This research work aims at synthesizing two different types of moisturizers: a body butter and a lotion. Based on the methodology, three samples of the body butter and lotion was produced, by varying the percentage of zinc oxide and Shea butter, the samples were analyzed with a UV- spectrophotometer to determine the transmittance and absorbance strength which was in turn used to determine the SPF. Vaseline which is a standard organic lotion was also analyzed to determine the transmittance, absorbance strength and SPF. The results were compared. Of all the moisturizers synthesized in this research, the lotion which had 10% zinc oxide had the highest absorbance strength, and hence the highest SPF. Therefore, it was concluded that a minimum of 10% zinc oxide should be used in the production of sunscreen moisturizers to provide moderate sun protection.
Anti-aging potential of a cream containing herbal oils and honey: Formulation...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY AND PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF NEEM LEAVES AND LEMON G...IAEME Publication
In this study, the antimicrobial activity and phytochemical constituents of neem
leaves and lemon grass oil extracts were evaluated. Oil extracts of neem leaves and
lemon grass were obtained by solvent extraction method using hexane and ethanol.
Antimicrobial activity screening of plants’ oil extracts were conducted using agar well
diffusion method and the oil extracts were tested against three gram negative bacteria
(Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella specie, Escherichia coli), one gram positive
bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and two fungi (Candida albicans, Rhizopus specie).
Phytochemical components of the ethanolic oil extracts were anthocyanin and
betacyanin; quinones; terpenoids and acid for lemon grass. In addition to other
phytochemicals present in lemon grass ethanolic oil extract, neem ethanolic oil extracts
tested positive to flavonoids. Lemon grass oil extract shows high activity against
Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans which are
representative of the three categories of microorganisms considered. Neem leaves oil
extracts have relatively low activity against most of the selected microorganisms.
This document describes the development of eco-friendly ant chalk and mosquito mats made from coconut shell oil. Coconut shell oil was extracted from coconut shells through indirect burning and contains phenolic compounds. Ant chalk was created by mixing coconut shell oil with lime, clay, and water. Mosquito mats were produced using a mixture of coconut shell oil, cow dung, fenugreek, and water. Testing showed the ant chalk and mosquito mats were very effective at repelling ants and mosquitoes without toxic chemicals. The products were inexpensive to produce from agricultural waste materials.
The document summarizes a study on the effect of heat treatment on the characteristics and oil yield of Moringa oleifera seeds. Moringa seed samples were divided into four portions and samples A, B, and C were heated to 100°C, 130°C, and 150°C respectively for 30 minutes, while sample D served as the control. The results showed that oil yield decreased with increasing heating temperature, ranging from 33.7% to 28.6% for samples A to D. Physical properties like specific gravity and density were largely unaffected by heating temperature. Chemical properties like saponification value, acid value, peroxide value, and iodine value decreased with higher heating temperatures, while free fatty acid levels
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
IRJET-Algae as a Potential Feedstock for Production of BiodieselIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the production of biodiesel from two microalgae species: Cladophora vagabunda and Spirogyra oblonga. The key findings are:
1) Oil extraction from dried algae yielded more oil from C. vagabunda (16.2% oil) than S. oblonga (14.25% oil).
2) Transesterification using alkali catalysts (KOH, NaOCH3) produced the highest biodiesel yields at 650C, 0.7% catalyst concentration, and 90 minute reaction time.
3) C. vagabunda biodiesel production (94% yield) was
This document provides an overview of UV filters, their regulation, and analysis using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). It discusses the history, mechanisms, and developments of UV filters. It also describes the scope and components of HPLC, including columns, pumps, detectors, and modes. The document then reviews literature on UV filters and provides sections on experimental batch books, standard operating procedures, calculations, results and discussion, and conclusions. It aims to manufacture cosmetic creams containing UV filters and analyze them using an HPLC method to extract and quantify the filters.
Anti-aging potential of a cream containing herbal oils and honey: Formulation...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY AND PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF NEEM LEAVES AND LEMON G...IAEME Publication
In this study, the antimicrobial activity and phytochemical constituents of neem
leaves and lemon grass oil extracts were evaluated. Oil extracts of neem leaves and
lemon grass were obtained by solvent extraction method using hexane and ethanol.
Antimicrobial activity screening of plants’ oil extracts were conducted using agar well
diffusion method and the oil extracts were tested against three gram negative bacteria
(Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella specie, Escherichia coli), one gram positive
bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and two fungi (Candida albicans, Rhizopus specie).
Phytochemical components of the ethanolic oil extracts were anthocyanin and
betacyanin; quinones; terpenoids and acid for lemon grass. In addition to other
phytochemicals present in lemon grass ethanolic oil extract, neem ethanolic oil extracts
tested positive to flavonoids. Lemon grass oil extract shows high activity against
Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans which are
representative of the three categories of microorganisms considered. Neem leaves oil
extracts have relatively low activity against most of the selected microorganisms.
This document describes the development of eco-friendly ant chalk and mosquito mats made from coconut shell oil. Coconut shell oil was extracted from coconut shells through indirect burning and contains phenolic compounds. Ant chalk was created by mixing coconut shell oil with lime, clay, and water. Mosquito mats were produced using a mixture of coconut shell oil, cow dung, fenugreek, and water. Testing showed the ant chalk and mosquito mats were very effective at repelling ants and mosquitoes without toxic chemicals. The products were inexpensive to produce from agricultural waste materials.
The document summarizes a study on the effect of heat treatment on the characteristics and oil yield of Moringa oleifera seeds. Moringa seed samples were divided into four portions and samples A, B, and C were heated to 100°C, 130°C, and 150°C respectively for 30 minutes, while sample D served as the control. The results showed that oil yield decreased with increasing heating temperature, ranging from 33.7% to 28.6% for samples A to D. Physical properties like specific gravity and density were largely unaffected by heating temperature. Chemical properties like saponification value, acid value, peroxide value, and iodine value decreased with higher heating temperatures, while free fatty acid levels
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
IRJET-Algae as a Potential Feedstock for Production of BiodieselIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the production of biodiesel from two microalgae species: Cladophora vagabunda and Spirogyra oblonga. The key findings are:
1) Oil extraction from dried algae yielded more oil from C. vagabunda (16.2% oil) than S. oblonga (14.25% oil).
