, increasing elasticity, picking the right storage class, and choosing the best pricing model. Additionally, discover essential governance mechanisms to ensure continuous cost efficiency. Whether you are new to AWS or an experienced user, this presentation provides clear and practical tips to help you reduce your cloud costs and get the most out of your budget.
Skybuffer AI: Advanced Conversational and Generative AI Solution on SAP Busin...Tatiana Kojar
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Skybuffer AI, built on the robust SAP Business Technology Platform (SAP BTP), is the latest and most advanced version of our AI development, reaffirming our commitment to delivering top-tier AI solutions. Skybuffer AI harnesses all the innovative capabilities of the SAP BTP in the AI domain, from Conversational AI to cutting-edge Generative AI and Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG). It also helps SAP customers safeguard their investments into SAP Conversational AI and ensure a seamless, one-click transition to SAP Business AI.
With Skybuffer AI, various AI models can be integrated into a single communication channel such as Microsoft Teams. This integration empowers business users with insights drawn from SAP backend systems, enterprise documents, and the expansive knowledge of Generative AI. And the best part of it is that it is all managed through our intuitive no-code Action Server interface, requiring no extensive coding knowledge and making the advanced AI accessible to more users.
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
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An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
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Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
Trusted Execution Environment for Decentralized Process MiningLucaBarbaro3
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Presentation of the paper "Trusted Execution Environment for Decentralized Process Mining" given during the CAiSE 2024 Conference in Cyprus on June 7, 2024.
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERPPixlogix Infotech
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Boost your website's visibility with proven SEO techniques! Our latest blog dives into essential strategies to enhance your online presence, increase traffic, and rank higher on search engines. From keyword optimization to quality content creation, learn how to make your site stand out in the crowded digital landscape. Discover actionable tips and expert insights to elevate your SEO game.
leewayhertz.com-AI in predictive maintenance Use cases technologies benefits ...alexjohnson7307
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Predictive maintenance is a proactive approach that anticipates equipment failures before they happen. At the forefront of this innovative strategy is Artificial Intelligence (AI), which brings unprecedented precision and efficiency. AI in predictive maintenance is transforming industries by reducing downtime, minimizing costs, and enhancing productivity.
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
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5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
Digital Marketing Trends in 2024 | Guide for Staying AheadWask
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https://www.wask.co/ebooks/digital-marketing-trends-in-2024
Feeling lost in the digital marketing whirlwind of 2024? Technology is changing, consumer habits are evolving, and staying ahead of the curve feels like a never-ending pursuit. This e-book is your compass. Dive into actionable insights to handle the complexities of modern marketing. From hyper-personalization to the power of user-generated content, learn how to build long-term relationships with your audience and unlock the secrets to success in the ever-shifting digital landscape.
Presentation of the OECD Artificial Intelligence Review of Germany
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Appl 1340
1. 2009 IEEE International Advance Computing Conference (IACC 2009)
Patiala, India, 6–7 March 2009
Implementation of Codec Driver for
Network Embedded Devices
B.I.D Kumar Hanumanthappa. J Thippeswamy.K Dr.Manjaiah.D.H.
Assistant Professor Lecturer, Assistant Professor & HOD Reader,
Dept. of Information Department of Studies Dept. Information Science & Department of
Science & Engineering in Computer Science Engineering Computer Science
HKBK College of University of Mysore, R.L.Jalappa Institute of Mangalore University,
Engineering, Nagavara, Manasagongotry, Technology Mangalagangothri,
Bangalore,Karnataka, Mysore, Karnataka, Kodigehalli, Doddaballapura Mangalore, Karnataka,
INDIA. Email:- INDIA Bangalore Rural District , INDIA
kumarbid@gmail.com hanums_j@yahoo.com Karnataka, INDIA Email:-
Email:- ylm321@yahoo.co.in
thippeswamy_yadav@yahoo.com
Abstract - This paper, based on implementation of a embedded devices is one of the major needs for
device driver for CS4297A, an audio CODEC situated embedded systems.
on embedded development Intel® PXA255 XScale® The purpose of a device driver is to handle
Board [3] and Embedded Linux system which has requests made by the kernel with regards to a particular
excellent network function. As companies rely on type of device. There is a well-defined and consistent
applications like electronic mail and database interface for the kernel to make these requests. By
management for core business operations, computer isolating device-specific code in device drivers and by
networking becomes increasingly important. Meanwhile having a consistent interface to the kernel, adding a new
in embedded technology also we are finding wide device is easier.
