Animal communication - Dr. Jeni Padua
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Animal communication - Dr. Jeni Padua Intraspecific Communication Interspecific communication Types: Visual Communication Auditory Communication Chemical Communication Tactile Communication Electrical Communication
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Fishes possess dermal scales on the body for protection. Each scale is made of dentine that is secreted by dermal papilla which is a group of specialized neighbouring tissues. The exposed
portion of scale is covered with a layer of hard enamel to minimise wear and tear. Ancient
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This presentation includes detailed explanation of Animal communication via different examples present in nature. It includes all the different methods animals use to convey information to their species or the other animals in nature.
Placentation in Mammals
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Jaw suspension in vertebrates [autosaved]
INTRODUCTION
The jaw (Upper and lower) is any opposable articulated structure at the entrance of the mouth.
It is typically used for grasping and manipulating food.
Jaw suspension means the fusion of upper jaw and lower jaw or skull for efficient biting.
There are different ways in which these attachments are attained depending upon the modifications in visceral arches in vertebrates.
In most vertebrates, the jaws are bony or cartilaginous and oppose vertically.
The vertebrate jaw is derived from the most anterior two pharyngeal arches supporting the gills, and usually bears numerous teeth.
The vertebrate jaw probably originally evolved in the Silurian period and appeared in the Placoderm fish which further diversified in the Devonian.
It is believed that the hyoid system suspends the jaw from the brain case of the skull, permitting great mobility of the jaws.
The original selective advantage offered by the jaw may not be related to feeding, but rather to increased respiration efficiency.
The jaws were used in the buccal pump (observable in modern fish and amphibians) that pumps water across the gills of fish or air into the lungs in the case of amphibians.
Over evolutionary time the more familiar use of jaws (to humans), in feeding, was selected for and became a very important function in vertebrates. Many teleost fish have substantially modified jaws for suction feeding and jaw protrusion, resulting in highly complex jaws with dozens of bones involved.
Jaw Suspension or Suspensoria:
The method by which the upper and lower jaws are suspended or attached from the chondrocranium is known as jaw suspension or suspensorium.
Amongst the visceral arches, the first (mandibular) arch consists of
= a dorsal palato pterygoquadrate bar forming the upper jaw,
= and ventral Meckel’s cartilage forms the lower jaw.
The second (hyoid) arch consists of = a dorsal hyomandibular supporting and suspending the jaws with the cranium, and a ventral hyoid.
The remaining visceral arches support the gills and are, hence, called branchial arches. Thus, splanchnocranium forms the jaws and suspends them with the chondrocranium.
Cephalochordata
General characters, fossil history, classification, primitive characters , affinities, systematic position of cephalochordata
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Introduction
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Advantages of a society
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1. Termites
2.Honeybees
3.Ants
4.Yellow wasp
Flight adaptations in birds
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Fish Migration
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Mouth parts of insect
This document discusses the different types of insect mouthparts. It begins by describing the basic components of mandibulate mouthparts which are found in more primitive insects and include the labrum, mandibles, maxillae, hypopharynx, and labium. It then describes the main types of mouthparts: biting and chewing, lapping, piercing and sucking, sponging, and siphoning. For each type, it provides details on how the different mouthpart components are modified for that function. Grasshoppers and beetles are provided as examples for biting and chewing, while bees, mosquitoes, houseflies, and butterflies are discussed as examples for the other mouthpart types.
Parental care in amphibian
Amphibians show various forms of parental care to protect their eggs and offspring. This includes constructing nests or shelters to house eggs, directly coiling around or carrying eggs, giving birth to larvae, or retaining eggs in pouches or internally until the offspring are fully developed. Some frogs build mud or foam nests, while others lay eggs on leaves overhanging water. Certain frogs carry eggs on their backs or transfer tadpoles to water. Salamanders may coil around eggs or carry them attached to their neck. Parental care benefits offspring by increasing survival when they are associated with parents and improving offspring quality to boost future survival and reproduction.
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Origin of chordata
ORIGIN OF CHORDATES
Animal kingdom is basically divided into two sub kingdoms:
Non-chordata- including animals without notochord.