2) Transesterification using alkali catalysts (KOH, NaOCH3) produced the highest biodiesel yields at 650C, 0.7% catalyst concentration, and 90 minute reaction time.
3) C. vagabunda biodiesel production (94% yield) was
This document provides an overview of UV filters, their regulation, and analysis using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). It discusses the history, mechanisms, and developments of UV filters. It also describes the scope and components of HPLC, including columns, pumps, detectors, and modes. The document then reviews literature on UV filters and provides sections on experimental batch books, standard operating procedures, calculations, results and discussion, and conclusions. It aims to manufacture cosmetic creams containing UV filters and analyze them using an HPLC method to extract and quantify the filters.
Analysis of conventional and microwave assisted technique for the extraction ...hunypink
This document compares conventional and microwave-assisted techniques for extracting concentrated oils from citrus peels. It finds that microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD) takes 60 minutes to extract oils, faster than the 3 hours required for conventional hydrodistillation. Both techniques extracted oils at around 1.67% yield. MAHD consumed 0.4 kWh of energy compared to 1.3 kWh for hydrodistillation, providing greater energy savings. Overall, MAHD performed better than conventional techniques in terms of extraction time and energy efficiency.
Nanoencapsulating of Kaffir Lime Oil with Coacervation Method using Arabic Gu...Premier Publishers
Kaffir lime oil is an essential oil from cirtus hystrix leaves. that product is generally volatile when exposed by air, kaffir lime oil covering is used, made with the nanocapsule. The technique used is coacervation method. This experiment aims to identity the ratio of arabic gum and kaffir lime oil, and also by maintaining the optimal crosslinking time. Nanoencapsule making process starts with mixing arabic gum into the kaffir lime oil on various mixing ratio. The coacervation process is done by dropping encapsulant mix and kaffir lime oil with various concentration into glutaraldehyde. After the coacervation, next is the process of adding maltodextrin into the mix with homogenization process and lastly is spray drying emulsion. Analysis is done by observing the result of encapsulation efficiency, particle distribution, and morphology profile using Scanning Electron Microscope. The result shows that the best nanoencapsulation efficiency is between 70.71% - 80.75%. The optimum condition for the highest value of total essential oils content in on 1:3 ratio (b/v) and the optimal time of crosslinking is 13 minutes. The nanocapsules had spherical shape with dips in the surface with average size of nanocapsules of 457.87 nm.
Ecofriendly repellent a study of control of mosquito vectorsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the mosquito repellent properties of essential oils from various plants. The oils were extracted from citrus, lemongrass, and neem plants. Tests on human volunteers found that lemongrass and neem oils provided over 80% repellency of mosquitoes, comparable to DEET. A cream was formulated containing the essential oils and provided 80% protection against mosquito bites for 2 hours. The study demonstrates the potential of using these essential oils as natural and safe mosquito repellents.
ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF Citrus limonON Acnevulgaris (PIMPLES) IJSIT Editor
This document summarizes research on the antibacterial activity of lemon juice (Citrus limon) on Propionibacterium acnes, the bacteria that causes acne vulgaris (pimples). Samples were collected from patients and tested against lemon juice and a conventional cleanser at various concentrations. Both lemon juice and the cleanser were found to inhibit the bacteria, with lemon juice showing stronger antibacterial effects at lower concentrations. The minimum inhibitory concentration of lemon juice was found to be 60%, compared to 60% for the cleanser. At concentrations of 80% or higher, both lemon juice and the cleanser showed bactericidal effects, completely killing the bacteria. The study concludes that lemon juice is more effective than conventional clean
Sunscreen, SPF value ,definition of sunscreen, classification of sunscreen, mechanism of sunscreen, organic sunscreens, inorganic sunscreens, formulation of sunscreen, UV radiation, effects of UV radiation, spectrum UV radiation, analysis of final product, persistent pigment darkening(PPD)
Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) has been shown to cause skin disorders, including sunburn and symptoms such as erythema, ageing and formation of wrinkles, pigmentation or dyspigmentation, DNA damage and ultimately photocarcinogenesis on prolonged exposure. It has been reported that sunscreens have beneficial effects in reducing the incidence of skin disorders and protect the skin against exogenous and endogenous harmful agents by absorption, scattering and by blocking phenomena. Ultraviolet (UV) rays are classified into three wavelengths UV-A, UV-B and UV-C. The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can react with DNA, proteins, and fatty acids in the skin causes oxidative damage and impairment of antioxidant system in the human body is triggered by skin exposure to sunlight and other climatic circumstances. Such injuries disrupt the skin’s regulation pathways, causing photoaging and the development of skin cancer. Active ingredient of sunscreen agents are synthetic substances which are divided into organic and inorganic filters used in the market. Synthetic agents have shown some serious side effects. Therefore, to overcome this deleterious effects natural sunscreens were found by the researchers from nature. Natural products are efficacious as sunscreens and produce healing, softening, rejuvenating, and sunscreen effects. However, the use of sunscreen has faced many challenges, including inducing photoallergic dermatitis, environment pollution, and deficiency of vitamin D production. Therefore, consumers should efficiently apply suitable herbal formulations to improve sun protection as well as to avoid the side effects of synthetic sunscreens.
