Biofouling is the accumulation of unwanted organisms on surfaces in an aquatic environment, detrimental to function. It is caused by the settlement of sessile marine organisms and includes plant, animal, inorganic, and organic fouling. Fouling occurs in stages and has widespread global distribution. It has significant economic impacts such as increased fuel costs and effects ocean instrumentation. Both physical and chemical antifouling methods are used but chemicals can be toxic to organisms.
Biofouling refers to the undesirable attachment of microorganisms, plants, and animals to submerged surfaces, which can affect industries like shipping and aquaculture. Traditional antifouling technologies use toxic chemicals that harm the environment, but alternatives are being researched, including natural products, foul release coatings, and biological or mechanical controls. Finding effective and environmentally friendly alternatives faces barriers like a lack of globally approved options, unknown long term toxicity, and higher costs compared to traditional chemicals.
The document discusses biofouling, which is the accumulation of microorganisms, plants, algae, and animals on surfaces in water. Biofouling can negatively impact industries and increase costs for marine vessels. Traditionally, antifouling paints with copper and tributyltin compounds were used to prevent biofouling but these have harmful environmental effects. Researchers are now looking at more environmentally friendly alternatives inspired by natural antifouling mechanisms used by sea organisms.
Biofouling describes the accumulation of microorganisms, plants, algae, and animals on submerged structures like ship hulls. It is a major problem for shipping and industrial processes. Biofouling occurs in four stages - formation of a conditioning film, accumulation of microorganisms, growth of bacteria and diatoms, and overgrowth by algae and invertebrates. It increases drag on ships and maintenance costs. Traditional antifouling methods using chemicals like TBT have been banned due to environmental effects. Newer non-toxic methods use natural substances from marine organisms or physical removal, but these are less effective or more costly. Corrosion is also a major issue for ships and needs ongoing prevention
This document discusses marine bio-deterioration caused by fouling and boring organisms. It defines bio-deterioration as undesirable changes to materials caused by living organisms. Fouling organisms like algae and animals settle on surfaces like wood and steel, while boring organisms like mollusks and crustaceans bore into and damage materials like wood. This causes economic losses for fishing boats and aquaculture infrastructure. The document covers the types and impacts of fouling and boring, as well as control methods like cleaning, coatings and preservatives. It explains that fouling occurs as organisms find surfaces to attach to, while boring provides shelter, food or aids in digestion for some organisms.
Marine organisms are rich sources of bioactive compounds that have potential therapeutic benefits. Bioactive compounds can be isolated from various marine sources, including plants, animals, microorganisms and sponges. These compounds have been shown to be effective against infectious and non-infectious diseases. Some areas of focus for bioactive compounds include nutraceuticals, biopolymers, biofilms, toxins, anti-fouling and anti-cancer agents. Marine organisms represent an abundant source of natural bioactive substances.
Coastal aquaculture is having an adverse impact on the environment due to intensive shrimp culture. several other factors are also getting affected due to intensive coastal aquaculture.
This document discusses bioactive compounds that can be found in various marine organisms. It notes that microbes, sponges, corals, algae, and other marine life produce organic compounds for protection and homeostasis. These compounds show potential for developing new drugs to treat cancer, diabetes, fungal infections, and more. The document then examines specific bioactive compounds found in marine bacteria, fungi, microalgae, macroalgae, sponges, sea anemones, ascidians, tunicates, and sea hares. Many of these compounds have novel chemical structures and biological activities worth exploring further.
Biofouling is the accumulation of unwanted organisms on surfaces in an aquatic environment, detrimental to function. It is caused by the settlement of sessile marine organisms and includes plant, animal, inorganic, and organic fouling. Fouling occurs in stages and has widespread global distribution. It has significant economic impacts such as increased fuel costs and effects ocean instrumentation. Both physical and chemical antifouling methods are used but chemicals can be toxic to organisms.
Biofouling refers to the undesirable attachment of microorganisms, plants, and animals to submerged surfaces, which can affect industries like shipping and aquaculture. Traditional antifouling technologies use toxic chemicals that harm the environment, but alternatives are being researched, including natural products, foul release coatings, and biological or mechanical controls. Finding effective and environmentally friendly alternatives faces barriers like a lack of globally approved options, unknown long term toxicity, and higher costs compared to traditional chemicals.
The document discusses biofouling, which is the accumulation of microorganisms, plants, algae, and animals on surfaces in water. Biofouling can negatively impact industries and increase costs for marine vessels. Traditionally, antifouling paints with copper and tributyltin compounds were used to prevent biofouling but these have harmful environmental effects. Researchers are now looking at more environmentally friendly alternatives inspired by natural antifouling mechanisms used by sea organisms.