requirement of network interfaced embedded devices. In the most basic sense, device drivers are those
Developing device driver for this network interfaced pieces of Linux code that provide the connection
embedded devices is one of the major needs for between the operating system, application and the
embedded systems. hardware (the device itself). Thus, device drivers have
This paper involves the study of to, among other things, deal with the asynchronous
Good understanding of architecture of 32-bit character of the hardware.
microcontroller like Intel® PXA255 The CS4297A is a high-performance, integrated
audio CODEC. It performs stereo analog-to-digital
Finding suitable Linux kernel for Intel® (A/D) and digital-to-analog (D/A) conversion of up to
PXA255 processor 24-bit serial values at sample rates up to 192 kHz. The
Developing a device driver for CS4297A, an D/A offers a volume control that operates with a 1 dB
audio CODEC situated on target machine on an step size. It incorporates selectable soft ramp and zero
Embedded Linux platform crossing transition functions to eliminate clicks and
The device driver is implemented using C programming pops. The D/A’s integrated digital mixing functions
language. allow a variety of output configurations ranging from a
Key Words – Audio CODEC, Embedded system, channel swap to a stereo-to-mono down mix.
PXA255 processor, Device Driver
2. METHODOLOGY
1. INTRODUCTION
The methodology involved in writing the Driver on
Industry has been very successful in design and target machines is as follows
manufacture of complex embedded system, such as Detection of hardware
modern vehicles (control, information, entertainment Registration with kernel (initialization)
etc), monitor system, telecommunication system, Making an audio setup
wireless communication systems, and the automation Opening an audio device
systems. These embedded systems are becoming more Transmission of character data
and more complex, distributed, interconnected Reception of character data
And based on distributed computing to a larger extent. Processing of data
Developing device driver for this network interfaced Releasing of device (cleaning)
2679
2. Companion Chip interface
Some care must be taken while writing device drivers to Additional Peripherals for system connectivity
avoid “Race condition” between processes. Linux Multimedia Card Controller (MMC)
supports different synchronization tools like SSP Controller
semaphores, spin lock and wait queues to avoid race Network SSP controller for baseband
condition. I2C Controller
Two Pulse Width Modulators (PWMs)
3. HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION All peripheral pins double as GPIOs
Hardware debug features
3.1 Intel® PXA255 XScale® Processor Hardware Performance Monitoring features
It is an application specific standard product
(ASSP) that provides industry-leading MIPS/mW
performance for handheld computing applications. The
processor is a highly integrated system on a chip and
includes a high-performance low-power Intel®
XScale™ microarchitecture with a variety of different
system peripherals.
The PXA255 processor is a 17x17mm 256-pin
PBGA package configuration for high performance. The
17x17mm package has a 32-bit memory data bus and
the full assortment of peripherals.
Product Features
High Performance Processor
Intel® XScale™ Microarchitecture
32 KB Instruction Cache
32 KB Data Cache
2 KB “mini” Data Cache Fig: Block diagram
Extensive Data Buffering
Intel® Media Processing Technology The PXA255 processor is an integrated system-
Enhanced 16-bit Multiply on-a-chip microprocessor for high performance, low
40-bit Accumulator power portable handheld and handset devices. It
Flexible Clocking incorporates the Intel® XScale™ microarchitecture with
CPU clock from 100 to 400 MHz on-the-fly frequency scaling and sophisticated power
Flexible memory clock ratios management to provide industry leading MIPs/mW
Frequency change modes performance. The PXA255 processor is ARM*
Rich Serial Peripheral Set Architecture Version 5TE instruction set compliant
AC97 Audio Port (excluding floating point instructions) and follows the
I2S Audio Port ARM* programmer’s model.
USB Client Controller
High Speed UART 3.2 CS4297A audio codec
Second UART with flow control
UART with hardware flow control
FIR and SIR infrared comm ports The CS4297 is a AC’97 1.03 compatible stereo
Low Power audio Codec designed for PC multimedia systems [4].
Less than 500 mW Typical Internal Using the industry leading CrystalClear delta-sigma and
Dissipation mixed signal technology, the CS4297 paves the way for
Supply Voltage may be Reduced to PC’97-compliant desktop, portable, and entertainment
1.00 V PCs, where high-quality audio is required.
Low Power/Sleep Modes The CS4297, when coupled with a DC’97 PCI
High Performance Memory Controller audio accelerator such as the CS4610, implements a
Four Banks of SDRAM - up to 100 MHz cost-effective, superior quality, two-chip audio solution.