Tarush Raiwani proposed a green vehicle project that uses renewable energy sources like solar power and biodiesel from waste vegetable oil and algae. Data was collected from local schools on transportation methods and fuel usage, which showed over 50% of students came by diesel vehicles. Biodiesel was produced through processes like filtration, titration, and transesterification of waste vegetable oil collected from markets. Algae oil was extracted using techniques like ultrasonication. The vehicle was modified with lightweight and strong materials like cellulose and carbon fiber to increase fuel efficiency. The green vehicle aims to reduce pollution and encourage renewable energy sources.
PREPARATION OF ANTIVIRAL FACE MASK USING LEMON BALM EXTRACTIRJET Journal
1) Researchers are developing an antiviral face mask using lemon balm extract to retain the plant's antiviral properties. Lemon balm is known to have antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiviral effects due to compounds like rosmarinic acid.
2) The lemon balm will be extracted using a Soxhlet apparatus with methanol solvent. The extract will then be fused onto organic cotton fabric using a padding mangle.
3) The finished masks will be tested using FTIR and GC-MS to confirm the presence of bioactive compounds from the lemon balm. It is hoped that the masks will help resist the spread of viral diseases by retaining the plant's proven antiviral activity.
Growth inhibition of aspergillus niger and penicillium italicum by seed kerne...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the antifungal properties of oil extracted from mango seed kernels against Aspergillus niger and Penicillium italicum. Mango seed kernel oil was extracted from dried and powdered mango seeds using solvent extraction. The oil was tested against the fungi using agar dilution assays at concentrations of 1.33%, 2.67%, and 4%. Both fungi showed reduced growth when exposed to the oil, with Penicillium italicum being more sensitive. At 4% concentration, mango seed kernel oil reduced Penicillium growth by 25% and Aspergillus growth by 19.3%. The results suggest mango seed kernel oil could be useful for preventing fungal food spoilage caused by Asper
Study on characteristics of Bamboo Fibre and to develop a eye mask using herb...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on developing an herbal eye mask using bamboo fiber. Bamboo fiber has properties like antibacterial activity, moisture absorption, and softness that make it suitable for eye masks. The researchers extracted active ingredients from aloe vera, turmeric, and coleus leaves using Soxhlet extraction. These herbal extracts were applied onto bamboo fabric using padding and curing. The treated fabrics were tested for properties like appearance after washing, odor, and antibacterial activity. The results showed the herbal finishes maintained the color and had slight pilling after washing. The fabrics had no unpleasant odor and exhibited antibacterial effects. Therefore, the herbal eye masks developed on bamboo fabric could provide benefits like moisture w
This document discusses optimization and kinetic studies on extracting oil from the marine macroalgae Ulva lactuca for biodiesel production. Six pre-treatment methods were tested to disrupt the algal cells and increase oil extraction efficiency. Parameters like moisture content, particle size, temperature, and solvent composition were optimized to obtain a high oil yield of 10.88% from 30g of algal biomass. Kinetic studies using a first order model determined the extraction has an activation energy of 63.031 kJ/mol. The results show U. lactuca is a suitable feedstock for biodiesel production.
The document summarizes a study that investigated the antibacterial activities of extracts from the leaves of Sesamum indicum (sesame). Ethanol and aqueous extracts of sesame leaves were tested against four pathogenic bacteria (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhii, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus) using different concentrations. The ethanol extract strongly inhibited the growth of E. coli and mildly inhibited K. pneumoniae and S. typhii. However, it did not inhibit S. aureus. The aqueous extract did not inhibit any of the bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the ethanol extract was also determined.
This document discusses the formulation of various types of cosmetics. It begins by defining cosmetics and providing examples of common cosmetic products like creams, lotions, and oils. It then discusses the formulation of specific types of cosmetics including antiperspirants and deodorants, sunscreens, and anti-acne products. For each type of cosmetic, it describes the key active ingredients and provides examples of formulations. The document emphasizes the importance of developing cosmetics that treat skin conditions without irritation. It concludes by discussing formulations for pigmentation cream to regulate melanin production and alter skin complexion.
This document summarizes a study that developed a non-toxic method for microencapsulating biological control inoculum. The method uses phase separation to emulsify aqueous solutions of inoculum mixed with sodium alginate, gelatin or agar into microscopic globules within a mixture of corn oil, n-hexadecane and lecithin. The globules then gel to form "capsules" surrounding the inoculum. Microencapsulation enhanced the efficacy of biological control agents against plant and insect pests compared to unformulated controls. It also protected inoculum in dry conditions. The size and composition of capsules can be adjusted for different inoculum types and targets.
Development of Ultraviolet Protective Fabric with Natural HerbDr. Amarjeet Singh
Effective textiles are a part of technical textiles
that are defined as comprising all those textile-based
products that are used principally for their performance or
functional characteristics rather than their aesthetic or
decorative characteristics. protective clothing is specially
designed for sun protection and generally produced from
the fabric rated for its level of ultraviolet (UV) protection.
Ultraviolet rays constitute a very low fraction of the solar
spectrum but influence all leaving organism. The sun is the
principal source of UV exposure for most people. Exposure
to the sun is known to be associated with various skin
diseases, skin cancers, accelerated skin aging and other eye
diseases, and probably has an adverse effect on persons
ability to resist infectious diseases. The rating system of
fabric specifies an ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) value,
which can be thought as a time factor for the protection of
Caucasian skin compared to exposure without exposure
without any protection from sun's UV as a means of
protecting skin from damage. The shorter the wavelength,
the higher the energy of radiation.UVA rays account for 90
to 95% of UV radiation that reaches the earth. While UVB
makes only 5 to 10% of solar radiation, its high-energy
damages surface epidermal layers and cause sunburn.UVB
is strongest particularly between 10 AM to 4 pm from April
to October and UVA present equally throughout daylight
hours and throughout seasons both types of UV rays can
cause skin cancer because they damage skin cells and alter
their DNA, and also causes premature aging of the skin. A
novel weave structure and denier (related to thread count
per inch) may provide the sun protective properties.
nowadays textiles and fabrics used for sun protective
clothing are pre-treated with chemically modified UVinhibiting ingredients during manufacturing to enhance
their effectiveness, here in this paper author tried to use
some environment-friendly natural ingredients as an
alternative to chemically modified UV-inhibiting
ingredients. All-natural ingredients from herbs like green
tea leaf, pudina, and neem leaf extracts are used and
experimental findings related to UPF(Ultraviolet protection
factor) are discussed.