Biofouling describes the accumulation of microorganisms, plants, algae, and animals on submerged structures like ship hulls. It is a major problem for shipping and industrial processes. Biofouling occurs in four stages - formation of a conditioning film, accumulation of microorganisms, growth of bacteria and diatoms, and overgrowth by algae and invertebrates. It increases drag on ships and maintenance costs. Traditional antifouling methods using chemicals like TBT have been banned due to environmental effects. Newer non-toxic methods use natural substances from marine organisms or physical removal, but these are less effective or more costly. Corrosion is also a major issue for ships and needs ongoing prevention
This document discusses marine bio-deterioration caused by fouling and boring organisms. It defines bio-deterioration as undesirable changes to materials caused by living organisms. Fouling organisms like algae and animals settle on surfaces like wood and steel, while boring organisms like mollusks and crustaceans bore into and damage materials like wood. This causes economic losses for fishing boats and aquaculture infrastructure. The document covers the types and impacts of fouling and boring, as well as control methods like cleaning, coatings and preservatives. It explains that fouling occurs as organisms find surfaces to attach to, while boring provides shelter, food or aids in digestion for some organisms.
Marine organisms are rich sources of bioactive compounds that have potential therapeutic benefits. Bioactive compounds can be isolated from various marine sources, including plants, animals, microorganisms and sponges. These compounds have been shown to be effective against infectious and non-infectious diseases. Some areas of focus for bioactive compounds include nutraceuticals, biopolymers, biofilms, toxins, anti-fouling and anti-cancer agents. Marine organisms represent an abundant source of natural bioactive substances.
Coastal aquaculture is having an adverse impact on the environment due to intensive shrimp culture. several other factors are also getting affected due to intensive coastal aquaculture.
This document discusses bioactive compounds that can be found in various marine organisms. It notes that microbes, sponges, corals, algae, and other marine life produce organic compounds for protection and homeostasis. These compounds show potential for developing new drugs to treat cancer, diabetes, fungal infections, and more. The document then examines specific bioactive compounds found in marine bacteria, fungi, microalgae, macroalgae, sponges, sea anemones, ascidians, tunicates, and sea hares. Many of these compounds have novel chemical structures and biological activities worth exploring further.
This document discusses biofouling, which is the accumulation of organisms like algae, barnacles, and tube worms on submerged surfaces like ship hulls. It causes economic impacts by increasing drag on ships and reducing heat transfer efficiency. The document outlines the main types of fouling organisms (plants, animals, inorganic), describes their life cycles and distribution worldwide, and discusses prevention methods like anti-fouling coatings.
Microplastics are a growing threat to ocean health and the food chain. Plastic debris kills thousands of marine animals each year through ingestion or entanglement. Plastic bottles are a major contributor as they take over 450 years to break down into microplastics, harming marine life. Solutions include reducing single-use plastics through deposit return programs, opting for reusable bags, recycling, and properly disposing of trash. Individual actions combined with community efforts are needed to address the massive amounts of plastic pollution entering oceans each year and its impacts on ecosystems and human health.
This presentation provides an overview of microalgae culture techniques. It discusses that microalgae are the base of the marine food chain and are commonly used in commercial aquaculture operations. It then describes the major classes of cultured algal species and summarizes different culture methods including batch, continuous, indoor and outdoor techniques. The presentation highlights the growth phases of algal cultures and parameters for optimal growth conditions. It also covers harvesting and preservation methods for microalgae.
This document provides an overview of biocorrosion or microbially influenced corrosion (MIC). It discusses how microbial activity within biofilms formed on metal surfaces can accelerate or inhibit corrosion through various mechanisms. Key points include:
- MIC is caused by the metabolic activities of microorganisms in biofilms, which can supply insoluble products that accept electrons from metals, accelerating corrosion.
- Many types of bacteria are implicated in MIC, including sulphate-reducing bacteria, metal-reducing bacteria, metal-depositing bacteria, and acid-producing bacteria.
- Biofilms are heterogeneous structures that can modify the local environment at the metal-biofilm interface in ways that influence corrosion kinetics.
- Dist
- Marine mussels secrete adhesive proteins that enable them to anchor to surfaces in tidal environments. These proteins contain high levels of DOPA that allow for strong adhesion.
- Researchers have investigated producing these adhesive proteins recombinantly in microbial cells for applications in biomedicine, but faced challenges in expression and post-translational modification.
- One study overcame this by co-expressing a mussel adhesive protein and tyrosinase in E. coli using a dual vector system, allowing in vivo hydroxylation and production of functional adhesive protein.
Chitin and chitosan source, chemistry, general method of preparation and thei...Hridoy Hridoy
This presentation introduces chitin and chitosan, their sources, chemistry, extraction methods, and applications in the food industry. Chitin is a naturally occurring polysaccharide found in fungi, arthropod exoskeletons, and some other organisms. Chitosan is produced by deacetylating chitin using alkaline substances. Major sources of chitin include crab and shrimp shells. Extraction methods can be chemical, involving demineralization, deprotienization, and decolorization, or biological using lactic acid bacteria. Applications of chitin and chitosan in food include use in edible films, as dietary fiber, antioxidants, preservatives, dye binding, and
Biological indicators are species that can reveal information about the environmental status or quality, and can indicate problems within an ecosystem through changes in their function, population, or other characteristics. Certain bacteria, algae, crustaceans, and fish can act as biological indicators by accumulating pollutants which allows them to reveal information about contamination from heavy metals, oil, wastewater, and other pollutants that cannot be determined through chemical or physical testing alone. Effective biological indicators exhibit properties such as sensitivity to stressors, specificity to certain pollutants, broad applicability across temporal and spatial scales, and ability to represent impacts on other species
This document provides an overview of surfactants and their degradation. It begins with a general introduction to surfactants, how they work, and their classification. It then discusses various methods for degrading surfactants, focusing on biodegradation. Biodegradation occurs in three stages and involves mechanisms like ω-oxidation and β-oxidation. Specific surfactant types (anionic, cationic, amphoteric, non-ionic) and the microbes capable of degrading each are outlined. Factors influencing biodegradation rates are also noted. In conclusion, the document states that microbial degradation is an efficient and environmentally-friendly method for surfactant breakdown and that understanding degradation mechanisms can guide development of
Biofilms are common in the natural world.