Five Static Chip Selects The CS4297 Audio Codec ’97 and CS4610 PCI Audio
Support for PCMCIA or Compact Flash Accelerator are the first members of the Sound Fusion
family of advanced PCI audio products for next
2680 2009 IEEE International Advance Computing Conference (IACC 2009)
3. generation multimedia PCs. piece of hardware respond to a well-defined internal
programming interface; they hide completely the details
of how the device works.
User activities are performed by means of a set of
standardized calls that are independent of the specific
driver; mapping those calls to device-specific operations
that act on real hardware is then the role of the device
driver. This programming interface is such that drivers
can be built separately from the rest of the kernel, and
“plugged in” at runtime when needed. This modularity
makes Linux drivers easy to write.
4.2 Sound Card Technology
Sound is an analog property; it can take on any
value over a continuous range. Computers are digital;
they like to work with discrete values. Sound cards use a
Fig: Block diagram of CS4297A device known as an Analog to Digital Converter (A/D
or ADC) to convert voltages corresponding to analog
The CS4297 is a mixed-signal serial Codec sound waves into digital or numeric values which can be
based on the AC’97 Specification. It is designed to be stored in memory. Similarly, a Digital to Analog
paired with a digital controller, typically located on the Converter (D/A or DAC) converts numeric values back
PCI bus. The AC’97 Controller is responsible for all to an analog voltage which can in turn drive a
communications between the CS4297 and the rest of the loudspeaker, producing sound.
system. The CS4297 functions as an analog mixer, a
stereo ADC, a stereo DAC, and a control and digital The process of analog to digital conversion,
audio stream interface to the AC’97 Controller. The known as sampling, introduces some error. Two factors
CS4297 contains two distinct functional sections: are key in determining how well the sampled signal
Digital and Analog. The Digital section includes the represents the original. Sampling rate is the number of
AC-Link registers, power management support, SYNC samples made per unit of time (usually expresses as
detection circuitry, and AC-Link serial port interface samples per second or Hertz). A low sampling rate will
logic. The Analog section includes the analog input provide a less accurate representation of the analog
multiplex or (mux), stereo output mixer and mono signal. Sample size is the range of values used to
output mixer, stereo ADCs, stereo DACs, and analog represent each sample, usually expressed in bits. The
volume controls. larger the sample size, the more accurate the digitized
signal will be.
4. SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION
Sound cards commonly use 8 or 16 bit samples
at sampling rates from about 4000 to 44,000 samples per
4.1 Linux Device Drivers
second. The samples may also be contain one channel
(mono) or two (stereo).
In the most basic sense, device drivers are
those pieces of Linux code that provide the connection
between the operating system, applications and the FM Synthesis is an older technique for
hardware (the device itself). Thus, device drivers have producing sound. It is based on combining different
to, among other things, deal with the asynchronous waveforms (e.g. sine, triangle, square). FM synthesis is
character of the hardware [2]. simpler to implement in hardware that D/A conversion,
The device driver is a set of functions used to but is more difficult to program and less flexible. Many
control access to a device. The device drivers for sound cards provide FM synthesis for backward
keyboard, monitor, mouse and Ethernet card are usually compatibility with older cards and software. Several
inbuilt with Linux kernel. But when we need to access independent sound generators or voices are usually
new devices for a particular application, then we have to provided.
write device drivers to access them. Also, if we want to
modify the default actions of the existing devices, we Most sound cards provide the capability of
need to rewrite the corresponding device drivers. mixing, combining signals from different input sources
Device drivers take on a special role in the Linux kernel. and controlling gain levels.
They are distinct “black boxes” that make a particular
2009 IEEE International Advance Computing Conference (IACC 2009) 2681
4. MIDI stands for Musical Instrument Digital
Interface, and is a standard hardware and software Figure: User space where applications reside, and kernel
protocol for allowing musical instruments to space where modules or device drivers reside
communicate with each other. The events sent over a
MIDI bus can also be stored as MIDI files for later
editing and playback. Many sound cards provide a MIDI Events User functions Kernel functions
interface. Those that do not can still play MIDI files Load module insmod module_init()
using the on-board capabilities of the sound card. Open device fopen file_operations:open
Read device read file_operations:read
MOD files are a common format for computer Write device fwrite file_operations:write
generated songs. As well as information about the Close device fclose file_operations:release
musical notes to be played, the files contain digitized Remove module rmmod module_exit()
samples for the instruments (or voices). MOD files
originated on the Amiga computer, but can be played on Table 1:-Device driver events and their associated
other systems, including Linux, with suitable software. interfacing functions in kernel space and user space.