Effect of Carom Seed Oil on the Antimicrobial, Physicochemical and Mechanical...IJEABJ
Packaging material is necessary in the preservation process. Edible films containing essential oils can be incorporated into the conventional food packaging systems with a dual purpose, edible and natural preservative, that can maintain quality, extend the shelf life and reduce the risk of pathogen growth specifically in unprocessed or minimally processed foods like fruits and vegetables. In present study, pumpkin-arrowroot starch based edible film incorporated with carom seed oil at 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% were prepared and studied for the antimicrobial properties. Film with 1.5% Carom seed oil showed exceedingly good antimicrobial activities against E. coli, Staphylococcus and Aspergillus. The films were further studied for physical, mechanical and water vapour transmission properties. The results indicated that the film with 1.5% carom seed oil did not alter the mechanical properties of the film significantly, compared to control film and is ideal for coating to extend the shelf life of food products.
This study evaluated the sun protection factor (SPF) of 15 sunscreen products sold in Kurdistan Region using UV-visible spectrophotometry. The labeled SPF values ranged from 15 to 100. The calculated SPF values agreed with the labeled SPF for 33% of samples, exceeded labeled SPF for 13% of samples, and were below labeled SPF for 54% of samples. All samples had pH values around 7 and exhibited pseudoplastic rheological properties, decreasing in viscosity with increasing shear rate. This study found discrepancies between labeled and calculated SPF values for some sunscreens sold in Kurdistan Region.
The aim of the investigation was to evaluate the anti-bacterial, bioactive compounds and anti-oxidant property of fibrous brown marine algae Sargassum wightii. Antimicrobial finish has been imparted to the cotton fabric using extracts of seaweed by microencapsulation using pad-dry-cure method. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated, how this Sargassum wightti acts as antioxidant, and antibacterial properties and it also shows good antiviral and anti-carcinogenic activities. Bioactive compounds are inhibited the growth of microorganisms present in human body. Bioactive compounds were confirmed by means of the spectrum in the GC-MS spectroscopy. Antioxidant activities were evaluated using the DPPH method. The total phenolic content was determined with the folin-ciocalteu method. The methanol fraction of treated fabric had the highest antioxidant activity (42.5+1.21%), because of the phenolic content trap the reactive oxygen species and develops the cells present in the skin. Parallel streak method was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of seaweed treated fabric. The results showed that higher inhibition zone of 40 mm. The treated fabrics are most widely used in a wide range of health care, pharmaceutical and hygienic textiles.
The document discusses sunscreen preparations. It begins by defining sunscreen and describing the different types of ultraviolet radiation from the sun. It then explains how UV radiation damages skin, noting that UVA penetrates deeper and causes long-term damage while UVB causes sunburn. The principles of how sunscreens work to absorb or reflect UV rays are described. Ideal properties of sunscreens are provided along with classifications and common active ingredients. Testing methods to evaluate sunscreen effectiveness are also summarized.
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
Analysis of conventional and microwave assisted technique for the extraction ...hunypink
This document compares conventional and microwave-assisted techniques for extracting concentrated oils from citrus peels. It finds that microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD) takes 60 minutes to extract oils, faster than the 3 hours required for conventional hydrodistillation. Both techniques extracted oils at around 1.67% yield. MAHD consumed 0.4 kWh of energy compared to 1.3 kWh for hydrodistillation, providing greater energy savings. Overall, MAHD performed better than conventional techniques in terms of extraction time and energy efficiency.
Nanoencapsulating of Kaffir Lime Oil with Coacervation Method using Arabic Gu...Premier Publishers
Kaffir lime oil is an essential oil from cirtus hystrix leaves. that product is generally volatile when exposed by air, kaffir lime oil covering is used, made with the nanocapsule. The technique used is coacervation method. This experiment aims to identity the ratio of arabic gum and kaffir lime oil, and also by maintaining the optimal crosslinking time. Nanoencapsule making process starts with mixing arabic gum into the kaffir lime oil on various mixing ratio. The coacervation process is done by dropping encapsulant mix and kaffir lime oil with various concentration into glutaraldehyde. After the coacervation, next is the process of adding maltodextrin into the mix with homogenization process and lastly is spray drying emulsion. Analysis is done by observing the result of encapsulation efficiency, particle distribution, and morphology profile using Scanning Electron Microscope. The result shows that the best nanoencapsulation efficiency is between 70.71% - 80.75%. The optimum condition for the highest value of total essential oils content in on 1:3 ratio (b/v) and the optimal time of crosslinking is 13 minutes. The nanocapsules had spherical shape with dips in the surface with average size of nanocapsules of 457.87 nm.
Ecofriendly repellent a study of control of mosquito vectorsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the mosquito repellent properties of essential oils from various plants. The oils were extracted from citrus, lemongrass, and neem plants. Tests on human volunteers found that lemongrass and neem oils provided over 80% repellency of mosquitoes, comparable to DEET. A cream was formulated containing the essential oils and provided 80% protection against mosquito bites for 2 hours. The study demonstrates the potential of using these essential oils as natural and safe mosquito repellents.
ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF Citrus limonON Acnevulgaris (PIMPLES) IJSIT Editor
This document summarizes research on the antibacterial activity of lemon juice (Citrus limon) on Propionibacterium acnes, the bacteria that causes acne vulgaris (pimples). Samples were collected from patients and tested against lemon juice and a conventional cleanser at various concentrations. Both lemon juice and the cleanser were found to inhibit the bacteria, with lemon juice showing stronger antibacterial effects at lower concentrations. The minimum inhibitory concentration of lemon juice was found to be 60%, compared to 60% for the cleanser. At concentrations of 80% or higher, both lemon juice and the cleanser showed bactericidal effects, completely killing the bacteria. The study concludes that lemon juice is more effective than conventional clean
Sunscreen, SPF value ,definition of sunscreen, classification of sunscreen, mechanism of sunscreen, organic sunscreens, inorganic sunscreens, formulation of sunscreen, UV radiation, effects of UV radiation, spectrum UV radiation, analysis of final product, persistent pigment darkening(PPD)
Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) has been shown to cause skin disorders, including sunburn and symptoms such as erythema, ageing and formation of wrinkles, pigmentation or dyspigmentation, DNA damage and ultimately photocarcinogenesis on prolonged exposure. It has been reported that sunscreens have beneficial effects in reducing the incidence of skin disorders and protect the skin against exogenous and endogenous harmful agents by absorption, scattering and by blocking phenomena. Ultraviolet (UV) rays are classified into three wavelengths UV-A, UV-B and UV-C. The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can react with DNA, proteins, and fatty acids in the skin causes oxidative damage and impairment of antioxidant system in the human body is triggered by skin exposure to sunlight and other climatic circumstances. Such injuries disrupt the skin’s regulation pathways, causing photoaging and the development of skin cancer. Active ingredient of sunscreen agents are synthetic substances which are divided into organic and inorganic filters used in the market. Synthetic agents have shown some serious side effects. Therefore, to overcome this deleterious effects natural sunscreens were found by the researchers from nature. Natural products are efficacious as sunscreens and produce healing, softening, rejuvenating, and sunscreen effects. However, the use of sunscreen has faced many challenges, including inducing photoallergic dermatitis, environment pollution, and deficiency of vitamin D production. Therefore, consumers should efficiently apply suitable herbal formulations to improve sun protection as well as to avoid the side effects of synthetic sunscreens.
Tarush Raiwani proposed a green vehicle project that uses renewable energy sources like solar power and biodiesel from waste vegetable oil and algae. Data was collected from local schools on transportation methods and fuel usage, which showed over 50% of students came by diesel vehicles. Biodiesel was produced through processes like filtration, titration, and transesterification of waste vegetable oil collected from markets. Algae oil was extracted using techniques like ultrasonication. The vehicle was modified with lightweight and strong materials like cellulose and carbon fiber to increase fuel efficiency. The green vehicle aims to reduce pollution and encourage renewable energy sources.
PREPARATION OF ANTIVIRAL FACE MASK USING LEMON BALM EXTRACTIRJET Journal
1) Researchers are developing an antiviral face mask using lemon balm extract to retain the plant's antiviral properties. Lemon balm is known to have antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiviral effects due to compounds like rosmarinic acid.
2) The lemon balm will be extracted using a Soxhlet apparatus with methanol solvent. The extract will then be fused onto organic cotton fabric using a padding mangle.
3) The finished masks will be tested using FTIR and GC-MS to confirm the presence of bioactive compounds from the lemon balm. It is hoped that the masks will help resist the spread of viral diseases by retaining the plant's proven antiviral activity.
Growth inhibition of aspergillus niger and penicillium italicum by seed kerne...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the antifungal properties of oil extracted from mango seed kernels against Aspergillus niger and Penicillium italicum. Mango seed kernel oil was extracted from dried and powdered mango seeds using solvent extraction. The oil was tested against the fungi using agar dilution assays at concentrations of 1.33%, 2.67%, and 4%. Both fungi showed reduced growth when exposed to the oil, with Penicillium italicum being more sensitive. At 4% concentration, mango seed kernel oil reduced Penicillium growth by 25% and Aspergillus growth by 19.3%. The results suggest mango seed kernel oil could be useful for preventing fungal food spoilage caused by Asper
Study on characteristics of Bamboo Fibre and to develop a eye mask using herb...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on developing an herbal eye mask using bamboo fiber. Bamboo fiber has properties like antibacterial activity, moisture absorption, and softness that make it suitable for eye masks. The researchers extracted active ingredients from aloe vera, turmeric, and coleus leaves using Soxhlet extraction. These herbal extracts were applied onto bamboo fabric using padding and curing. The treated fabrics were tested for properties like appearance after washing, odor, and antibacterial activity. The results showed the herbal finishes maintained the color and had slight pilling after washing. The fabrics had no unpleasant odor and exhibited antibacterial effects. Therefore, the herbal eye masks developed on bamboo fabric could provide benefits like moisture w
This document discusses optimization and kinetic studies on extracting oil from the marine macroalgae Ulva lactuca for biodiesel production. Six pre-treatment methods were tested to disrupt the algal cells and increase oil extraction efficiency. Parameters like moisture content, particle size, temperature, and solvent composition were optimized to obtain a high oil yield of 10.88% from 30g of algal biomass. Kinetic studies using a first order model determined the extraction has an activation energy of 63.031 kJ/mol. The results show U. lactuca is a suitable feedstock for biodiesel production.
The document summarizes a study that investigated the antibacterial activities of extracts from the leaves of Sesamum indicum (sesame). Ethanol and aqueous extracts of sesame leaves were tested against four pathogenic bacteria (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhii, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus) using different concentrations. The ethanol extract strongly inhibited the growth of E. coli and mildly inhibited K. pneumoniae and S. typhii. However, it did not inhibit S. aureus. The aqueous extract did not inhibit any of the bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the ethanol extract was also determined.
This document discusses the formulation of various types of cosmetics. It begins by defining cosmetics and providing examples of common cosmetic products like creams, lotions, and oils. It then discusses the formulation of specific types of cosmetics including antiperspirants and deodorants, sunscreens, and anti-acne products. For each type of cosmetic, it describes the key active ingredients and provides examples of formulations. The document emphasizes the importance of developing cosmetics that treat skin conditions without irritation. It concludes by discussing formulations for pigmentation cream to regulate melanin production and alter skin complexion.