Biofilms are a collective of one or more types of microorganisms that can grow on many different surfaces.
The vast majority of the earth’s microorganisms (99 %) live in biofilms.
Microorganisms that form biofilms include bacteria, fungi, algae and some enteric viruses.
The biofilm matrix is an important part of the biofilm containing the microbial cells, exopolysaccharides, and water.
Usually, the microbial cells in a biofilm are embedded in the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) Produced by themselves which is also called Slime.
EPS contains extracellular DNA, proteins, and polysaccharides which form slime.
Microbial cells in the biofilm are different from the planktonic cells that are single cells and can float on a liquid medium.
MAP involves removing air from a fish product package and filling it with gas or creating a vacuum. There are two main types - gas packaging, where a gas mixture is used, and vacuum packaging, with no gas. Factors like the fish species, fat content, storage temperature, and gas composition affect shelf life. MAP can extend shelf life by inhibiting spoilage microbes but also poses food safety risks if not properly controlled for pathogens like Listeria monocytogenes and Clostridium botulinum. Advantages include longer shelf life and quality, while disadvantages include temperature sensitivity and safety risks if not handled correctly.
This document provides an overview of probiotics in aquaculture. It defines probiotics and discusses their history and uses. Probiotics are microorganisms that provide health benefits when consumed. They can be used as an alternative to antibiotics in aquaculture. The document outlines the characteristics of good probiotics, how they work to promote gut and immune health, and their benefits over antibiotics. It also discusses types of probiotics, methods of application, and recent findings on their use in fish and shrimp farming to improve growth, survival, and disease resistance.
This document discusses biodegradation and the requirements for microbial growth. It defines key terminology like microorganisms, electron donors, and electron acceptors. Microorganisms can be classified based on their nutrition, use of oxygen, and electron donors. The main requirements for microbial growth are temperature, pH, osmotic pressure, carbon sources, nutrients, and water. Biodegradation can occur through aerobic or anaerobic processes. The six basic requirements for biodegradation are the presence of organisms, an energy source, a carbon source, an electron acceptor, nutrients, and acceptable environmental conditions.
Seaweeds are macroscopic, multicellular marine algae that come in red, brown, and green varieties. Red seaweeds like Kappaphycus and Betaphycus are important sources of carrageenan, used in foods like yogurt and pudding. Brown seaweeds like Phaeophyceae form important habitats and food sources in cold northern waters. Green seaweeds, the most diverse group with over 7000 species, contain chlorophyll and can be found in various aquatic habitats. Seaweeds have many uses including human food, cosmetics, agriculture, and medicine.
Microbial enhanced oil recovery is one of the EOR techniques where bacteria and their by-products are utilized for oil mobilization in a reservoir.
It is the process that increases oil recovery through inoculation of microorganisms in a reservoir, aiming that bacteria and their by-products cause some beneficial effects.
The document discusses oil pollution from spills and strategies for cleanup. It describes how oil spills occur from tankers and drilling rigs, lists some major spill incidents, and explains the effects of spills on marine plants and animals. The strategies section covers natural recovery as well as mechanical, chemical and biological cleanup methods like booms, dispersants, and bioremediation. Land spills are also discussed, along with their effects and methods for recovery including bioremediation and phytoremediation using plants.
Waste water treatment is a process to convert waste water – which is water no longer needed or suitable for its most recent use into an effluent that can be either returned to the water cycle with minimal environmental issues or reused.
Marine plankton are microscopic organisms that drift or float in the water and are at the mercy of currents. They include phytoplankton, which are plant-like organisms, and zooplankton, which are animal-like. Together they form complex food webs in oceans. Plankton are economically important as they are the base of the ocean food chain and responsible for half the photosynthesis on Earth. They also have applications in fisheries, fuel production, and as environmental indicators.
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in aquatic species are being developed to address challenges in aquaculture. Transgenic fish with growth hormone genes grow much larger and faster than non-transgenic fish. Other uses of transgenic fish include increasing disease resistance, improving tolerance to low temperatures or salinity, and controlling reproduction. While GMOs show potential benefits, more research is still needed to fully realize economic and production gains in commercial aquaculture.
Dye effluents impose hazardous effects on human beings as well as on environment. The present powerpoint deals with some of the decolourization techniques that can be adopted for treating wastewater containing toxic dyes and chemicals
This document discusses biodegradation, which is the breakdown of materials by bacteria, fungi and other microorganisms. Biodegradation can occur aerobically with oxygen or anaerobically without oxygen. It breaks down organic materials into basic components like carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Factors that affect biodegradation include the microbial community present, oxygen levels, temperature, pH and the presence of light and water. Biodegradable plastics have been treated to break down when discarded using additives. While biodegradation can help eliminate waste, some chemicals cannot degrade and unknown byproducts may form.
