Antibiotic Prescribing
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The document discusses antibiotic prescribing and resistance, focusing on ceftriaxone, aminoglycosides like gentamicin, vancomycin, and their appropriate use, dosing, and monitoring. It notes restrictions on certain antibiotics at JHH and recommendations for surgical prophylaxis and treating CAP/HAP.
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This document discusses various classes of antibiotics including aminoglycosides, carbapenems, cephalosporins, erythromycins, and penicillins. It provides details on the mechanism of action, spectrum of activity, therapeutic uses, and precautions for each class. The main classes of antibiotics covered are defined by their chemical structure and each class generally has a different range of antibacterial activity. Common examples of drugs within each class are also listed along with their dosages and routes of administration.
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Rational use of antibiotics and combating antibiotic resistance is important. [1] Unnecessary antibiotic use creates selective pressure for bacteria to become resistant. [2] Fleming warned in 1945 about antibiotic resistance developing from exposure to sublethal drug doses. [3] Factors like environmental conditions, drug properties, patient factors, and prescribing practices influence antibiotic resistance.
Recent guidelines in antibiotics uses
This document provides guidelines for antibiotic use, including for severe sepsis, septic shock, and other infections. It discusses evaluation of systemic inflammatory response syndrome and organ dysfunction. Choice of antibiotics depends on the suspected causative organism and its susceptibility. Reserve antibiotics like carbapenems and linezolid require meeting certain criteria. The document recommends measures to control multi-drug resistant organisms and emphasizes rational antibiotic use to reduce antimicrobial resistance.
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The document discusses antimicrobial stewardship and the need to curb antibiotic overuse and misuse. It notes that nearly half of hospitalized patients receive antimicrobial agents. While antibiotics have been life-saving, there has been too much use for trivial infections and without understanding principles of therapy. This has contributed to the rise of antibiotic resistance, which the CDC calls a "major public health crisis." The document outlines strategies for antimicrobial stewardship programs, including prospective audits, formulary restrictions, education, guidelines, and streamlining therapy based on culture results. The goal is to optimize outcomes while minimizing resistance by ensuring appropriate antibiotic use.
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Antibiotics: classification and spectrum of action
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Rational use of antibiotics & problem of antibiotic resistense
Rational use of antibiotics and combating antibiotic resistance is important. [1] Unnecessary antibiotic use creates selective pressure for bacteria to become resistant. [2] Fleming warned in 1945 about antibiotic resistance developing from exposure to sublethal drug doses. [3] Factors like environmental conditions, drug properties, patient factors, and prescribing practices influence antibiotic resistance.
Recent guidelines in antibiotics uses
This document provides guidelines for antibiotic use, including for severe sepsis, septic shock, and other infections. It discusses evaluation of systemic inflammatory response syndrome and organ dysfunction. Choice of antibiotics depends on the suspected causative organism and its susceptibility. Reserve antibiotics like carbapenems and linezolid require meeting certain criteria. The document recommends measures to control multi-drug resistant organisms and emphasizes rational antibiotic use to reduce antimicrobial resistance.
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This presentation was used for lecture class of BSN 1st year. Here we have discussed the general considerations for antimicrobial therapy.
Antimicrobial Stewardship
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1) Rational use of antibiotics is important to avoid adverse effects, antibiotic resistance and increased healthcare costs. Antibiotics should only be used for bacterial infections and are not needed for most viral infections.
2) In selecting an antibiotic, the aetiological agent, patient factors, pharmacokinetic properties of the drug, and efficacy of therapy should be considered. Antibiotics must achieve effective concentrations at the site of infection.
3) Guidelines provide recommendations for common infections, but clinical judgement is also needed. Empiric therapy should be modified based on culture results and the patient's response.