This document summarizes a study that developed a non-toxic method for microencapsulating biological control inoculum. The method uses phase separation to emulsify aqueous solutions of inoculum mixed with sodium alginate, gelatin or agar into microscopic globules within a mixture of corn oil, n-hexadecane and lecithin. The globules then gel to form "capsules" surrounding the inoculum. Microencapsulation enhanced the efficacy of biological control agents against plant and insect pests compared to unformulated controls. It also protected inoculum in dry conditions. The size and composition of capsules can be adjusted for different inoculum types and targets.
Development of Ultraviolet Protective Fabric with Natural HerbDr. Amarjeet Singh
Effective textiles are a part of technical textiles
that are defined as comprising all those textile-based
products that are used principally for their performance or
functional characteristics rather than their aesthetic or
decorative characteristics. protective clothing is specially
designed for sun protection and generally produced from
the fabric rated for its level of ultraviolet (UV) protection.
Ultraviolet rays constitute a very low fraction of the solar
spectrum but influence all leaving organism. The sun is the
principal source of UV exposure for most people. Exposure
to the sun is known to be associated with various skin
diseases, skin cancers, accelerated skin aging and other eye
diseases, and probably has an adverse effect on persons
ability to resist infectious diseases. The rating system of
fabric specifies an ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) value,
which can be thought as a time factor for the protection of
Caucasian skin compared to exposure without exposure
without any protection from sun's UV as a means of
protecting skin from damage. The shorter the wavelength,
the higher the energy of radiation.UVA rays account for 90
to 95% of UV radiation that reaches the earth. While UVB
makes only 5 to 10% of solar radiation, its high-energy
damages surface epidermal layers and cause sunburn.UVB
is strongest particularly between 10 AM to 4 pm from April
to October and UVA present equally throughout daylight
hours and throughout seasons both types of UV rays can
cause skin cancer because they damage skin cells and alter
their DNA, and also causes premature aging of the skin. A
novel weave structure and denier (related to thread count
per inch) may provide the sun protective properties.
nowadays textiles and fabrics used for sun protective
clothing are pre-treated with chemically modified UVinhibiting ingredients during manufacturing to enhance
their effectiveness, here in this paper author tried to use
some environment-friendly natural ingredients as an
alternative to chemically modified UV-inhibiting
ingredients. All-natural ingredients from herbs like green
tea leaf, pudina, and neem leaf extracts are used and
experimental findings related to UPF(Ultraviolet protection
factor) are discussed.
Effect of Carom Seed Oil on the Antimicrobial, Physicochemical and Mechanical...IJEABJ
Packaging material is necessary in the preservation process. Edible films containing essential oils can be incorporated into the conventional food packaging systems with a dual purpose, edible and natural preservative, that can maintain quality, extend the shelf life and reduce the risk of pathogen growth specifically in unprocessed or minimally processed foods like fruits and vegetables. In present study, pumpkin-arrowroot starch based edible film incorporated with carom seed oil at 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% were prepared and studied for the antimicrobial properties. Film with 1.5% Carom seed oil showed exceedingly good antimicrobial activities against E. coli, Staphylococcus and Aspergillus. The films were further studied for physical, mechanical and water vapour transmission properties. The results indicated that the film with 1.5% carom seed oil did not alter the mechanical properties of the film significantly, compared to control film and is ideal for coating to extend the shelf life of food products.
This study evaluated the sun protection factor (SPF) of 15 sunscreen products sold in Kurdistan Region using UV-visible spectrophotometry. The labeled SPF values ranged from 15 to 100. The calculated SPF values agreed with the labeled SPF for 33% of samples, exceeded labeled SPF for 13% of samples, and were below labeled SPF for 54% of samples. All samples had pH values around 7 and exhibited pseudoplastic rheological properties, decreasing in viscosity with increasing shear rate. This study found discrepancies between labeled and calculated SPF values for some sunscreens sold in Kurdistan Region.
The aim of the investigation was to evaluate the anti-bacterial, bioactive compounds and anti-oxidant property of fibrous brown marine algae Sargassum wightii. Antimicrobial finish has been imparted to the cotton fabric using extracts of seaweed by microencapsulation using pad-dry-cure method. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated, how this Sargassum wightti acts as antioxidant, and antibacterial properties and it also shows good antiviral and anti-carcinogenic activities. Bioactive compounds are inhibited the growth of microorganisms present in human body. Bioactive compounds were confirmed by means of the spectrum in the GC-MS spectroscopy. Antioxidant activities were evaluated using the DPPH method. The total phenolic content was determined with the folin-ciocalteu method. The methanol fraction of treated fabric had the highest antioxidant activity (42.5+1.21%), because of the phenolic content trap the reactive oxygen species and develops the cells present in the skin. Parallel streak method was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of seaweed treated fabric. The results showed that higher inhibition zone of 40 mm. The treated fabrics are most widely used in a wide range of health care, pharmaceutical and hygienic textiles.
The document discusses sunscreen preparations. It begins by defining sunscreen and describing the different types of ultraviolet radiation from the sun. It then explains how UV radiation damages skin, noting that UVA penetrates deeper and causes long-term damage while UVB causes sunburn. The principles of how sunscreens work to absorb or reflect UV rays are described. Ideal properties of sunscreens are provided along with classifications and common active ingredients. Testing methods to evaluate sunscreen effectiveness are also summarized.