This document discusses research into how marine biofouling affects the durability of concrete sea defences. The research investigates how cleaning methods can alter the susceptibility of concrete to algal growth and how factors like nutrients, surface roughness, and moisture influence colonization. A predictive model will be developed to show how cleaning impacts colonization over time. Trials are testing photocatalytic self-cleaning concrete coatings to reduce maintenance costs by destroying organic pollutants that cause deterioration. The research aims to understand how surface topography and coatings can prevent spore settlement and develop long-term testing of coatings and precast units in marine environments.
Adam Brann_i7714566_Advanced EngineeringAdam Brann
This document summarizes research on reducing biofouling on horizontal axis tidal turbines through the use of engineered surface microstructures. It discusses existing anti-fouling methods and their limitations. Surface microtopographies found in nature, like shark skin and lotus leaves, show excellent anti-fouling properties and modern techniques allow for creating engineered microstructures. The document suggests that while microstructures may reduce biofouling, applying them to large tidal turbines is not currently financially viable due to the lack of an automated application process. Further research is needed to develop cost-effective methods for applying microstructures at large scales.
This document discusses biofouling, which is the accumulation of organisms like algae, barnacles, and tube worms on submerged surfaces like ship hulls. It causes economic impacts by increasing drag on ships and reducing heat transfer efficiency. The document outlines the main types of fouling organisms (plants, animals, inorganic), describes their life cycles and distribution worldwide, and discusses prevention methods like anti-fouling coatings.
Microplastics are a growing threat to ocean health and the food chain. Plastic debris kills thousands of marine animals each year through ingestion or entanglement. Plastic bottles are a major contributor as they take over 450 years to break down into microplastics, harming marine life. Solutions include reducing single-use plastics through deposit return programs, opting for reusable bags, recycling, and properly disposing of trash. Individual actions combined with community efforts are needed to address the massive amounts of plastic pollution entering oceans each year and its impacts on ecosystems and human health.
This presentation provides an overview of microalgae culture techniques. It discusses that microalgae are the base of the marine food chain and are commonly used in commercial aquaculture operations. It then describes the major classes of cultured algal species and summarizes different culture methods including batch, continuous, indoor and outdoor techniques. The presentation highlights the growth phases of algal cultures and parameters for optimal growth conditions. It also covers harvesting and preservation methods for microalgae.
This document provides an overview of biocorrosion or microbially influenced corrosion (MIC). It discusses how microbial activity within biofilms formed on metal surfaces can accelerate or inhibit corrosion through various mechanisms. Key points include:
- MIC is caused by the metabolic activities of microorganisms in biofilms, which can supply insoluble products that accept electrons from metals, accelerating corrosion.
- Many types of bacteria are implicated in MIC, including sulphate-reducing bacteria, metal-reducing bacteria, metal-depositing bacteria, and acid-producing bacteria.
- Biofilms are heterogeneous structures that can modify the local environment at the metal-biofilm interface in ways that influence corrosion kinetics.
- Dist
- Marine mussels secrete adhesive proteins that enable them to anchor to surfaces in tidal environments. These proteins contain high levels of DOPA that allow for strong adhesion.
- Researchers have investigated producing these adhesive proteins recombinantly in microbial cells for applications in biomedicine, but faced challenges in expression and post-translational modification.
- One study overcame this by co-expressing a mussel adhesive protein and tyrosinase in E. coli using a dual vector system, allowing in vivo hydroxylation and production of functional adhesive protein.
Chitin and chitosan source, chemistry, general method of preparation and thei...Hridoy Hridoy
This presentation introduces chitin and chitosan, their sources, chemistry, extraction methods, and applications in the food industry. Chitin is a naturally occurring polysaccharide found in fungi, arthropod exoskeletons, and some other organisms. Chitosan is produced by deacetylating chitin using alkaline substances. Major sources of chitin include crab and shrimp shells. Extraction methods can be chemical, involving demineralization, deprotienization, and decolorization, or biological using lactic acid bacteria. Applications of chitin and chitosan in food include use in edible films, as dietary fiber, antioxidants, preservatives, dye binding, and
Biological indicators are species that can reveal information about the environmental status or quality, and can indicate problems within an ecosystem through changes in their function, population, or other characteristics. Certain bacteria, algae, crustaceans, and fish can act as biological indicators by accumulating pollutants which allows them to reveal information about contamination from heavy metals, oil, wastewater, and other pollutants that cannot be determined through chemical or physical testing alone. Effective biological indicators exhibit properties such as sensitivity to stressors, specificity to certain pollutants, broad applicability across temporal and spatial scales, and ability to represent impacts on other species
This document provides an overview of surfactants and their degradation. It begins with a general introduction to surfactants, how they work, and their classification. It then discusses various methods for degrading surfactants, focusing on biodegradation. Biodegradation occurs in three stages and involves mechanisms like ω-oxidation and β-oxidation. Specific surfactant types (anionic, cationic, amphoteric, non-ionic) and the microbes capable of degrading each are outlined. Factors influencing biodegradation rates are also noted. In conclusion, the document states that microbial degradation is an efficient and environmentally-friendly method for surfactant breakdown and that understanding degradation mechanisms can guide development of
Biofilms are common in the natural world.