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1. Definition – antibiotic resistance, Multi-resistance, cross-resistance in antibiotics
2. Evolution of resistance
3. Impact of resistance
4. The scenario of resistance: Global, India
5. Factors causing resistance
6. Mechanisms of resistance: Intrinsic and Acquired
7. Acquired mechanism of resistance
8. Quorum sensing
9. Mechanism of resistance in commonly used antibiotics
10. Methods for determining the resistance
11. Strategies to contain resistance
12. Antibiotic stewardship
13. Role of Pharmacologist
14. Initiatives undertaken by India to control resistance
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This document discusses antimicrobial agents and antibiotic prophylaxis. It defines antimicrobials as agents that kill or inhibit microorganisms. Antibiotics are a type of antimicrobial produced by one microbe to harm others. The document classifies different types of antimicrobials and notes a wide range of chemical and natural compounds are used. It describes antibiotic prophylaxis as using antimicrobial medicines to prevent infection, especially before surgical procedures to reduce risks. Key aspects of choosing appropriate prophylactic antibiotics include the procedure type, drug kinetics, microbiology of the site, and hospital-specific antibiotic resistance patterns. Empirical therapy involves starting treatment based on clinical observations before lab results to identify the specific pathogen.
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Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria change in response to antibiotic use, making infections harder to treat. Bacteria, not humans or animals, become resistant. This leads to higher medical costs, prolonged hospital stays, and increased deaths. Antibiotic resistance threatens global health and can affect anyone, of any age, in any country. It occurs naturally but also because of misuse of antibiotics in humans and farm animals. This is making many infections like pneumonia, tuberculosis, and gonorrhea more difficult to treat.
ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE AWARENESS .pptx
This document discusses antimicrobial resistance and antibiotic use. It defines antibiotics and their classifications including site of action, mode of action, and spectrum of activity. It discusses the misuse of antibiotics and factors that can lead to drug resistance. Antimicrobial resistance has reached crisis levels and is linked to overuse of antibiotics. The document recommends educating healthcare professionals, hospitals, pharmacists, students and patients about appropriate antibiotic usage to curb rising antimicrobial resistance.
Pharmacodynamics of antibiotics
This document discusses the pharmacodynamics of antibiotics. It explains that the time course of drug concentration at the infection site and potential toxic effects are closely related to antibiotic effect. Pharmacodynamic factors that determine antibiotic activity include pathogen susceptibility, whether the drug is bactericidal or bacteriostatic, drug synergism/antagonism, and post-antibiotic effects. Pharmacodynamic information is important for optimizing antibiotic dosage regimens. The document also discusses concepts like minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum bactericidal concentration, and time-dependent versus concentration-dependent antibiotic killing.
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This document discusses principles of antimicrobial therapy. It begins by classifying antimicrobials based on their source, mechanism of action, spectrum, and effect on microorganisms. Different mechanisms of action for various classes of antimicrobials are described. A clinical approach for rational prescribing is then outlined, including confirming the presence of an infection, selecting agents based on patient factors and tissue penetration, and determining dosing based on pharmacodynamics. Monitoring efficacy and toxicity is also discussed. Adverse effects like hypersensitivity, superinfection, and antibiotic resistance are reviewed.
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Microbiology is the study of microorganisms.
The overall theme of the Microbiology course is to study the relationship between microbes and our lives.
Microorganisms (microbes) are organisms that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye, and usually require a microscope to be seen.
This relationship involves harmful effects such as diseases and food spoilage as well as many beneficial effects.
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This document discusses the rational use of antibiotics. It notes that 50% of antibiotics are used inappropriately and that many infections like diarrhea and bronchitis are viral, not bacterial. It provides details on selecting antibiotics based on the infection severity, likely bacteria, patient factors, and cost. Empiric antibiotic choices are outlined for various infections. The side effects and costs of common antibiotics are also reviewed. The document emphasizes using antibiotics appropriately only for bacterial infections.
