The aorta is the main artery that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body. It originates from the left ventricle and splits into the common iliac arteries in the abdomen. The aorta is divided into four sections - the ascending aorta, aortic arch, descending aorta, and abdominal aorta. It supplies blood to the entire body except the lungs. The aorta is composed of three layers - the tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica adventitia. Common conditions of the aorta include aneurysms, which involve abnormal dilations, and coarctation, which is a narrowing of the aorta.
In this ppt i am going to discuss various spotters, including ECG, X-ray, fluroscopy images and there answers. These spotter now days asked in various DM cardiology exam conducted all over India, so it will help you in your DM Cardiology exam preperationn.
Aorta is the main artery of systemic circulation.
Aorta is divided into 4 parts - 1) Ascending aorta
2) Arch of aorta 3) Descending thoracic aorta 4) Abdominal aorta
1) Ascending aorta - branches - Right and Left coronary arteries . At the level of sternal angle it is continuous with arch of aorta.
2) Arch of aorta - branches - Brachiocephalic artery, Left common carotid artery, Left subclavian artery. Ligamentum arteriosus is attached to arch of aorta and pulmonary trunk. for details about ligamentum arteriosus please go through the video of fetal circulation
https://youtu.be/kBR6p7-GmaE
3) Descending thoracic aorta - is continuation of arch of aorta from the level of T4 vertebra. it descends downwards by giving branches - 9 pairs of Posterior intercostal arteries, esophageal artery, left bronchial artery, pericardial branches, superior thoracic artery.
4) Abdominal aorta - at the level of T12 vertebra thoracic aorta enters into abdomen through aortic opening of diaphragm. Abdominal aorta divides into its terminal branches Left and Right common iliac arteries at the level of L4 vertebra.
In this ppt i am going to discuss various spotters, including ECG, X-ray, fluroscopy images and there answers. These spotter now days asked in various DM cardiology exam conducted all over India, so it will help you in your DM Cardiology exam preperationn.
Aorta is the main artery of systemic circulation.
Aorta is divided into 4 parts - 1) Ascending aorta
2) Arch of aorta 3) Descending thoracic aorta 4) Abdominal aorta
1) Ascending aorta - branches - Right and Left coronary arteries . At the level of sternal angle it is continuous with arch of aorta.
2) Arch of aorta - branches - Brachiocephalic artery, Left common carotid artery, Left subclavian artery. Ligamentum arteriosus is attached to arch of aorta and pulmonary trunk. for details about ligamentum arteriosus please go through the video of fetal circulation
https://youtu.be/kBR6p7-GmaE
3) Descending thoracic aorta - is continuation of arch of aorta from the level of T4 vertebra. it descends downwards by giving branches - 9 pairs of Posterior intercostal arteries, esophageal artery, left bronchial artery, pericardial branches, superior thoracic artery.
4) Abdominal aorta - at the level of T12 vertebra thoracic aorta enters into abdomen through aortic opening of diaphragm. Abdominal aorta divides into its terminal branches Left and Right common iliac arteries at the level of L4 vertebra.
This presentation will help you to get to known about the human heart in very much clear way. It will help you alot in making your concepts clear regarding the human heart and it's functioning.
Crash-Course for AIPMT & Other Medical Exams 2016(Essentials heart)APEX INSTITUTE
Dear Students/Parents
We at 'Apex Institute' are committed to provide our students best quality education with ethics. Moving in this direction, we have decided that unlike other expensive and 5star facility type institutes who are huge investors and advertisers, we shall not invest huge amount of money in advertisements. It shall rather be invested on the betterment, enhancement of quality and resources at our center.
We are just looking forward to have 'word-of-mouth' publicity instead. Because, there is only a satisfied student and his/her parents can judge an institute's quality and it's faculty members coaching.
Those coaching institutes, who are investing highly on advertisements, are actually, wasting their money on it, in a sense. Rather, the money should be invested on highly experienced faculty members and on teaching gears.