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
2. Comparative and Experimental Study on The Properties and Potency of Synthesized Organic
and Mineral Sunscreen Moisturizer
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1. INTRODUCTION
The ancient Greeks used olive oil to protect the skin from sun damage. Over the years, the South
Americans use rice jasmine and lupine plants extracts by, as skin care to help protects their skin
from sun damage [6]. Sunscreen, otherwise called sunblock, is a gel like moisturizer that
absorbs, reflects, or scatters a portion of the sun's (UV) radiation and subsequently prevent
sunburn. The first sunscreen moisturizer ever known was produced in France by Eugene sculler
in 1935. In 1946, sunscreen produced by Franz Greiter was commercially introduced into the
market [16]. Schulze was credited with introducing the idea of SPF in 1956, thereby
approximately estimating the effectiveness of sunscreen when applied to the skin evenly at
3mg/cm2
, and the first Greiter's cream was appraised later to have SPF of 2. However,
sunscreens have become a very essential skincare product worldwide. In 1990, $525 million
was spent on sun protection products in USA and the figure increased yearly [14] in a bid to
reduce the damaging effect of the (UV) radiation on the skin, [1and 4] reports that solar
radiation is the combination of visible light and ultraviolet radiation that reaches the earth from
the sun. A small portion of this spectrum is composed of short-wave length in the region 200nm-
400nm high energy ultra violet (UV) radiation harmful to life on earth. [17]. The application of
sunscreen prevents the absorption of UV radiation thereby reducing skin photo-damage and the
carcinogenic effects of solar irradiation [9 and 15]. There are two types of sunscreens actives
in use today: Organic sunscreen and Mineral based sunscreen. Both the organic and mineral
based sunscreens contain UV-filters. UV- filters are compounds or mixtures that block or
absorb ultraviolet (UV) light. [10 and 13]
1.1. Organic Sunscreen
These are known to as chemical filters. They are mostly aromatic compounds conjugated with
C=C double bonds, which have the electronic excitation energy in the UV range [10,15]. This
general structure allows the molecule to absorb high-energy UV rays and give out lower-energy
rays, which in turn prevents UV rays from getting to the skin [8]. Organic UV filters are made
up different classes (functional groups), which can be classified as UVA filters (benzophenones,
anthranilates and dibenzoylmethanes) and/or UVB filters (PABA derivatives, salicylates,
camphor derivatives and cinnamates) according to their specific absorption characteristics [18].
1.2. Mineral Sunscreen
Mineral sunscreens are made with inorganic UV filters. The most common types are TiO2 and
ZnO particles [15]. A maximum concentration of 25% UV filter are widely used in sunscreen
lotions as active broadband sunscreens that blocks both UVB (260–350 nm) and UVA (300–
450 nm) sunlight radiation with high SPF. Microfine particles, which make physical sunscreens
virtually invisible have been developed [3]. They are transparent to visible radiation, reflection
from the particle surface is minimal, and occasionally (TiO2 and ZnO) absorption are
maximized.
1.3. Testing of Sunscreen Products
Sun protection factor (SPF) is a measure of quantity of UV radiation required to produce
sunburn on protected skin (i.e. in the presence of sunscreen) [19]. As SPF value increases,
sunburn protection increases.
i. There are two methods of measuring the sun protection factors:
(i) In vivo method: In this method, SPF is measured on human by applying 2 mg/cm2
of a
sunscreen formula to a portion on the skin, allowing dryness for 10minutes, and
administering a series of five increasing doses of UV radiation, to skin sites treated with
3. Oyinlola R. Obanla, Modupe E. Ojewumi, Ayodeji A. Ayoola, Oladele J. Omodara,
Funmi Y. Falope and Olaitan H. Gbadamosi
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 614 editor@iaeme.com
the sunscreen. After 15hours, the irradiated skin sites are examined for SPF. The SPF is the
lowest dose of UV that causes mild sunburn in the sunscreen area divided by the lowest
dose of UV that causes mild sunburn in the area without sunscreen [5].
(ii) In vitro method: This method is cost-effective and rapid. It can be used as a formulation
tool to identify new filters and optimize combinations of old ones. This method is of two
types:
i. the measurement of absorption of UV radiation through sunscreen product films in
quartz plates.
ii. the absorption characteristics of the sunscreens based on spectrophotometric
analysis of solutions [2, 12 and 18].
2. CREATIVE METHODOLOGY
Stearic Acid, Ethanol (99.5%), Zinc oxide obtained from Drug House (DBH), Poole, England,
Carrot seed oil (Daucus Carota), Red raspberry seed oil (Rubus Idaeus), Vitamin E oil (α-
tocapherol), Almond oil (Prunus Dulcis), Beeswax (Cera Alba), Coconut oil (Copra oil),
Jojoba oil (Simmondsia Chinensis), Shea butter (Vitellaria Paradoxa), Lavender oil (Lavandula
Angustifolia), Glycerine, and Emulsifying wax all obtained from Amazons in United States.
2.1. Preparation of Body Butter
A known quantity of water is heated in a double boiler to a temperature of 90o
C. Plants’ flowers,
roots, leaves and seeds contain some active ingredients which are known as base or Essential
oil [11]. The base oils used in this study consist of 35% Coconut seed oil, 15% Almond seed
oil, 5% Jojoba seed oil and 22% of Shea butter are added to the upper portion of the double
boiler. The mixture is stirred continuously for 10 minutes.
Figure 2.1 Blending of the base oils over a double boiler
2.2 Blending of the Viscosifier, antioxidants and zinc oxide
4% of melted beeswax was added to the base oil in the double boiler, the mixture is stirred
continuously and allowed to cool to 40o
C, 10% of zinc oxide was added and whisked for 15
minutes. 1% of the antioxidant and essential oils comprising of carrot seed oil (Daucus Carota),
red raspberry seed oil (Rubus Idaeus) were added to the mixture. The sunscreen moisturizer
produced is poured into a container and left to cool completely.
4. Comparative and Experimental Study on The Properties and Potency of Synthesized Organic
and Mineral Sunscreen Moisturizer
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 615 editor@iaeme.com
Figure 2.2 Melted beeswax pellets
2.3. Production of different samples with varied Percentages of Zinc Oxide
The procedure above is repeated with varying percentages of zinc oxide with Shea butter to
produce three different samples.