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This document discusses the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance and potential solutions. It notes the emergence of extensively drug-resistant pathogens and classifications of drug resistance. Potential solutions discussed include developing new antibiotics that target resistant bacteria, rediscovering older antibiotics, and using beta-lactamase inhibitors to enhance existing antibiotics. Several new antibiotics are summarized, including their mechanisms of action, clinical indications, and stages of clinical trials.
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This presentation discusses antibiotic resistance. It defines antibiotics as substances produced by microorganisms that inhibit or kill other microorganisms at low concentrations without harming the host. Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria no longer respond to an antibiotic. Mechanisms of resistance include preventing antibiotic access, modifying antibiotics, altering antibiotic target sites, and pumping antibiotics out of cells. Causes of increasing resistance include overprescription, patient noncompliance, overuse in animals, poor drug quality, and lack of sanitation. Solutions proposed are only using antibiotics as prescribed, not sharing or saving antibiotics, and increasing education on resistance.
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This document provides information on beta-lactam antibiotics including penicillins, cephalosporins, and beta-lactamase inhibitors. It discusses the classes of penicillins such as phenoxymethylpenicillin, methicillin, cloxacillin, aminopenicillins, carboxypenicillins, and ureidopenicillins. It describes the structures, spectra of activity, pharmacokinetics, uses and adverse effects of various penicillin derivatives. The summary focuses on the key classes of beta-lactam antibiotics and their properties.
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This document discusses the principles of antibiotic therapy, choosing appropriate antibiotics, and administering antibiotics properly. It begins with a brief history of antibiotic use and then defines key terms. The main topics covered are:
1. Determining if an infection is present and evaluating a patient's immune status before deciding on antibiotic therapy.
2. Choosing antibiotics based on identifying the causative organism, determining sensitivity, using narrow-spectrum antibiotics, the least toxic option, and drugs with a proven track record.
3. Administering antibiotics at the proper dose, time interval, and route based on the specific infection and organism. Consistency, combination therapies, and timing of doses are also important principles.
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This document discusses the problem of increasing antimicrobial resistance and outlines strategies for antimicrobial stewardship programs. It recognizes antimicrobial resistance as a serious global problem that requires immediate action. Antimicrobial stewardship is defined as optimizing antibiotic use through selecting appropriate treatment duration, dose, and spectrum of coverage. The document recommends establishing multidisciplinary stewardship teams and implementing interventions like guidelines, audit and feedback, and streamlining of therapy to improve antibiotic use and slow the development of resistance. Physicians are identified as key players that can help address the problem through their antibiotic prescribing practices.
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Duplication prescribing and misuse of medicine can harm patients and lead to death. Duplication prescribing occurs when multiple medications are prescribed for the same condition without coordination. Misuse involves using medication other than as intended, such as through addiction. Strategies to reduce these risks include implementing electronic health records and clinical decision support to avoid therapeutic duplication, educating patients, and enhancing prescription drug monitoring programs and enforcement of drug disposal laws.
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1) Rational use of antibiotics is important to avoid adverse effects, antibiotic resistance and increased healthcare costs. Antibiotics should only be used for bacterial infections and are not needed for most viral infections.
2) In selecting an antibiotic, the aetiological agent, patient factors, pharmacokinetic properties of the drug, and efficacy of therapy should be considered. Antibiotics must achieve effective concentrations at the site of infection.
3) Guidelines provide recommendations for common infections, but clinical judgement is also needed. Empiric therapy should be modified based on culture results and the patient's response.