4.3 User Space and Kernel Space Events Kernel functions
Read data inb
When you write device drivers, it’s important to Write data outb
make the distinction between “user space” and “kernel
space”. Table 2:-Device driver events and their associated
functions between kernel space and the hardware
Kernel space. Linux (which is a kernel)
device.
manages the machine’s hardware in a simple
and efficient manner, offering the user a simple
and uniform programming interface. In the 4.4 Major and Minor Numbers
same way, the kernel, and in particular its
device drivers, form a bridge or interface Each character or block device is accessed through a file
between the end- user/programmer and the in the file system. This file is usually located in the /dev
hardware. Any subroutines or functions directory, which contains all device special files.
forming part of the kernel (modules and device
drivers, for example) are considered to be part These files are represented with a “c” in the
of kernel space. output of the “ls –l” command, or with a “b”
for a block device.
User space. End-user programs, like the UNIX The output of the “ls –l” command also gives
shell or other GUI based applications the major and minor numbers of the device.
(kpresenter for example), are part of the
user space. Obviously, these applications need The major number is an 8-bit number
to interact with the system’s hardware. representing the device type.
However, they don’t do so directly, but through Due to its length (8 bits), this number cannot
the kernel supported functions. exceed 255.
Devices using the same driver are usually
represented by the ame major number on the
User Space system.
(Applications)
A minor number usually identifies a specific
Table 1 functions device among other devices sharing the same driver.
This number is also stored on 8 bits, so the system is
limited to 255 devices per major number.
Kernel Space Assigning a major number to a device is accomplished
(Modules or Drivers) in the Kernel by invoking the devfs_register_chrdev()
function when the driver is being initialized.
The devfs_register_chrdev() function may also register
Table 2 functions major number dynamically. Similarly, the
devfs_unregister_chrdev() function is used when a
Hardware character is unloaded from the Kernel.
2682 2009 IEEE International Advance Computing Conference (IACC 2009)
5. Increment the usage count, so that the driver
4.5 Registration with DevFS may not be removed from the Kernel (in the
case of a module).
Devfs_register_chrdev() and Check for hardware-specific problems
devfs_unregister_chrdev are functions provided for associated with this particular device.
Kernels that do not use the new DevFS filesystem. The Initialize the hardware, if it is needed.
DevFS filesystem allows the Kernel to dynamically Identify the minor number of the device that
created files in the /dev directory.The register_chrdev() was open and update the f_op pointer if
and unregister_chrdev() functions are still available in necessary. This is needed for device sharing the
2.4, but they were typically used in 2.2 (or older) same major number but having different
Kernels.devfs_register_chrdev() and Device drivers (i.e., miscellaneous devices).
devfs_unregister_chrdev() acts merely as wrappers for Allocate the memory needed for the various
the old functions. This is necessary in case the DevFS data structures used in the device driver and
filesystem is not available. initialize these structures.
The DevFS filesystem does not necessitate the
devfs_register_chrdev() and devfs_unregister_chrdev 4.7 Closing device
functions. With DevFS, every files in the /dev directory
could be created with devfs_register(). A sound driver is closed when a User space
This new feature in the 2.4 Kernel avoids application no longer needs it. This function is executed
having to manually create files in /dev with the mknod in the sys_close() system call. The release() function
command. The Kernel source makes an heavy use of will not be called if it is not implemented by a specific
thedevfs_register() function in almost every driver. device driver. This behavior may be observed in
If the Kernel was not compiled with DevFS fput().The release() function is in charge of the
support, these functions will return NULL and will be following steps:
useless.Drivers may support both the old and new ways
It decrements the usage count. This is
of registering devices in the Kernel.
necessary in order for the Kernel to be able
to remove the module.