(i) 2.3a Sample 2
• 23.5% of Shea butter is used in the production of the base oils.
• 7.5 % of Zinc oxide is added to the mixture
(ii) 2.3b Sample 3
• 25% of Shea butter is used in the production of the base oils.
• 5% of Zinc oxide is added to the mixture
2.4. Preparation of Lotion
4% of emulsifying wax is melted completely, 50% of zinc oxide was dispersed in 46% of jojoba
oil, and Zinc Oxide is blended with the melted emulsifying wax. 2% of beeswax emulsifying
wax are melted completely, 1.5% jojoba oil, 1.5% almond oil and 2% coconut oil are blended
together, the melted waxes are mixed with the oil. 68.7% of distilled water is added to 4%
glycerin and heated to 70o
C, the mixture is stirred continuously for 20 minutes, and 0.5%
vitamin E oil, red raspberry oil, coconut oil, fragrance and 1% protein preservative are added
to the mixture at 40o
C and allowed to cool.
3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The (SPF) is obtained using “in vitro” analysis with a UV-Spectrometer
i. The absorption of samples in the solution were obtained using a 1cm quartz cell and
ethanol as a blank which was in the range of 280 to 470nm.
ii. The absorption data were obtained in the range of 290 to 320nm, every 5nm, and
three determinations were made at each point followed by the application of
Manseur equation.
Sample 1: Vaseline
Table 1 Spectrometric Analysis of dilute Sunscreen Solution
Ii x ee(𝞴) Wavelength(nm) Absorbance(𝞴) Transmittance Ee x ii x abs (𝞴)
12. Comparative and Experimental Study on The Properties and Potency of Synthesized Organic
and Mineral Sunscreen Moisturizer
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315 0.102 0.063 0.039 0.035 0.073
320 0.091 0.052 0.036 0.023 0.057
Figure 3.12 Comparison of the absorbance strength of samples at different wavelength
The result obtained from this research work, shows that the absorbance increased as the
wave length increases from 290nm, at 305nm the absorbance value began to reduce. The
absorbance values at different wavelengths between 290nm-3210nm with 5nm interval was
obtained for each of sample. The standard Vaseline lotion with an organic UV filter had the
highest absorption values among all sunscreens tested. Of all the sunscreens creams synthesized
for this research work, with mineral UV filters sample 4, lotion containing 10% of zinc oxide
had the highest absorption values for the different wavelength. Sample 1, a body butter
containing 10% zinc oxide had the second highest absorption range, this was followed by
sample 2 which contained 7.5% of Zinc Oxide and sample 3 which contained 5% Zinc oxide.
The results show that increasing the quantity of the UV filter increased the absorption strength
of the sunscreen. It was observed that sample 1 and sample 4 which contained the same quantity
of zinc oxide had different absorption values, the difference was due to the variation in the
production method. The transmittance, which is the measure of amount of light radiation
allowed to pass through the solution of the different samples were determined through the UV
spectrophotometer and the values obtained were observed to be inversely proportional to the
absorbance. The graphs obtained from the results shows that transmittance is not linearly
proportional to the SPF. Despite its relationship with the SPF, it provides quantitative
information on the percentage of UVB rays filtered out by the sunscreen. The higher the SPF,
the lower the transmittance which meant more light absorbed by the sunscreen as also reported
by [5]. It was observed that the Vaseline had the highest absorption range and the lowest
transmission range among all the sunscreens tested. The transmittance range of sample 4 was
less than that of sample 1 which was in turn less those of sample 2 and 3 respectively.
Comparing the absorption and transmission range of the tested sunscreens it can be observed
that they are both inversely proportional because as the absorption increased the percentage
transmission reduced. This shows that the more UV- light is absorbed the less is transmitted to
the skin. Therefore, UV filters with high absorption characteristics are the preferred choice
when formulating a product. Vaseline lotion which is a standard organic UV filter having Butyl
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
Vaseline
Body butter(10%)
Body butter(7.5%)
Body butter(5%)
Lotion(10%)
13. Oyinlola R. Obanla, Modupe E. Ojewumi, Ayodeji A. Ayoola, Oladele J. Omodara,
Funmi Y. Falope and Olaitan H. Gbadamosi
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 624 editor@iaeme.com
Methoxydibenzonylmethane and methoxycinnamate as the active UV filter, was tested through
in vitro method of analysis and SPF 10 was obtained and this was found to correlate with the
labeled SPF on the product. Therefore, this shows that the Vaseline lotion provides 90% of
UVB protection on the human skin. However, this result shows that the quantity of zinc oxide
increases as the SPF of the cream increases, but the final SPF is also a function of the particle
size and the quality when dealing with mineral UV filters.
4. CONCLUSION
The use of non- Nano Zinc oxide as a UV filter produces a sunscreen that provides moderate
sun protection. The quantity of zinc oxide used in production, determines the absorption
strength and hence the sun protection factor of the sunscreen. A minimum of 10% of Zinc oxide
should be used in formulations to provide moderate sun protection.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Special thanks goes to all co- authors for their immense contribution, department of Chemical
Engineering Covenant University, Nigeria for their unfailing support throughout the course of
this research. The authors also appreciate the sponsorship by Covenant University.
AUTHOR’S CONTRIBUTIONS
Corresponding Author: Co-ordination of experimental work, editing, write- up.
Modupe E. Ojewumi: Checking the antiplaigairism and similarity test.
Ayodeji A. Ayoola: Soucing for more information, brainstorming.
Oladele J. Omodara: involved in experimental work and equipment handling.
Funmi Y. Falope: Funding for the research work.
Olaitan H. Gbadamosi: Sourcing for raw materials and reagents used.
ETHICS
This paper has neither been published nor submitted in any domestic or abroad journals.
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