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short presentation including mechanism of drug resistance for each class of antibiotics in short. Also, includes in general info on drug resistance
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FLOW OF THE SEMINAR
1. Definition – antibiotic resistance, Multi-resistance, cross-resistance in antibiotics
2. Evolution of resistance
3. Impact of resistance
4. The scenario of resistance: Global, India
5. Factors causing resistance
6. Mechanisms of resistance: Intrinsic and Acquired
7. Acquired mechanism of resistance
8. Quorum sensing
9. Mechanism of resistance in commonly used antibiotics
10. Methods for determining the resistance
11. Strategies to contain resistance
12. Antibiotic stewardship
13. Role of Pharmacologist
14. Initiatives undertaken by India to control resistance
Prophylaxis and empirical uses of antibiotics
This document discusses antimicrobial agents and antibiotic prophylaxis. It defines antimicrobials as agents that kill or inhibit microorganisms. Antibiotics are a type of antimicrobial produced by one microbe to harm others. The document classifies different types of antimicrobials and notes a wide range of chemical and natural compounds are used. It describes antibiotic prophylaxis as using antimicrobial medicines to prevent infection, especially before surgical procedures to reduce risks. Key aspects of choosing appropriate prophylactic antibiotics include the procedure type, drug kinetics, microbiology of the site, and hospital-specific antibiotic resistance patterns. Empirical therapy involves starting treatment based on clinical observations before lab results to identify the specific pathogen.
ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria change in response to antibiotic use, making infections harder to treat. Bacteria, not humans or animals, become resistant. This leads to higher medical costs, prolonged hospital stays, and increased deaths. Antibiotic resistance threatens global health and can affect anyone, of any age, in any country. It occurs naturally but also because of misuse of antibiotics in humans and farm animals. This is making many infections like pneumonia, tuberculosis, and gonorrhea more difficult to treat.
ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE AWARENESS .pptx
This document discusses antimicrobial resistance and antibiotic use. It defines antibiotics and their classifications including site of action, mode of action, and spectrum of activity. It discusses the misuse of antibiotics and factors that can lead to drug resistance. Antimicrobial resistance has reached crisis levels and is linked to overuse of antibiotics. The document recommends educating healthcare professionals, hospitals, pharmacists, students and patients about appropriate antibiotic usage to curb rising antimicrobial resistance.
Pharmacodynamics of antibiotics
This document discusses the pharmacodynamics of antibiotics. It explains that the time course of drug concentration at the infection site and potential toxic effects are closely related to antibiotic effect. Pharmacodynamic factors that determine antibiotic activity include pathogen susceptibility, whether the drug is bactericidal or bacteriostatic, drug synergism/antagonism, and post-antibiotic effects. Pharmacodynamic information is important for optimizing antibiotic dosage regimens. The document also discusses concepts like minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum bactericidal concentration, and time-dependent versus concentration-dependent antibiotic killing.
ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS (Part 2)
To understand the mechanisms of antimicrobial action and the classification of antimicrobial drugs.
To explain the process of microbial resistance.
To understand the spread of resistant microbes.
Outlines the prevention of microbial resistance.
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This document discusses principles of antimicrobial therapy. It begins by classifying antimicrobials based on their source, mechanism of action, spectrum, and effect on microorganisms. Different mechanisms of action for various classes of antimicrobials are described. A clinical approach for rational prescribing is then outlined, including confirming the presence of an infection, selecting agents based on patient factors and tissue penetration, and determining dosing based on pharmacodynamics. Monitoring efficacy and toxicity is also discussed. Adverse effects like hypersensitivity, superinfection, and antibiotic resistance are reviewed.
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Classification of wounds.
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https://www.saleemplasticsurgeon.com/
Basics of Antimicrobial Drugs
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms.
The overall theme of the Microbiology course is to study the relationship between microbes and our lives.
Microorganisms (microbes) are organisms that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye, and usually require a microscope to be seen.
This relationship involves harmful effects such as diseases and food spoilage as well as many beneficial effects.
Rational use of antibiotics
This document discusses the rational use of antibiotics. It notes that 50% of antibiotics are used inappropriately and that many infections like diarrhea and bronchitis are viral, not bacterial. It provides details on selecting antibiotics based on the infection severity, likely bacteria, patient factors, and cost. Empiric antibiotic choices are outlined for various infections. The side effects and costs of common antibiotics are also reviewed. The document emphasizes using antibiotics appropriately only for bacterial infections.
