The document discusses various topics related to metabolism and cells, including: - ATP provides a replenishable form of energy through its phosphate groups. - Organic compounds contain carbon atoms covalently bonded to each other, which is not found in inorganic compounds. - The inner and outer mitochondrial membranes are analogous structures. - Protein synthesis (mRNA translation) is an example of anabolism. - Fermentation directly produces alcohol or lactic acid.

1. Unit 2 Metabolism & Cells

2. Which of the following functional groups gives ATP a replenishable form of energy? -SH -COH -COOH -PO 4 -NH 2

3. A feature of organic compounds NOT found in inorganic compounds is a. ionizing chemical groups b. electrons c. carbon atoms covalently bonded to each other d. oxygen e. hydrogen bonds

4. Which of the following two membranes are analogous? a. inner mitochondrial membrane b. outer mitochondrial membrane c. cell membrane d. thylakoid membrane e. inner chloroplast membrane

5. Which of the following would classify as an example of anabolism? a. the digestion of starch molecules in the intestine b. a reaction involving hydrolysis c. protein synthesis (mRNA translation) d. cellular respiration e. shortening of microtubules during mitosis

6. The direct purpose of fermentation is a. breakdown sugar b. restore electron acceptor NAD + c. respire in a lack of oxygen d. makeup for not having mitochondria e. produce alcohol or lactic acid

7. Put the following actions in order as they occur in the process of chemiosmosis. Hint: one process is not involved at all - throw it out. a. phosphorylation b. reduction/oxidation of ETC proteins c. facilitated diffusion of H + d. condensation (formation of water) e. active transport of H +

8. Which organelle is structurally most similar to the Golgi complex? nucleus endoplasmic reticulum mitochondrion cell membrane lysosome

9. What effect would boiling a chloroplast have on photosynthesis? light reactions would occur but Calvin cycle would be disrupted reduction of DPIP would be inhibited sugar would be formed but not exported from chloroplast all light would be reflected by reaction centers Electron Transport Chain would be disrupted

10. A drug is formed which inhibits the polymerization of tubulin, the protein subunits that make up microtubules. At what stage would mitosis be affected by this? prophase metaphase anaphase telophase interphase

11. BIOCHEMISTRY

12. Big ideas the whole body is made of cells or the substances cells have made cells make 4 substances lipids carbohydrates nucleic acids proteins metabolism is the sum of all chem rxns going on in the body at once

13. THE BOND THAT JOINS AMINO ACIDS TOGETHER

14. A SMALL INORGANIC SUBSTANCE THAT BINDS ENZYMES, ALLOWING THEM TO FULLY FUNCTION

15. WHEN AN ENZYME CAN DO NO MORE BECAUSE EVERY ENZYME MOLECULE IS CATALYZING A REACTION

16. DIFFUSION

17. Big ideas all substances tend to even out diffusion is spreading to even out membranes create two environments; inside cell & outside solutes follow a concentration gradient passive vs. active transport

21. Which of the following processes is coupled with hydrolysis of ATP? osmosis facilitated diffusion sodium ion flow into a nerve cell active transport

22. METABOLISM

23. Big ideas a single cell can perform all the necessary functions of life of all processes, supplying energy to body is most critical cells use energy building compounds uses up energy energy released by breaking bonds (hydrolysis) energy stored in bonds of compounds

24. Big ideas photosynthesis and respiration are complementary products of one are reactants of other at ecosystem level structural and chemical similarities chemiosmosis membranes divide space

25. Meiosis

28. Energy Flows Matter recycles

29. ADP > ATP Enzyme- catalyzed

31. ETC

32. ETC (Chemiosmosis)

33. Fermentation

34. Photosynthesis

35. Light reactions

36. All of the following statements about cellular respiration are true EXCEPT: In the Kreb’s (citric acid) cycle, two molecules of CO2 and one molecule of FADH2 are produced for each acetyl-CoA that enters the cycle. ATP is converted to ADP during two of the reactions in glycolysis. The metabolic breakdown of glucose yields more energy during fermentation than during aerobic respiration.

37. DPIP is a blue dye that is colorless when it is reduced. After being mixed with DPIP, which of the following would show the greatest change in color? Isolated chloroplasts in the dark Isolated chloroplasts in the light Chlorophyll extract in the light Boiled chloroplasts in the dark

38. A CELL WITH MEMBRANE-ENCLOSED ORGANELLES

39. THE ENZYME THAT BINDS CARBON IN CHLOROPLASTS

40. THE INNER FOLDINGS OF A MITOCHONDRION

41. “ POISON CONTROL CENTER” OF A LIVER CELL

42. THE “POWERHOUSE” OF THE CELL

43. THE ONLY ORGANELLE SHARED BY BOTH PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES

44. CELL DIVISION

45. Big ideas cell division accomplishes growth & reproduction eukaryotes must split nucleus, move chromosomes division prefaced by DNA replication identical copies of every chromosome mitosis = identical daughter cells (clones) start with 2n, end with 2n start with n, end with n growth asexual reproduction

46. Big ideas Meiosis reduction division daughter cells unique (genetically) start with 2n, end with n only for sexual reproduction

50. Meiosis Reduction of chromosome # 2 divisions No replication in between

51. Major accomplishments: M1 reduce chromosome number (2n n) separate homologous chromosome pairs one of each type of chromosome (from homologous pairs) directed into each daughter cell crossing over

52. Meiosis 1

53. Major accomplishments: M2 separate sister chromatids increase gametic output (2 to 4) separate crossed-over chromatids

54. Independent Assortment

55. Crossing Over

56. All of the following are true statements about meiosis in fungi EXCEPT: It follows DNA replication. It occurs only in reproductive structures. It produces four genetically identical gametes. It serves to provide variation in fungi. It produces haploid cells.

57. IN MITOSIS, WHEN HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES SEPARATE

58. FROM THE GREEK WORD FOR “MARRY”, A CELL WITH THIS MANY CHROMOSOMES IS ONLY ENOUGH TO MAKE HALF A HUMAN

59. THE “HARNESS” THAT PULLS A CHROMOSOME DOWN A MICROTUBULE DURING MITOSIS

60. IN LATIN, IT MEANS “CELL CUTTING”

61. THE MEIOTIC PHASE SEX CELLS ARE FIRST CONSIDERED HAPLOID

62. BAT SPERM HAS 22 CHROMOSOMES. IT’S INTESTINAL CELLS HAVE THIS MANY.

63. ARMADILLO BONE MARROW CELLS HAVE 64 CHROMOSOMES. FEMALE EGGS HAVE THIS MANY.

64. RASPBERRY POLLEN CONTAINS 49 CHROMOSOMES. THE FRUIT CELLS YOU EAT GIVE YOU THIS MANY CHROMOSOMES.

65. CELL COMMUNICATION

66. Signal Transduction Pathway

67. Transduction

68. Transduction signal amplified ea. protein activates 10 others signal gets “louder” exponentially

69. Response genes turn on make a product enzyme hormone other signal sweat product released from cell

70. Response depends on receptor activated SHAPE signal molecule > receptor

71. The process by which a chemical signal is received and responded to by a cell is called the: cell signaling cycle signal transduction pathway telokinesis telophase interleukinetic chain transmission

72. Whether a particular signal molecule will trigger a response in a cell depends on: the shape of the receptors on the cell’s surface genetic compatibility with the signal molecule temperature of the cell’s environment ion concentration of the cell’s cytosol whether the cell likes the signal molecule