We all at 'Apex' are taking this initiative to improve the quality of education along-with each student's development and growth.
Committed to excellence...
With best wishes.
S . Iqbal
( Motivator & Mentor)
How do the healthcare profession engage and convert potential customers into patients when using social media?
HBT Media has extensive experience developing and executing successful marketing strategies and campaigns for clients across the healthcare industry
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
2. The aorta is the main artery in the human body
originating from the left ventricle of the heart and
extending down the abdomen, where it splits into 2
smaller arteries ( The common iliac arteries )
The aorta distributes oxygenated blood to all part of the
body through the systemic circulation
The aorta initialy one inch wide in diameter
3. The aorta can be divided into four sections:
1.The ascending aorta
2.The aortic arch Thoracic
3.The thoracic (descending)
aorta
4.The abdominal aorta.
.The first 3 parts are confined to the thoracic cavity and
together create the thoracic aorta
4.
5. Function
The Aorta Supplies blood to the entire body, except the respiratory zone of
the lungs.
Ascending Aorta supplies blood to the heart
Arch of Aorta- Supplies blood to the Head, neck and arms
Descending Aorta- Supplies blood to the Chest
Abdominal Aorta-Supplies blood to the Abdomen
6. At the cellular level aorta is composed of
three layers:
The Tunica Intima,which surrounds the
lumen & is composed of single squamous
epithelial cells.
The Tunica Media ,composed of smooth
cell muscles & elastic fibres.
The Tunica Adventitia,composed of loose
collagen fibres
7. Ascending aorta originates from the aortic orifice from the left
ventricle, and continues as an arch of aorta at the sternal
angle.
It is about 5cm long and its diameter is about 3cm. It
completely enclosed in the pericardium.
Lies in the pericardium (in middle mediastinum )below the
level of sternal angle.
8. Branches :
The left and right aortic sinuses are dilations in the ascending
aorta, located at the level of the aortic valve. These give rise
to:
The left coronary artery
The right coronary artery
- These supply the myocardium
9.
10. Located in the superior mediastinum
About 2.5 cm diameter.
It is a continuation of the ascending aorta and begins at the
level of second sternocostal joint.
The arch is directed upward, backwards to the left and then
downwards on to the left side of vertebral column.
The aortic arch ends at the level of sternal angle
The arch is still connected to the pulmonary trunk by the
ligamentum arteriosum(remnant of the foetal ductus
arteriosus)
11. The first &largest from the aortic arch.
It is about 4-5 cm in length.
Branchiocephalic artery arises opposite the center of manubrium,
ascends upwards, backwrads and to the right.
The branchiocephalic artery ends behind the right sternoclavicular joint
by dividing to,
1.Right Subclavian artery
2.Right common carotid artery
These arteries supply the right side of the head and neck and right upper
limb.
12. It found below the clavicle
It supplies the left arm
It runs upwards on the left mediastinal pleura and makes groove on the left
lung and enters the neck by passing behind the left sternoclavicular joint.
At the outer border of the first rib, it furnishes by becoming axillary artery.it
extends along the upper arm as brachial artery to divided into two terminal
branches radial and ulnar arteries below the elbow.
13. Parts
Each of subclavian artery is madeup of three parts defined in the relation
to the anterior scalene muscle of the neck
First part- This part of subclavian artery is medial to the anterior scalene
muscle
Branches : Vertebral artery,Internal thoracic artery,Thyrocervical
trunk
Second part-This part of subclavian is posterior to the anterior scalene
muscle .
Branches : Costocervical trunk
Third part – This part of subclavian lies lateral to the anterior scalene
muscle
Branches : Dorsal scapular artery.
14. There are 2 common carotid arteries, left and right.
These are the main arteries of the head and neck.
The left common carotid artery originates directly from the arch
of aorta in thorax.
It ascends to the back of left sternoclavicular joint and enters the
neck.
The left common carotid artery runs upwards from left
sternoclavicular joint to the upper border of thyroid cartilage.