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This document discusses the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance and potential solutions. It notes the emergence of extensively drug-resistant pathogens and classifications of drug resistance. Potential solutions discussed include developing new antibiotics that target resistant bacteria, rediscovering older antibiotics, and using beta-lactamase inhibitors to enhance existing antibiotics. Several new antibiotics are summarized, including their mechanisms of action, clinical indications, and stages of clinical trials.
Antibiotic resistance mechanism
This presentation discusses antibiotic resistance. It defines antibiotics as substances produced by microorganisms that inhibit or kill other microorganisms at low concentrations without harming the host. Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria no longer respond to an antibiotic. Mechanisms of resistance include preventing antibiotic access, modifying antibiotics, altering antibiotic target sites, and pumping antibiotics out of cells. Causes of increasing resistance include overprescription, patient noncompliance, overuse in animals, poor drug quality, and lack of sanitation. Solutions proposed are only using antibiotics as prescribed, not sharing or saving antibiotics, and increasing education on resistance.
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Beta lactams antibiotics & beta lactamase inhibitors
This document provides information on beta-lactam antibiotics including penicillins, cephalosporins, and beta-lactamase inhibitors. It discusses the classes of penicillins such as phenoxymethylpenicillin, methicillin, cloxacillin, aminopenicillins, carboxypenicillins, and ureidopenicillins. It describes the structures, spectra of activity, pharmacokinetics, uses and adverse effects of various penicillin derivatives. The summary focuses on the key classes of beta-lactam antibiotics and their properties.
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This document discusses the principles of antibiotic therapy, choosing appropriate antibiotics, and administering antibiotics properly. It begins with a brief history of antibiotic use and then defines key terms. The main topics covered are:
1. Determining if an infection is present and evaluating a patient's immune status before deciding on antibiotic therapy.
2. Choosing antibiotics based on identifying the causative organism, determining sensitivity, using narrow-spectrum antibiotics, the least toxic option, and drugs with a proven track record.
3. Administering antibiotics at the proper dose, time interval, and route based on the specific infection and organism. Consistency, combination therapies, and timing of doses are also important principles.
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The document discusses antibiotic stewardship programs (ASPs) and the growing problem of antibiotic resistance. It notes that approximately 50% of antibiotic use is inappropriate, contributing to the development of resistance. ASPs aim to optimize antibiotic use and prevent resistance through coordinated interventions. The document emphasizes the importance of local antibiotic resistance data to inform treatment decisions and highlights challenges around compliance with standards for tracking resistance patterns. It also explores opportunities to leverage electronic health records and decision support software to enhance ASPs.Antimicrobial Stewardship
This document discusses the problem of increasing antimicrobial resistance and outlines strategies for antimicrobial stewardship programs. It recognizes antimicrobial resistance as a serious global problem that requires immediate action. Antimicrobial stewardship is defined as optimizing antibiotic use through selecting appropriate treatment duration, dose, and spectrum of coverage. The document recommends establishing multidisciplinary stewardship teams and implementing interventions like guidelines, audit and feedback, and streamlining of therapy to improve antibiotic use and slow the development of resistance. Physicians are identified as key players that can help address the problem through their antibiotic prescribing practices.
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Here are the key steps I would follow in selecting an appropriate antibiotic for a patient:
1. Determine if antibiotic treatment is truly necessary based on diagnosis, severity of symptoms, risk factors for complications, etc. Not all infections require antibiotics.
2. Consider the most likely causative organism(s) based on infection type, patient factors, local resistance patterns. Select an antibiotic with appropriate spectrum of activity.
3. Check for any antibiotic allergies and select an agent from a different class if needed.
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The document discusses proper prayer etiquette according to Islamic teachings from the Prophet Muhammad. It provides guidance on posture, recitations, timing of movements and more. References are given for further reading. Key points include praying with humility and concentration, straightening the rows, reciting prayers aloud but not too loud, and following the Prophet's example in all aspects of prayer.