Biofilms are a collective of one or more types of microorganisms that can grow on many different surfaces.
The vast majority of the earth’s microorganisms (99 %) live in biofilms.
Microorganisms that form biofilms include bacteria, fungi, algae and some enteric viruses.
The biofilm matrix is an important part of the biofilm containing the microbial cells, exopolysaccharides, and water.
Usually, the microbial cells in a biofilm are embedded in the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) Produced by themselves which is also called Slime.
EPS contains extracellular DNA, proteins, and polysaccharides which form slime.
Microbial cells in the biofilm are different from the planktonic cells that are single cells and can float on a liquid medium.
MAP involves removing air from a fish product package and filling it with gas or creating a vacuum. There are two main types - gas packaging, where a gas mixture is used, and vacuum packaging, with no gas. Factors like the fish species, fat content, storage temperature, and gas composition affect shelf life. MAP can extend shelf life by inhibiting spoilage microbes but also poses food safety risks if not properly controlled for pathogens like Listeria monocytogenes and Clostridium botulinum. Advantages include longer shelf life and quality, while disadvantages include temperature sensitivity and safety risks if not handled correctly.
This document provides an overview of probiotics in aquaculture. It defines probiotics and discusses their history and uses. Probiotics are microorganisms that provide health benefits when consumed. They can be used as an alternative to antibiotics in aquaculture. The document outlines the characteristics of good probiotics, how they work to promote gut and immune health, and their benefits over antibiotics. It also discusses types of probiotics, methods of application, and recent findings on their use in fish and shrimp farming to improve growth, survival, and disease resistance.
This document discusses biodegradation and the requirements for microbial growth. It defines key terminology like microorganisms, electron donors, and electron acceptors. Microorganisms can be classified based on their nutrition, use of oxygen, and electron donors. The main requirements for microbial growth are temperature, pH, osmotic pressure, carbon sources, nutrients, and water. Biodegradation can occur through aerobic or anaerobic processes. The six basic requirements for biodegradation are the presence of organisms, an energy source, a carbon source, an electron acceptor, nutrients, and acceptable environmental conditions.
Seaweeds are macroscopic, multicellular marine algae that come in red, brown, and green varieties. Red seaweeds like Kappaphycus and Betaphycus are important sources of carrageenan, used in foods like yogurt and pudding. Brown seaweeds like Phaeophyceae form important habitats and food sources in cold northern waters. Green seaweeds, the most diverse group with over 7000 species, contain chlorophyll and can be found in various aquatic habitats. Seaweeds have many uses including human food, cosmetics, agriculture, and medicine.
Microbial enhanced oil recovery is one of the EOR techniques where bacteria and their by-products are utilized for oil mobilization in a reservoir.
It is the process that increases oil recovery through inoculation of microorganisms in a reservoir, aiming that bacteria and their by-products cause some beneficial effects.
The document discusses oil pollution from spills and strategies for cleanup. It describes how oil spills occur from tankers and drilling rigs, lists some major spill incidents, and explains the effects of spills on marine plants and animals. The strategies section covers natural recovery as well as mechanical, chemical and biological cleanup methods like booms, dispersants, and bioremediation. Land spills are also discussed, along with their effects and methods for recovery including bioremediation and phytoremediation using plants.
Waste water treatment is a process to convert waste water – which is water no longer needed or suitable for its most recent use into an effluent that can be either returned to the water cycle with minimal environmental issues or reused.
Marine plankton are microscopic organisms that drift or float in the water and are at the mercy of currents. They include phytoplankton, which are plant-like organisms, and zooplankton, which are animal-like. Together they form complex food webs in oceans. Plankton are economically important as they are the base of the ocean food chain and responsible for half the photosynthesis on Earth. They also have applications in fisheries, fuel production, and as environmental indicators.
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in aquatic species are being developed to address challenges in aquaculture. Transgenic fish with growth hormone genes grow much larger and faster than non-transgenic fish. Other uses of transgenic fish include increasing disease resistance, improving tolerance to low temperatures or salinity, and controlling reproduction. While GMOs show potential benefits, more research is still needed to fully realize economic and production gains in commercial aquaculture.
Dye effluents impose hazardous effects on human beings as well as on environment. The present powerpoint deals with some of the decolourization techniques that can be adopted for treating wastewater containing toxic dyes and chemicals
This document discusses biodegradation, which is the breakdown of materials by bacteria, fungi and other microorganisms. Biodegradation can occur aerobically with oxygen or anaerobically without oxygen. It breaks down organic materials into basic components like carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Factors that affect biodegradation include the microbial community present, oxygen levels, temperature, pH and the presence of light and water. Biodegradable plastics have been treated to break down when discarded using additives. While biodegradation can help eliminate waste, some chemicals cannot degrade and unknown byproducts may form.