Chordata- This comprising animals having notochord or chorda dorsalis.
Chordates were evolved sometime 500 million years ago during Cambrian period (invertebrates were also began to evolve in this period) .
Chamberlain (1900) pointed out that all modern chordates possess glomerular kidneys that are designed to remove excess water from body.
It is believed that Chordates have originated from invertebrates.
It is difficult to determine from which invertebrate group the chordates were developed.
Chordate ancestors were soft bodied animals. Hence they were not preserved as Fossils.
However, early fossils of chordates have all been recovered from marine sediments and even modern protochordates are all marine forms.
Also glomerular kidneys are also found in some marine forms such as myxinoids and sharks. That makes the marine origin of chordates more believable.
Chordates evolved from some deuterostome ancestor (echinoderms, hemichordates, pogonophorans etc.) as they have similarities in embryonic development, type of coelom and larval stages.
Many theories infers origin of chordates, hemichordates and echinoderms from a common ancestor.
Animal communication
Animal communication occurs when information is passed between two animals, known as the signaller and receiver. Communication can be intraspecific between members of the same species, or interspecific between different species. Modes of communication include visual signals like coloration, posture, and movement. Auditory signals include sounds, while chemical signals involve pheromones. Other modes are tactile contact, electrical signals in some fish, and surface vibrations. Visual signals in bees include round and waggle dances to communicate location of food sources. Animal communication serves functions like attracting mates, defending territory, and warning of predators.
Various ways of animal communication and types
Animal communication occurs when information is passed between two animals, known as the signaller and receiver. Communication can be intraspecific between members of the same species, or interspecific between different species. Modes of communication include visual signals like coloration, posture, and movement. Auditory signals include sounds, while chemical signals involve pheromones. Other modes are tactile contact, electrical signals, and surface vibrations. Visual communication in bees involves round and waggle dances to indicate location of food sources. Animal communication serves functions like attracting mates, defending territory, and warning of predators.
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Animal communication
This presentation includes detailed explanation of Animal communication via different examples present in nature. It includes all the different methods animals use to convey information to their species or the other animals in nature.
Placentation in Mammals
In all viviparous animals, embryonic development takes place inside the uterus of the mother, because the eggs are microlecithal and the amount of stored yolk is not sufficient for the developing embryo. Such embryos get attached to the uterine wall to draw essential substances from the maternal circulation through the placenta.
Jaw suspension in vertebrates [autosaved]
INTRODUCTION
The jaw (Upper and lower) is any opposable articulated structure at the entrance of the mouth.
It is typically used for grasping and manipulating food.
Jaw suspension means the fusion of upper jaw and lower jaw or skull for efficient biting.
There are different ways in which these attachments are attained depending upon the modifications in visceral arches in vertebrates.
In most vertebrates, the jaws are bony or cartilaginous and oppose vertically.
The vertebrate jaw is derived from the most anterior two pharyngeal arches supporting the gills, and usually bears numerous teeth.
The vertebrate jaw probably originally evolved in the Silurian period and appeared in the Placoderm fish which further diversified in the Devonian.
It is believed that the hyoid system suspends the jaw from the brain case of the skull, permitting great mobility of the jaws.
The original selective advantage offered by the jaw may not be related to feeding, but rather to increased respiration efficiency.
The jaws were used in the buccal pump (observable in modern fish and amphibians) that pumps water across the gills of fish or air into the lungs in the case of amphibians.
Over evolutionary time the more familiar use of jaws (to humans), in feeding, was selected for and became a very important function in vertebrates. Many teleost fish have substantially modified jaws for suction feeding and jaw protrusion, resulting in highly complex jaws with dozens of bones involved.
Jaw Suspension or Suspensoria:
The method by which the upper and lower jaws are suspended or attached from the chondrocranium is known as jaw suspension or suspensorium.
Amongst the visceral arches, the first (mandibular) arch consists of
= a dorsal palato pterygoquadrate bar forming the upper jaw,
= and ventral Meckel’s cartilage forms the lower jaw.
