The document discusses the influence of various media sources on the formation of public opinion in America over recent decades. It analyzes data showing how the influence of institutions like family, church and school have declined, while the influence of television and newer digital media have risen. Specifically, it notes that in the 1950s home and school were most influential, while by the 2000s media such as the internet had become the dominant shaping force on youth opinions and priorities. The increasing role of media is examined in the context of its growing ability to set the public agenda and potentially frame issues and events.
Opinion polls companies are major stakeholders, if not actors, in the 2013 General Election campaigns.
Polls are regularly reported and commented on in the media. They are an inseparable part of news coverage as there is no more accurate way to gauge the sentiments of the voters, at a given time, than through a carefully designed and executed opinion poll.
But polls are also criticized, especially by political party leaders who disregard results that do not favor them and by some civil society actors who say they promote a two-horse race campaign. The situation has forced opinion poll researchers and company managers to appear on political TV and radio shows to defend their methodology, and their integrity.
Kenyans can remember that in the run up to the 2007 General Election, the media’s lack of capacity to contextualize and analyze data led to confusion when the results didn’t match predictions. The media had failed to explain the difference between polling data and election results.
Internews in Kenya recently trained a group of radio journalists to improve the use, analysis and reporting of opinion polls. Over 25 journalists were taught to scrutinize the methodology of different polling firms.
When has a poll been conducted according to accepted professional standards? When does a poll’s findings have legitimate news value? What is an appropriate way to publish or broadcast newsy poll findings?
Internews in Kenya Democracy and Governance Programs Director Brice Rambaud responds in the following Power Point presentation.
This is a lecture on how political journalism is changing in the UK (and with some international case studies) as communications become more networked. It shows that people are given more voice to question power but that there are limits on how much this is really changing politics or democracy. It uses the Clegg 'I'm sorry' episode to highlight the role of humour in this new environment.
Political journalism and reporting of the 2015 UK General ElectionPOLIS LSE
Lecture on the context for the journalism around the UK 2015 General Election and some first thoughts on the specifics of the reporting of that election.
Presentation developed for a series of lectures on public opinion (and political socialization) for PS 101 American Government at the University of Kentucky, Spring 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
This was a talk to George Washington University students about how the process of government and politics is becoming 'mediatised'. By that I mean that the process of creating and implementing policies, as well as reporting and deliberating upon politics, is becoming saturated in an unprecedented volume and variety of sources, platforms and content creators. This creates a kind of networked politics. This has good aspects and bad.
Opinion polls companies are major stakeholders, if not actors, in the 2013 General Election campaigns.
Polls are regularly reported and commented on in the media. They are an inseparable part of news coverage as there is no more accurate way to gauge the sentiments of the voters, at a given time, than through a carefully designed and executed opinion poll.
But polls are also criticized, especially by political party leaders who disregard results that do not favor them and by some civil society actors who say they promote a two-horse race campaign. The situation has forced opinion poll researchers and company managers to appear on political TV and radio shows to defend their methodology, and their integrity.
Kenyans can remember that in the run up to the 2007 General Election, the media’s lack of capacity to contextualize and analyze data led to confusion when the results didn’t match predictions. The media had failed to explain the difference between polling data and election results.
Internews in Kenya recently trained a group of radio journalists to improve the use, analysis and reporting of opinion polls. Over 25 journalists were taught to scrutinize the methodology of different polling firms.
When has a poll been conducted according to accepted professional standards? When does a poll’s findings have legitimate news value? What is an appropriate way to publish or broadcast newsy poll findings?
Internews in Kenya Democracy and Governance Programs Director Brice Rambaud responds in the following Power Point presentation.
This is a lecture on how political journalism is changing in the UK (and with some international case studies) as communications become more networked. It shows that people are given more voice to question power but that there are limits on how much this is really changing politics or democracy. It uses the Clegg 'I'm sorry' episode to highlight the role of humour in this new environment.
Political journalism and reporting of the 2015 UK General ElectionPOLIS LSE
Lecture on the context for the journalism around the UK 2015 General Election and some first thoughts on the specifics of the reporting of that election.
Presentation developed for a series of lectures on public opinion (and political socialization) for PS 101 American Government at the University of Kentucky, Spring 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
This was a talk to George Washington University students about how the process of government and politics is becoming 'mediatised'. By that I mean that the process of creating and implementing policies, as well as reporting and deliberating upon politics, is becoming saturated in an unprecedented volume and variety of sources, platforms and content creators. This creates a kind of networked politics. This has good aspects and bad.
DRAFT - History of U.S. Public Diplomacy efforts, with discussion of soft power, the Cold War, Fulbright and other exchange programs, etc, with some recent examples taken from USG programs in Ukraine. NOTE: This is basically just a revision to an earlier PowerPoint uploaded on this site.
Slide 4 WestCal Political Science 1 - US Government 2015-2016WestCal Academy
American Leadership Policy Studies (ALPS) is a for-college credit certificate program that teaches the fundamentals of American government. ALPS includes a custom tailored Political Science 1 – US Government course taught in partnership with accredited colleges to assure students receive college credit. The class is taught from the perspective of industry professionals who work in local/state/federal bureaucracies and/or political/union campaigns. This course program may operate at the site of a partnering college or instructor of record who licenses ALPS course materials from WestCal Academy or at WestCal Academy’s main campus in partnership with an accredited college. WestCal Academy
This slide covers the following:
1. Condition Of America’s Masses
2. Attitudes Of America’s Masses
3. Intolerance Toward Unpopular Groups
4. Elite – Mass Communication
5. Political Functions Of Mass Media
Presentation developed for a series of lectures on the media and American politics for PS 101 American Government at the University of Kentucky, Spring 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
Jeopardy review basic structure of Congress, leadership, checks and balances, apportionment and gerrymandering, leadership, powers and legislative process
an overview and highlights of the origins and beginnings of the Movement from slavery and Jim Crow to the election of Chuck Burris as mayor of Stone Mountain, GA
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2. Formation of public opinion – how
did we get here?