Left common carotid artery supplies the head and neck
15. The descending thoracic aorta which is contained in the
posterior mediastinum
It is the continuation of the arch of aorta .
Descends in front of vertebral column
16. Thoracic aorta
Branches
1.Bronchial arteries: Paired visceral branch arising laterally to supply bronchial &
peribronchial tissue,& visceral pleura. most commonly only the paired left
bronchial artery arises directly from the aorta
2. Mediastinal arteries :Small artery that supply the lymph glands & loose areolar
tissue in the posterior mediastinum
3. Oesophageal arteries: Unpaired visceral branches arising anteriorly to supply the
oesophagus
4. Pericardial arteries: small unpaired arteries that arise anteriorly to supply the dorsal
portion of the pericardium.
5.Superior phrenic arteries:Paired parietal branches that supply the superior portion of
diaphragm
17. Intercostal & Subcostal arteries : Small paired arteries that branch off
throughout the length of posterior thoracic aorta. The 9 paires of intercostal
arteries supply the Intercostal space, with the exception of first & second( They
are supplied by a branch from the subclavian artery). The subcostal arteries
supply the flat abdominal wall muscles
18. Abdominal aorta is a continuation of the thoracic aorta .It is approximately 13cm
long
It descends and terminating by divided into right and left common illiac arteries
The branches of abdominal aorta are,
1. Inferior phrenic arteries:They supply the diaphragm
2.Coeliac artery : supplies the liver, stomach, abdominal oesophagus, spleen,
the superior duodenum & superior pancreas
3.Superior mescentric artery: it supply the distal duodenum, jejuno –ileum,
ascending colon& the part of transver
4.Middle suprarenal artery: They supply the adrenal glands
19. 5.Renal arteries: supply the kidneys
6.Gonadal arteries:Supply the testicular artery,& ovarian artery
7.Inferior mesenteric artery: It supplies the large intestine .
8.Median Sacral artery : supply the Coccyx, lumbar vertebrae,& the
sacrum.
9.Lumbar arteries: supply the abdominal wall and spinal cord.
22. It describe the dialation of the artery to more than 1.5 times its original size .
The abdominal component of the aorta is the most common site for aneurysmal
changes.
Patients suffering with an abdominal aortic aneurysm may experience
abdominal pulsations,abdominal pain &back pain.
The aneurysm may also compress nerve roots causing pain/numbness in the
lower limbs.
A patient with an aortic arch aneurysm may have a hoarse voice due to the
dilation stretching the left recurrent laryngeal nerve .Patients may not have
any symptoms at all.
Small aortic aneurysms do not usually pose a serious immediate
threat.Diagnosis is made from an ultrasound &the weakened vessel wall can be
surgically replaced with a piece of synthetic tubing.if left untreated, a large
aneurysm can rupture. This is a medical emergency & often fatal.
23.
24. Coarctation of aorta refers to narrowing of vessel, Usually at the insertion
of ligamentum arteriosum( former ductus arteriosus)
It is congential narrowing of the aorta just proximal or distal to the
entrance of the ductus arteriosus.
The narrow vessel has a increased resistance to blood flow which increases
the after load for the left ventricle – leading to left ventricular
hypertrophy
Coarctation are most common in the Arch of Aorta
Accordingly it is named as preductal type and postductal type of
coarctalion of aorta.
The blood supply to the head, neck & upper limbs is not compromised as
the vessel that supply them emerge proximal to the coarctation, However
yhe blood supply to the rest of the body reduced, This result in a weak,
delayed femoral pulse which prevent clinically as radio-femoral delay
It probably take place because of hyper involution of the ductus arteriosus.
25. The narrowing is proximal to the ductus arteriosus . Life threatening , if
severe;seen in Turner’s syndrome .
The narrowing occurs at the insertion of the ductus arteriosus this kind usually
appears when the ductus arteriosus closes.
The narrowing is distal to the insertion of the ductus arteriosus .Postductal
coarctation is most likely the result of the extenction of a muscular artery in to
an elastic artery .This type is most common in adult.