The second (hyoid) arch consists of = a dorsal hyomandibular supporting and suspending the jaws with the cranium, and a ventral hyoid.
The remaining visceral arches support the gills and are, hence, called branchial arches. Thus, splanchnocranium forms the jaws and suspends them with the chondrocranium.
Cephalochordata
General characters, fossil history, classification, primitive characters , affinities, systematic position of cephalochordata
Respiratory system of pila
Pila is an amphibian that can perform both branchial and pulmonary respiration. When in water, it breathes through gills called ctenidia located in the branchial chamber. On land, it breathes through a pulmonary sac located in the pulmonary chamber. The pulmonary sac allows for gas exchange between air and blood. Pila can also respire underwater using a respiratory tube formed by its nuchal lobe to bring air into the pulmonary sac. Its osphradium organ helps detect chemicals in the water.
Amphioxus (Branchiostoma)
Amphioxus (Branchiostoma) - Structure, Digestive system, Circulatory system, Sense organs and Protonephridia
Filter feeding of molluscs
Unio is a type of mollusc that feeds by filtering particles from water. It draws water in through its incurrent siphon using cilia, which beat to transport food like diatoms, protozoa, and detritus towards its mouth. Larger particles are trapped in mucus on its gill surfaces and conveyed to the mantle cavity while smaller particles are moved to the mouth to ingest. This filter feeding process involves the coordinated beating of cilia to efficiently collect and sort food from large volumes of circulating water.
PROTOTHERIA.pptx
The document discusses the characteristics and phylogenetic relationships of prototheria, the subclass of primitive egg-laying mammals. It notes that prototheria include monotremes like the platypus and echidna, which lay eggs but nourish their young with milk. While prototheria share some traits with reptiles like claws and an interclavicle bone, they also share traits with mammals like fur, mammary glands, and a four-chambered heart. The document outlines the anatomical features and development of prototheria in detail.
Polymorphism in coelenterata
The occurrence of more than one type of structurally and functionally different individuals within a population is called polymorphism.
Comparative account of respiratory organs in vertebrates
This document provides a comparative account of the respiratory organs in vertebrates including fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. It describes that fishes respire through gills and some also use a swim bladder. Amphibians respire through lungs, skin, and as tadpoles through external gills. Reptiles and birds only use lungs for respiration, while mammals uniquely have lungs with alveoli. The document outlines key structural and functional differences in respiratory organs across these vertebrate classes.
Social organization and social behaviour in insects
Introduction
Properties of a society
Advantages of a society
Disadvantages of a society
Social organisation and social behaviour in insects:-
1. Termites
2.Honeybees
3.Ants
4.Yellow wasp
Flight adaptations in birds
Birds have numerous anatomical and morphological adaptations for flight. Their bodies are lightweight yet strong, with hollow bones connected to an advanced respiratory system. Many bones are fused to provide rigidity. Their powerful flight muscles are anchored to a keeled sternum. Other adaptations include short tails for steering, highly mobile necks, and modified forelimbs that serve as wings providing lift through flapping powered by strong pectoral muscles. These numerous adaptations allow birds to harness the principles of aerodynamics and achieve sustained flight.
Fish Migration
Fish migration occurs for various reasons such as finding new habitats, feeding, reproduction, and escaping predators. There are several types of fish migration defined by distance, direction, and purpose. Anadromous fish migrate from salt water to fresh water to spawn, like salmon, while catadromous fish do the opposite, migrating from fresh to salt water to spawn. Potamodromous fish migrate within fresh water systems. Oceanodromous fish migrate long distances within salt water environments. Physical, chemical, and biological factors influence fish migration patterns. Migration allows fish to access new food sources and breeding habitats but also carries risks.
Mouth parts of insect
This document discusses the different types of insect mouthparts. It begins by describing the basic components of mandibulate mouthparts which are found in more primitive insects and include the labrum, mandibles, maxillae, hypopharynx, and labium. It then describes the main types of mouthparts: biting and chewing, lapping, piercing and sucking, sponging, and siphoning. For each type, it provides details on how the different mouthpart components are modified for that function. Grasshoppers and beetles are provided as examples for biting and chewing, while bees, mosquitoes, houseflies, and butterflies are discussed as examples for the other mouthpart types.