This document discusses research into how marine biofouling affects the durability of concrete sea defences. The research investigates how cleaning methods can alter the susceptibility of concrete to algal growth and how factors like nutrients, surface roughness, and moisture influence colonization. A predictive model will be developed to show how cleaning impacts colonization over time. Trials are testing photocatalytic self-cleaning concrete coatings to reduce maintenance costs by destroying organic pollutants that cause deterioration. The research aims to understand how surface topography and coatings can prevent spore settlement and develop long-term testing of coatings and precast units in marine environments.
Adam Brann_i7714566_Advanced EngineeringAdam Brann
This document summarizes research on reducing biofouling on horizontal axis tidal turbines through the use of engineered surface microstructures. It discusses existing anti-fouling methods and their limitations. Surface microtopographies found in nature, like shark skin and lotus leaves, show excellent anti-fouling properties and modern techniques allow for creating engineered microstructures. The document suggests that while microstructures may reduce biofouling, applying them to large tidal turbines is not currently financially viable due to the lack of an automated application process. Further research is needed to develop cost-effective methods for applying microstructures at large scales.
Navigating the Seas of Biofouling Strategies for Effective Management.docxShelton05
Biofouling, the accumulation of marine organisms on submerged surfaces, poses significant challenges across various industries, including shipping, aquaculture, and offshore energy production. This natural process not only impacts the performance and efficiency of marine structures but also raises environmental concerns due to the potential spread of invasive species. As the global maritime industry continues to expand, effective biofouling management strategies are essential to mitigate economic and ecological consequences.
Current knowledge on microbial induced problems and biofouling in lubrication...Christer Fjeld
This document discusses microbial induced problems and biofouling in lubrication systems of ships and marine installations. It notes that while such problems are likely rare, microbes are capable of colonizing lubrication systems if water is present. A variety of industries can be affected by microbial growth in lubrication systems, including shipping, metalworking, and hydroelectric power. Environmentally acceptable lubricants may be more prone to biodegradation compared to traditional petroleum-based lubricants due to their higher biodegradability. Increased monitoring of microbial issues is important as these alternative lubricants are more widely used.
Introduction of Environment Technology & Marine Environmental Biotechnology.pptxUniversity of Chittagong
- Biofouling is the accumulation of microorganisms, plants, algae, or small animals on wet surfaces submerged in water. It begins within minutes of a surface contacting water.
- It causes major economic losses by increasing drag on ships and requiring higher maintenance costs. It also facilitates the spread of invasive species globally.
- Various antifouling technologies have been used to prevent biofouling, including coating surfaces with biocides like tributyltin and copper. However, these chemicals are toxic and have led to bans. Alternative methods include using non-toxic coatings and extracting natural antifouling compounds from marine organisms.
Eze Chinwe Catherine presented on applying nanotechnology to microbial pollution control. Key points:
1) Nanotechnology involves manipulating matter at the atomic scale between 1-100 nanometers. Properties change dramatically at this scale, enabling novel applications like selective sensors, fast dissolution, and catalytic/antimicrobial activity.
2) Nanomaterials like carbon nanotubes, nanoparticles, and dendrimers have antimicrobial properties that can physically pierce cells and inhibit biofilm formation on surfaces. Silver nanoparticles generate ions that bind to microbes and inactivate them.
3) Nanotechnology enables more targeted and effective bioremediation through enzyme immobilization techniques like single enzyme nanoparticles, which allow enzymes to withstand extreme conditions while maintaining
Bioremediation uses microorganisms or plants to remove pollutants from the environment. There are two main types - in situ treats pollutants on site, while ex situ removes pollutants to off-site facilities. Examples of in situ techniques include bioventing, biosparging, and in situ biodegradation which supply oxygen and nutrients to stimulate bacteria. Ex situ methods include slurry and aqueous reactors which process contaminated materials in a contained system. Bioremediation can degrade pollutants like copper but has limitations such as environmental constraints and long treatment time.
This document summarizes a study on developing a qualitative model for applying antifouling paint to ship hulls. The study aims to improve paint performance and longevity by considering parameters important for proper application.
The document first discusses how hull fouling reduces ship efficiency and increases costs. It then reviews different antifouling paint systems and the need for environmentally-friendly alternatives.
The proposed model focuses on critical application parameters like surface preparation, application method, paint properties, curing time and environment. It includes assessing fouling and coating condition before cleaning, measuring salt levels, and inspecting the hull surface prior to blasting and painting. The model aims to provide guidelines to satisfy owners and classification societies for high quality
This document summarizes a study on developing a qualitative model for applying antifouling paint to ship hulls. The study aims to improve paint performance and longevity by considering parameters important for proper application.
The document first discusses how hull fouling reduces ship efficiency and increases costs. It then reviews different antifouling paint systems and the need for environmentally-friendly alternatives.
The proposed qualitative model for paint application considers important steps like surface preparation, application method, paint materials, curing time, and inspection. It is developed from historical data and case studies on antifouling paints. The model aims to provide guidelines to satisfy shipowners and classification societies by ensuring quality and compliance with standards throughout the paint
This document summarizes a study on developing a qualitative model for applying antifouling paint to ship hulls. The study aims to improve paint performance and longevity by considering parameters important for proper application.