The structure for devfs is described below:
Removes any unnecessary data from
memory. This is particularly true for data
devfs_handle_t devfs_register (devfs_handle_t dir, placed in the private data field of the file
const char *name, structure associated with the device.
unsigned int namelen, Shut down the physical device if needed.
unsigned int flags, This includes any operation that must be
unsigned int major, executed in order to leave the hardware in
unsigned int minor, a sane state, and disabling interrupts.
umode_t mode,
uid_t uid,
The release () function associated with a particular
gid_t gid,
driver will not be invoked if the open() function was not
void *ops,
called. Again, this may be observed in the fput()
void *info);
function.
Device drivers may support both the static and dynamic
allocation of /dev entries. 4.8 Reading Device
4.6 Opening device read() is called to read data from the device. The
form of the read function is as follows:
A sound device driver is first accessed by
executing its open () function. This function is executed static ssize_t device_read (struct file * file,
in the sys_open() system call. The open () function will char * buffer, size_t count, loff_t *ppos)
just not be called if a specific device driver does not
Note that the arguments of the read () method have
implement it. This behavior may be observed in
changed in the 2.4 and subsequent Kernels.
dentry_open ().
In the case that a character needs to implement its The new method passes only a file structure,
open() function, it will have to provide the following from which we can find the disk inode associated with
functionality: the device file. The read() method implemented by a
device driver should copy the specified number of bytes
2009 IEEE International Advance Computing Conference (IACC 2009) 2683
6. into the buffer and return the actual number of bytes Synopsis
read (or an error code).The read() function may (struct file_operations *
therefore read less data than was requested. In this case
fops, int dev);
the returned value will be less than size passed in
Arguments
parameter
fops
A negative return value means that there was
File operations for the driver
an error. Note that the buffer field passed to the device
dev
drivers refers to the memory space of the User space
Unit number to allocate
process that invoked the read() system call.The
Description
copy_to_user() function must thus be used in order to
Allocate a mixer device. Unit is the number of the mixer
return the data in the proper memory segment.
requested. Pass -1 to request the next free mixer unit. On
success the allocated number is returned, on failure a
4.9 Writing Device
negative error code is returned.
4.12 unregister_sound_special
The write() method implemented by a driver is
Name
invoked to write data to the device. It is defined as
unregister_sound_special -- unregister a special sound
follows:
device
Synopsis
static ssize_t device_write(struct file *file,
const char *buf, size_t count, loff_t *ppos) (int unit);
Arguments
write() should copy the specified number of bytes from unit
the User space buffer into the device. The number of
bytes specified by the value of count should be written unit number to allocate
to the device. Similarly to the read() method, the number Description
returned by the write() function should match the value Release a sound device that was allocated with
of count. If it’s not the case, the data was partially register_sound_special. The unit passed is the return
written or, in the case of a negative value, an error value from the register function.
occurred.
4.13 unregister_sound_mixer
4.10 Register_sound_special Name
unregister_sound_mixer -- unregister a mixer
Name Synopsis
register_sound_special -- register a special (int unit);
sound node Arguments
Synopsis unit
(struct file_operations *
unit number to allocate
fops, int unit); Description
Arguments Release a sound device that was allocated with
fops register_sound_mixer. The unit passed is the return
value from the register function.
File operations for the driver
5. CONCLUSION
unit
This paper introduced an implementation of a device
Unit number to allocate driver for CS4297A, an audio CODEC situated on an
Description embedded development Intel® PXA255 XScale® Board
Allocate a special sound device by minor number from and Embedded Linux system. As we have discussed the
the sound subsystem. The allocated number is returned architecture of CS4297A, its applications and its
on succes. On failure a negative error code is returned. features, it is possible to get low latency out of standard
drivers, but this is still very much dependent on the
4.11 Register_sound_mixer quality of the driver.
The device driver has been successfully developed for
Name CS4297A and met all the requirements and has achieved
register_sound_mixer -- register a mixer device
2684 2009 IEEE International Advance Computing Conference (IACC 2009)
7. all the major goals. The major features of the application the Linux Kernel : O’reilly
are
Portability: The application is developed in C [2] Linux Device Drivers, Alessandro Rubini &
language, which in tern is coded in Linux platform, Jonathan Corbet
accessibility of the software will not be a problem in any
environment at the time of developing. Once the [3] Intel® PXA255 Processor Developer’s Manual
software is loaded into kernel it works as kernel part.
[4] Cirrus Logic, CS4297A Product data sheet
6. REFERENCES
[1] Daniel P. Bovet and Marco Cesati, Understanding
2009 IEEE International Advance Computing Conference (IACC 2009) 2685