Parental care in amphibian
Amphibians show various forms of parental care to protect their eggs and offspring. This includes constructing nests or shelters to house eggs, directly coiling around or carrying eggs, giving birth to larvae, or retaining eggs in pouches or internally until the offspring are fully developed. Some frogs build mud or foam nests, while others lay eggs on leaves overhanging water. Certain frogs carry eggs on their backs or transfer tadpoles to water. Salamanders may coil around eggs or carry them attached to their neck. Parental care benefits offspring by increasing survival when they are associated with parents and improving offspring quality to boost future survival and reproduction.
Nemathelminthes general characters and classification
This document provides an overview of nemathelminthes, also known as roundworms. It discusses their classification into two classes: Aphasmidia and Phasmidia. Aphasmidia contains 6 orders including Enoploidea and Dorylaimoidea. Phasmidia contains 10 orders such as Rhabditoidea, Oxyuroidea, and Filarioidea. The document also outlines general characteristics of nemathelminthes such as their unsegmented, bilaterally symmetrical body structure; organ system level organization; and reproduction through sexual methods.
Insect metamorphosis
This document discusses the different types of metamorphosis, insect eggs, larvae, and pupae. There are four main types of metamorphosis: ametabola (no metamorphosis), hemimetabola (incomplete metamorphosis), paurometabola (gradual metamorphosis), and holometabola (complete metamorphosis). Insect eggs can be laid singly or in groups, and come in different shapes and structures. Larvae are generally oligopod, polypod, or apodous. Pupae are either obtect, exarate, or coarctate. The document provides examples and details on the characteristics of each type.
Olfactory and gustatory receptors
The document discusses chemoreceptors, which include taste receptors and olfactory receptors. Taste and smell rely on chemical receptors being stimulated by certain molecules. Humans can taste sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and umami; taste and smell are directly related because they use the same types of receptors. Olfactory receptors are located in the nose, while taste receptors are located in the tongue and oral cavity. Both system detect chemicals and transmit signals to the brain.
Origin of chordata
ORIGIN OF CHORDATES
Animal kingdom is basically divided into two sub kingdoms:
Non-chordata- including animals without notochord.
Chordata- This comprising animals having notochord or chorda dorsalis.
Chordates were evolved sometime 500 million years ago during Cambrian period (invertebrates were also began to evolve in this period) .
Chamberlain (1900) pointed out that all modern chordates possess glomerular kidneys that are designed to remove excess water from body.
It is believed that Chordates have originated from invertebrates.
It is difficult to determine from which invertebrate group the chordates were developed.
Chordate ancestors were soft bodied animals. Hence they were not preserved as Fossils.
However, early fossils of chordates have all been recovered from marine sediments and even modern protochordates are all marine forms.
Also glomerular kidneys are also found in some marine forms such as myxinoids and sharks. That makes the marine origin of chordates more believable.
Chordates evolved from some deuterostome ancestor (echinoderms, hemichordates, pogonophorans etc.) as they have similarities in embryonic development, type of coelom and larval stages.
Many theories infers origin of chordates, hemichordates and echinoderms from a common ancestor.
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Similar to Animal communication - Dr. Jeni Padua
Animal communication
Animal communication occurs when information is passed between two animals, known as the signaller and receiver. Communication can be intraspecific between members of the same species, or interspecific between different species. Modes of communication include visual signals like coloration, posture, and movement. Auditory signals include sounds, while chemical signals involve pheromones. Other modes are tactile contact, electrical signals in some fish, and surface vibrations. Visual signals in bees include round and waggle dances to communicate location of food sources. Animal communication serves functions like attracting mates, defending territory, and warning of predators.
