This document discusses marine bio-deterioration caused by fouling and boring organisms. It defines bio-deterioration as undesirable changes to materials caused by living organisms. Fouling organisms like algae and animals settle on surfaces like wood and steel, while boring organisms like mollusks and crustaceans bore into and damage materials like wood. This causes economic losses for fishing boats and aquaculture infrastructure. The document covers the types and impacts of fouling and boring, as well as control methods like cleaning, coatings and preservatives. It explains that fouling occurs as organisms find surfaces to attach to, while boring provides shelter, food or aids in digestion for some organisms.

1. MARINE BIO-DETERIORATION:FOULING
AND BORING ORGANISMS
BY-POOJA P KAMBLE
M.Sc.-II,SEM-IV

2. SYLLABUS
• PSZOOCN404:PLANKTOLOGY, FISH, FISHERY
SCIENCE AND AQUACULTURE
• UNIT I-PLANKTOLOGY
• SUB-UNIT-1.3-MARINE BIO-
DETERIORATION:FOULING AND BORING
ORGANISMS.

3. CONTENT
• WHAT IS BIO-DETERIORATION
• INTRODUCTION OF BIO-DETERIORATION
• WHAT IS FOULING
• WHAT ARE FOULING ORGANISMS
• TYPES OF FOULING
• FORMATION OF BIOFOULING
• IMPACT OF FOULING
• CONTROL MEASURES
• WHAT IS BORING
• BORING ORGANISMS
• FORMATION OF BORING
• IMPACT OF BORING
• CONTROL MEASURES
• WHY DOES FOULING OR BORING TAKES PLACE
• CONCLUSION
• REFRENCE

4. WHAT IS BIO-DETERIORATION
• Bio-deterioration is defined as any undesirable
change in the properties of a material caused
by the vital activities of biological organisms.

5. INTRODUCTION OF BIO-
DETERIORATION
• In India around 1,80,000 crafts comprising of catamarans, dug out canoes
plank built boats and modern mechanized boats are employed for fishing.
• Of these majority are of wood.
• And a loss of millions of rupees occur annually due to bio-deterioration of
these boats.
• There are two main reasons of marine bio-deterioration
• a)bio-deterioration by fouling organisms.
• b)bio-deterioration by boring organisms.

6. WHAT IS FOULING
• Fouling does not destroy materials directly.
• It is the settlement of marine fouling
organisms on wood , steel , aluminium .
• The fouling material consist of either living
organisms or non-living substances.

7. FOULING ORGANISMS
• There are two main types of fouling organisms
• 1)plant fouling organisms-like
bacteria,fungi,algae,diatoms
• 2)animal fouling organisms-like
clams,oysters,mussels,tube worms.

8. TYPES OF FOULING
• BIOFOULING
• PRECIPITATE FOULING
• PARTICULATE FOULING
• CORROSION FOULING
• CHEMICAL REACTION FOULING

9. FORMATION OF BIOFOULING
• In the aquatic environment any submerged solid surface gets
coated by a complex layer initially consisting of an organic
conditioning film.
• Formation of this film is immediately followed by an accumulation
of micro organisms(eg-bacteria,fungi,diatoms,and other organisms)
• Due to the availability of nutrients and secretions the bioflim
allows the secondary colonizers(protozoans,algae)
• Within few weeks tertiary colonizers are attracted and attached
(macrofoulers).they are are of two types a)soft foulers-
invertebrates like soft corals,sponges,anemones.b)hard foulers-
barnacles,mussels,tube worms etc

10. IMPACT OF FOULING
• It causes huge material and economic loss in maintance of
mariculture facilities,shipping facilities,vessels,seawater
pipelines.
• Biofouling increases weight and frictional resistance of the
ship thus affecting its hydrodynamics & speed.
• Biofouling is everywhere even the parts of the ship thus
affected like heat exchangers,water-cooling pipes
etc.biofouling is also present on the heating and cooling
system of power stations or factories.
• In aquacultures biofouling is of 2 types a)on-infrastructure-
ie.on immersed mesh cages and trawls.b) b)on-stock
organisms-particularly mussels,oysters,pearl oysters.