The document first discusses how hull fouling reduces ship efficiency and increases costs. It then reviews different antifouling paint systems and the need for environmentally-friendly alternatives.
The proposed qualitative model for paint application considers important steps like surface preparation, application method, paint materials, curing time, and inspection. It is developed from historical data and case studies on antifouling paints. The model aims to provide guidelines to satisfy shipowners and classification societies by ensuring quality and compliance with standards throughout the paint
This document discusses antifouling paints used on ship hulls and the importance of proper application. It summarizes the problems caused by hull fouling like increased fuel costs and more frequent dry docking. While tributyltin paints were effective, they were banned due to environmental impacts. Alternatives like controlled depletion systems and tin-free polymers were developed. Proper surface preparation and application techniques are critical for paint performance and longevity. The study aims to examine antifouling paint issues and deduce methods to enhance paint performance through improved application procedures. A qualitative model for ship paint application is presented.
biofilm fouling of the membrane present in aquacultureVINETUBE2
1. The study tested zinc oxide (ZnO) photocatalytic nanocoatings on fishing nets as a potential environmentally-friendly alternative to copper-based antifouling paints commonly used in aquaculture.
2. Results showed the ZnO nanocoatings reduced microfouling organism abundances by 3-fold compared to uncoated nets and performed better than copper-based antifouling paint over one month in tropical waters.
3. Metagenomic analysis of fouling communities found the nanocoatings did not selectively enrich for resistant or pathogenic species like the copper paint did.
https://www.biomedscidirect.com/2835/bioremediation-and-information-technologies-for-sustainable-management?utm=articles
Bioremediation and information technologies for sustainable management
Authors:Jyoti Prakash, Aryan Shukla , Ruchi Yadav
Int J Biol Med Res. 2023; 14(4): 7702-7711 | Abstract | PDF File
The document discusses the role of individuals in preventing pollution. It outlines several types of pollution including water, noise, marine, air, thermal, nuclear, and soil pollution. For each type, it describes the pollution and provides measures individuals can take to reduce or prevent it. The document emphasizes that while governments and industries play a role, individuals are ultimately responsible for pollution and must make efforts such as proper waste disposal, reducing consumption, and spreading awareness to curb pollution.
This document provides information about biofilms. It begins with general information about what biofilms are and how they form and develop. It then discusses some positive applications of biofilms, including in bioremediation, water treatment, microbial leaching, and microbial fuel cells. Finally, it addresses some problems with biofilms. The document contains detailed information about biofilm structure, composition, formation processes, environmental factors that influence biofilms, and advantages they provide to microorganisms.
The document discusses the role of individuals in preventing pollution. It outlines several types of pollution including water, noise, marine, air, thermal, nuclear, and soil pollution. For each type, it describes what the pollution is and provides measures individuals can take to control it. The document emphasizes that while governments and industries play a role, individuals are ultimately responsible for pollution and must make efforts to reduce causes of pollution in their daily lives and raise awareness in their communities.
This document discusses the disadvantages of chlorination for controlling biofouling in reverse osmosis desalination systems and identifies alternative disinfection methods. Chlorination is commonly used but forms harmful disinfection byproducts and is ineffective against some microbes. It can also degrade reverse osmosis membranes over time. The document reviews alternative disinfection technologies like ozonation, UV radiation, nitric oxide, and quorum sensing inhibitors that may provide more effective and safer biofouling control compared to chlorination. It aims to inform both academics and industry on improved designs for reverse osmosis desalination systems.
Self-healing concrete has the ability to automatically repair cracks without external intervention. It exists as a spray, mortar, or within the concrete mixture. Cracks are inevitable in concrete over time due to loads and deterioration. Self-healing concrete helps prevent further cracking through two main mechanisms: bacteria that precipitate minerals to fill cracks or capsules containing chemicals that bond when cracks form. While initial costs are high, it reduces long-term maintenance. The concrete has improved durability, permeability and applications in infrastructure but bacteria use remains costly and strength increases slowly.
This document describes the preparation and evaluation of three new heterocyclic compounds (I, II, III) based on benzo[b]thiophene derivatives as potential antifouling agents. The compounds were synthesized and characterized using various analytical techniques. Their antimicrobial activity was tested against common slime-forming microorganisms like bacteria. Compounds were also evaluated for their biological activity against larger macrofouling organisms. Testing showed that compounds II and III had greater biocidal and antimicrobial activity than compound I, indicating their potential as antifouling agents.
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Top 8 Strategies for Effective Sustainable Waste Management.pdfJhon Wick
Discover top strategies for effective sustainable waste management, including product removal and product destruction. Learn how to reduce, reuse, recycle, compost, implement waste segregation, and explore innovative technologies for a greener future.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...
Anti fouling Coatings
1. A Seminar on
DEVELOPMENT OF SOLUTION
PROCESSED ANTI- FOULING COATINGS
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
Dr. SAUMEN MANDAL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPT METALLURGICAL
AND MATERIALS ENGG
Presented by
R.S.S. MANOJ KUMAR
172ML017 - M. Tech
Materials Engineering
1
2. Contents
Introduction to Biofouling and its effects
Anti-Fouling Definition
A/F Technologies
Historical Development of A/Fs
Types of Anti Fouling Coatings
Mechanism of A/F Coatings
Tin Free Systems and its effects
Challenges in Tin Free Coatings
Conclusion
References
2
3. What is Biofouling?
Marine biofouling can be defined as the undesirable
accumulation of microorganisms, algae and animals on
submerged substrates leading to subsequent biodeterioration.