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The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
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1. The document discusses how angels pray for and support humans in different circumstances and hardships according to the teachings of Islam.
2. Angels are said to pray for those traveling to seek knowledge, those entering the path of faith, those afflicted by misfortune or harm, and those helping others in need.
3. The angels continuously pray and offer support for humans in various situations such as sickness, hardship, loss of family or livelihood, and when fulfilling acts of worship or righteousness.
Khaleelullayudae dhanya jeevitham maatrukayaakkunnathu
C_vdmlow \_n(A) was a wise and knowledgeable man who lived according to the teachings of God. He urged people to worship God alone without any idols or false beliefs. He preached to both large groups and individuals, patiently explaining the truth and guiding them to the right path with kindness, wisdom and logical reasoning. Many came to accept the true faith due to his efforts.
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The document discusses how people should treat others with compassion and acceptance, regardless of differences. It states that one should not judge others or make assumptions about them based on superficial attributes. It also advocates avoiding harmful speech and conflict, promoting understanding instead. The overall message is one of embracing diversity and showing kindness to all people.
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The document discusses the importance of speaking to others with wisdom. It provides several quotes from religious texts emphasizing that one should speak to both those who are present and absent, to those who are young and old, to the one who is wronging others as well as the one who is wronged. Speaking to others with wisdom can help guide them on the right path and bring people together through understanding and kindness.
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The document provides instructions for performing ablution (wudu) in 9 steps: 1) Say Bismillah; 2) Wash hands 3 times; 3) Rinse mouth 3 times and sniff water in/out of nose 3 times; 4) Wash face 3 times; 5) Wash right arm 3 times then left arm 3 times; 6) Wipe head once; 7) Wash right foot 3 times then left foot 3 times; 8) Finish by saying the shahadah. The document emphasizes performing wudu correctly before prayer.
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Antibiotic Prescribing
- 1. Antibiotic Prescribing dr shabeel pn www.hi-dentfinishingschool.blogspot.com
- 2. The Antibiotic Resistance Spiral Adapted from: J. Carlet. resistance RESISTANCE CONCERN SELECTION BROAD-SPECTRUM EMPIRIC THERAPY cross- transmission dosage duration new antibiotics (promotion from pharmaceutical industry)
- 8. “ Other ” – Don’t put “registrar wants it!”
- 9. Write number on medication chart
- 14. Aminoglycosides Gentamicin Tobramycin Amikacin
- 18. Aminoglycoside action: MIC= minimal inhibitory concentration PAE= post-antibiotic effect PALE= post-antibiotic leucocyte enhancement effect Protects against bacterial regrowth when serum concs fall below MIC Bacteria are more susceptible to intracellular killing or to phagocytosis by leukocytes
- 24. Vancomycin
- 31. mecA Encodes penicillin binding protein 2a with low affinity for beta-lactam antibiotics Cell -wall active antibiotics - Beta-lactams - Glycopeptides (vancomycin)
- 32. Emergence of resistance in Staph. and other Gram positive bacteria 1988 – VRE 1996 – VISA 2002 - VRSA 1960 (Pen, streptom, tetrac, eryth) 1946 First Resistance 1965 1959 1942 Introduction Vancomycin Methicillin Penicillin Drug
- 37. Any questions?
Editor's Notes
- PALE: bacteria in the post-antibiotic phase are more susceptible to intracellular killing or to phagocytosis by leukocytes Sub MIC effects: at this concentration antibiotics are known to slow growth and produce morphological changes. Sub MIC concentrations can also prolong the duration of the PAE PAE: the persistent suppression of bacterial growth following exposure to an antimicrobial
- Risk factors: Concurrent use of other nephrotoxic agents Prolonged therapy Continually elevated trough levels
- 16