11. CONTROL MEASURES
• Control measures of biofouling are of 3 types.
• a)physical method
• b)chemical method
• c)biological method
•
• a)physical method-the simplest method for treatment of fouling is simply to remove by mechnical
cleaning ie.by high pressure water jets. And scraping.
•
• b)chemical method-using of oxiising and non-oxidising antimicrobials.
• Chlorination
• UV-radiation
• Proper waste water disposal
• Use of anti-fouling paints
• Use of copper based coating and TBT Tributyl tin is however restricted.
•
• c)biological method-several kinds of natural anti-fouling agents that inhibit the growth of fouling
organisms have been isolated from marine organisms like
sponges,coelenterates,holothurians,ascidians etc.

12. WHAT IS BORING
• Destruction of wood,rocks,by marine borer is of great
economic concern.
• These marine borers attack ships,logs,rocks,hard clay,
coral reefs and wooden materials available in sea.
• They cause structural damage by boring deep into the
wood and making them unservicable.
• The marine borers that cause the greatest amount of
damage are of 2 types a)molluscs b)crustaceans.

13. • BORING ORGANISMS
• a)molluscs-they consists of 2 types of borers
wood borers eg.-teredo-shipworm.and Rock
borers-pholadidae.
• b)crustaceans-the important crustaceans borers
are of two types
• limnoria and sphaeroma belonging to order
amphipoda and isopoda.

14. FORMATION OF BORING
MOLLUSCANS
• The larvae make very small entrance holes on the surface of the
wood.
• But once inside the wood they increase rapidly in size and develop
the characteristic worm like bodies.
• As the animal advances into the wood it secertes a proctective
linning the burrow thus reducing the strength of wood.
• The young attack wood by boring small entrance holes and once
within the wood or rock they continue their boring to
accommodate the growth of their body.they remain imprisioned
and holes do not open to exterior.

15. CRUSTACEANS-
• They do not bore deep like molluscans.
• They make narrow gallaries and do not remain but move
about
• The animals make extensive network of tunnels in the
wood like the honeycomb.
• The important crustacean borers are of two types limoria
and sphaeroma belonging to order amphipoda and
isopoda.
•

16. IMPACT OF BORERS
• Boring leads great loss of the timber wood
• It results in the structural damage to the wooden
bridgee,plank boats,vessels.
• It results in the loss of the nail holding property.
• It results in the spongyness of the wood,decreases the
durability of the wood and its strength.
• In aquaculture practice of pearl oysters,clams it results in
death of organism as they bore and does not allow the
oyster to open the shell some times they even cement the
opening some carnivorous and preying on oysters.

17. CONTROL MEASURES
• Physical barriers such as metals,concrete and
plastic have been used to achieve protection.
• Tradionally use of crude oil,coconut oil,black
tar,fuel oil etc singly or in combination were used
for protection.
• Chemical preservatives such as use of creosote an
oil borne preservative was used. Water borne
preservative such as copper-chrome-arsenic
compounds are effective against borers.
• Dual treatment is very effective

18. WHY DOES FOULING AND BORING
TAKES PLACE
• The fouling take place due to settelement of fouling
organisms on wood,steel,aluminium.
• It does not destroy the material directly because it gets the
substratum for growth of varios colonizers.
• Wheras boring takes place due to the shelther acquring
activity of borers or for food as these molluscs and
crustaceans depend upon the planktons which settles on
the submerged or wetted woods or rocks thus they bore
either for protection,shelter or for scrapping planktons or
some even have cellulase enzyme in their liver which feeds
on the fresh timber,wood thus they carryout
boring.Research is still being done to findout whether
borers feed on wood or scrap the algae,planktons.

19. CONCLUSION
• It helps us to understand various communities of
marine foulers and borers.
• It helps us to study the causes or economic loss
generated by these organisms.
• It shows the impact on marine environment
• It helps us to study the impacts of controling
foulers and borers.
• Which preventive measure or remedial
procedures to be followed to overcome bio-
deterioration

20. REFRENCE
MARINE MICRBIOLOGY-BY C.AUSTIN
EBOOK-MARINE BIO-DETERIORATION BY J.D.COSTLOW.
WEB PAGES-
Eprints of CMFRI.
Central institute of fishery technology-marine biotechnology

21. THANK YOU