This is a natural process which affects both living organisms
and man-made surfaces.
Microfoulers: Tiny organisms such as Bacteria, Fungi
Macrofoulers: Barnacles, Zebra mussels.
Reference: Image from www.heatexchanger.guide
3
4. Effects of Biofouling on Unprotected Ships
Vessel bottoms may gather 150 kg of fouling per square metre in
less than 6 months of being at sea.
On a Large Crude Carrier with 40,000 square metre underwater
areas, this would add up to 6,000 tonnes of fouling.
Just a small amount of fouling can lead to an increase of fuel
consumption of up to 40-50%, resistance to movement is
increased due to high frictional drag.
Reference: Courtesy of Hempel’s Marine Paints A/S
4
5. How do anti-fouling systems save a
shipowner money?
Direct fuel savings by keeping the hull free of fouling
organisms.
Extended dry-docking interval, when the anti-fouling
system provides several years of use.
Increased vessel availability - since it does not have to
spend so much time in dry dock.
5
6. Anti-fouling Technologies
Antifouling technologies refer to the means of
combating biofouling:
1. Hull Cleaning with harsh chemicals
2. Mechanical Removal and
3. Application of anti-fouling coatings to submerged surfaces.
Hull Cleaning Mechanical Removal
6
8. Types of Anti Fouling Coatings
Soluble Matrix
Insoluble Matrix
(Contact leaching)
SPC
(Self- polishing)
Based on Biocide Release Mechanisms
8
9. What makes a biocide good in an antifouling
system?
Broad spectrum activity
Low water solubility
No bioaccumulation in the food chain
Not persistent in the environment
Compatible with paint raw materials
Favourable price/performance
9
10. Mechanism of Anti-fouling systems
Schematic illustration of the behaviour of a biocide-
based antifouling system exposed to sea water.
10
11. Self-Polishing Copolymer System (SPC)
In which the organotin compounds are chemically bonded to the
polymer base.
The leaching rate of these paints is controlled because the biocide is
released when seawater reacts with the surface layer of the paint and
the reaction to release the biocide begins again with the next layer.
In this way, the leaching rate is the same throughout the life of the
paint and possible for ships to go up to 60 months without
repainting.
11
12. Harmful Effects of TBT on Environment
Water and Sediments
Shell Malformations
Imposex
Marine Mammals
Reduced Resistance to infection
12
13. Tin Free Systems
Biocides
Booster Biocides
Natural Biocides
Non-Toxic
Tecnology
Non Stick
Fouling
Other Systems
IMC & Nippon
Paint
Kansai Paint
Hempel’s Marine
Paint
Sigma Coatings Pigments
13
Various Tin Free Systems Emerging in the Market
14. Working of TBT Free Systems
Composed of seawater soluble
matrices containing tin-free
biologically active ingredients.
The biocides are dispersed and
contained throughout the matrix.
At the seawater/paint interface, the
biocide leaches at a controlled rate.
The matrix dissolves, revealing
freshly available biocide, enabling a
performance to be achieved.
14
15. Challenges in Tin Free Coatings
(1) Poor self-smoothing.
(2) Increasing leached layers with immersion time.
(3) Biocide release not constant.
(4) Little activity during idle periods.
(5) Short lifetimes (up to 3 years).
(6) Higher costs before applying new coats (sealer coating needed).
15
16. Conclusion
Marine biofouling is a complex biological phenomenon
― Displacing an organism from its niche habitat may allow
another organism to take it over.
Combatting marine fouling is an on-going quest
— Improvements are driven by legislative and operational
factors.
Different surfaces will require different approaches
—Ships and e.g. offshore rigs may require different systems.
Previous effective toxic systems will not be available
—The recent banning of TBT has renewed the search for
environment-friendly biocides.
16
17. References
Antifouling technology—past, present and future steps towards efficient and
environmentally friendly antifouling coatings by Diego Meseguer Yebra, Søren
Kiil, Kim Dam-Johansen., Progress in Organic Coatings 50 (2004), Elsevier.
Antifouling Coatings: Recent Developments in the Design of Surfaces That Prevent
Fouling by Proteins, Bacteria and Marine Organisms by Indrani Banerjee, Ravindra
C. Pangule, and Ravi S. Kane., Advance Materials 2011, 23, 690–718.
Anti-fouling systems, International Maritime Organization, IMO 2002.
Marine paints: The particular case of antifouling paints by Elisabete Almeida,
Teresa C. Diamantino, Orlando de Sousa., Progress in Organic Coatings 59 (2007)
2–20, Elsevier.
Modern approaches to marine antifouling coatings by L.D. Chambers, K.R. Stokes,
F.C. Walsh, R.J.K. Wood., Surface & Coatings Technology 201 (2006) 3642–3652,
Elsevier.
Understanding Marine Fouling by Simon Dennington., University of Southampton,
UK, 2009.
17