• Personal BackgroundPersonal Background
– Formative years, etc.Formative years, etc.
• Family politicsFamily politics
• Religious beliefsReligious beliefs
• Personal ethicsPersonal ethics
• Mass mediaMass media
• Public officials/elitesPublic officials/elites
• Interest groupsInterest groups
3. Five Major Influences on Youth in AmericaFive Major Influences on Youth in America
Of the 5 influence factors listed below, which had the greatest influence
on American youth’s beliefs, priorities, etc. in each of the decades
listed on the chart?
school
church
home
peers
TV
Rank by degree of influence by decades: 1 being the most influential; 5
being the least. Do this in your notes – copy the chart and rank the
items by decade.
50s 80s 90s 2000s
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5
4. *church ranks #10
# includes: videos, video games, internet – including social media,
computer apps., movies; network TV near bottom
#other items no longer significant enough to be listed
note lack of adult influence and control; youth see all persons as
1950s
Home
School
Church
Peers
TV
1980s
Home
Peers
TV
School
Church
1990s
Peers
TV [cable]
Home
School
*
2000s
# Media
Actual ranking [from various polling sources]
Every reason to
believe the
influence of
media will only
increase as
others are
replaced with
new technologies
5. Mass Media includes…
• Newspapers
• News magazines, periodicals and
journals
• Radio
– Regular news programming
– Talk shows like Rush Limbaugh, etc.
• Television: both broadcast and
cable
• Online sources: [the line gets fuzzy here]
– Internet news sources – domestic and
international
– News and politics blogs
– Topic specific websites
– Organization websites
– Social media, YouTube, etc.
6. The next several slides containThe next several slides contain
graphs about different types ofgraphs about different types of
media and their use. Look at themmedia and their use. Look at them
and….and….
• What is the graph telling us?
• What does it imply about media trends?
• What social/political impact might such trends
have on:
– Elections and campaigns
– Formation of public opinion
– People’s level and types of political activity
12. Approval Ratings of Past PresidentsApproval Ratings of Past Presidents
What’s the trend? How much is the media responsible, or is it just reporting?
How might that affect Congressional races? [we talked about this]
Or relations between Congress and the President? [we talked about this, too.]
14. Fair and balanced?Fair and balanced?
In the USA, The Christian Science Monitor
and C-SPAN are considered the least
biased news sources. FOX News
(conservative) and MSNBC (liberal) are
thought to be the most biased news
sources.
15. The Media’s Impact
• Coverage
– The media makes it possible for people to
run for office that normally wouldn’t
– Issues brought up that would otherwise
escape notice
• Public Agenda
– Issues considered most significant to
government officials
• Watchdog – investigative
journalism
– Journalists are eager to expose
government waste or corruption
– Muckrakers, Watergate, etc.
16. • Editorial power - can’t cover everything, so media picks what’s
“important” E.g. war in Balkans v. genocide in Rwanda
• Framing issues - power to shape how events and issues are
interpreted
• E.g. - Episodic coverage of poverty – focusing on one family to tell the
whole story;
• Priming - affects public’s evaluation of leaders
• E.g. - Reporting on campaigns like a horse race rather than issues and
records; focus on scandal or other specific aspect of personality that
colors how their actions and words are perceived.
• Historically media covered what the executive branch fed to
them.
• E.g.. FDR
• Vietnam ended the somewhat friendly relationship between
the executive branch and the media.
• Impact of media diluted when people go only to those sources
with whose slant they agree, or go to multiple and varied
sources
17. Downsides of Mass MediaDownsides of Mass Media
• Mass media has long lasting
effect on public opinion
• It gives the impression that the
media knows what everyone is
thinking – the omniscient press
• Spiral of Silence – people often
uncomfortable with a minority opinion
• Media can create public
impressions, including false
impressions. [E.g. the Tet offensive
in Vietnam – coverage made things
out of control, to the untrained eye,
when in fact they weren’t so much]
18. Propaganda techniques
• The Bandwagon
– “We’re sure to
win”, “Polls show
our candidate
pulling ahead”
• Name-Calling
– Do not vote for
(Insert Name Here)
– “soft on crime”
• Endorsement
– Oprah backs
Obama.
– Bruce Willis
stumps for Bush
• Stacked Cards
– Listing accomplishments
– Listing failures
• Glittering Generality
– Using emotions “Change”
“Yes we can!” “Hope!”
– Big on impact – small on
content
• Just Plain Folks
– I am just like you
– “My parents were working
people”
• Transfer
– Associating a patriotic
symbol or key event with a
candidate
19. Advantages of Mass Media
• The media is the primary source of
information to the public.
• Offers different opinions and
viewpoints on issues and candidates.
• People become more knowledgeable
on the issues and they become more
educated voters .
• It makes it easy for the public to gain
access to information
• Necessary to the life of a democracy,
which requires an informed public. We
don’t have the time and resources –
the press does.
20. Freedom of the Press
• Under the first amendment the media are free
from prior restraint, or government censorship
of material before it is published.
– New York Times v. United States (1971)
• Limits
– No one is free to publish false information that will
harm someone’s reputation. (known as libel)
• Regulating the Media
– FCC (Federal Communications Commission)
– They cannot censor broadcasts but they can penalize stations
that violate their rules
» (anyone remember the 2004 Super Bowl?)