Various ways of animal communication and types
Animal communication occurs when information is passed between two animals, known as the signaller and receiver. Communication can be intraspecific between members of the same species, or interspecific between different species. Modes of communication include visual signals like coloration, posture, and movement. Auditory signals include sounds, while chemical signals involve pheromones. Other modes are tactile contact, electrical signals, and surface vibrations. Visual communication in bees involves round and waggle dances to indicate location of food sources. Animal communication serves functions like attracting mates, defending territory, and warning of predators.
Animal Communication.pptx
Animal communication occurs when information is passed between animals and can take several forms. Visual communication includes movement, posture, facial expressions, coloration, and light signals. Auditory communication involves producing sounds through vocalization, tapping, or substrate vibrations. Chemical communication uses pheromones detected by smell to convey information about territory, identity, and reproduction. These different types of communication allow for intraspecific exchange within species as well as interspecific interactions between species, and help with tasks like finding food, attracting mates, and warning of threats.
Animal communication elephant communication
Animal communication takes many forms and serves several purposes. It allows animals to attract mates, establish territories, convey information about food sources, and warn others of danger. Common forms of animal communication include vocalizations, visual displays, pheromones, touch, electrical signals, and behaviors adapted to communicating with humans. Understanding animal communication enhances our knowledge of animal behavior and supports conservation efforts.
Communication in mammals
Animal communication involves the transmission of information between animals. There are two main types - intraspecific communication within a species and interspecific communication between species. Information can be communicated visually through movements, shapes, colors or lights. Auditory communication involves the production of sounds which can travel long distances in air or water. Chemical communication uses pheromones to transmit messages about mating, territory or alarms. Tactile communication relies on physical contact and touch. The functions of communication in mammals include agonistic interactions during competition, attracting mates, claiming territory, and warning of predators through alarm calls.
Communication in mammals
Animal communication involves the transmission of information between animals. There are two main types - intraspecific communication within a species and interspecific communication between species. Information can be communicated visually through movements, shapes, colors or lights. Auditory communication involves the production of sounds which can travel long distances in air or water. Chemical communication uses pheromones to transmit messages about mating, territory or alarms. Tactile communication relies on physical contact and touch. The functions of communication in mammals include agonistic interactions during competition, attracting mates, claiming territory, and warning of predators through alarm calls.
Communication In insects
This presentation discusses communication in insects. It introduces the topic and defines communication as the exchange of information between individuals. Most insect communication is innate and inherited. The presentation then explores why insects communicate, including for recognition, mating, finding food or danger, and establishing territories. It identifies the main types of insect communication as visual, chemical, tactile, and sound. Specific examples are provided, such as the use of pheromones, dances, touching, and sounds produced by wings, legs or other body parts.
Communication and ways physical chemical
This presentation discusses communication in insects. It introduces different forms of communication such as visual, chemical, tactile, and sound-based communication. Visual communication includes using colors, patterns and movements to attract mates and warn predators. Chemical communication, the most common form, involves using pheromones and allelochemicals to convey intra-species and inter-species messages. Tactile communication allows for grooming and sharing of information through antennae touching. Sound communication employs sounds both within and beyond human hearing range to attract mates and mark territories. The presentation provides examples of specific communication behaviors across insect species to facilitate functions like mating, navigation, and predator avoidance.
animal communication and behaviours.pptx
Animal communication occurs through various channels such as visual, auditory, chemical, tactile, and electrical means. Visual communication includes signals like movement, posture, coloration, and light production. Auditory communication involves sound production like calls, songs, and clicks. Chemical signals like pheromones are involved in processes like mate identification and territory marking. Tactile communication relies on physical contact through antennae or touching. Some animals also communicate through electrical or vibrational signals. Studying these diverse forms of communication between animals provides insights into animal behavior and evolution.
Communication in Animals
Animal communication allows for the transfer of information between animals. It can occur through visual, auditory, chemical, and mechanical channels. Visual signals include changes in coloration, posture, and facial expressions. Auditory signals involve the production of sounds through vocalizations or other noises. Chemical signals include pheromones that are detected by smell. Honest signals are more likely when the interests of the signaler and receiver are aligned, the signal reveals inherent qualities of the signaler that cannot be faked, producing the signal is costly, or dishonesty can be detected. Dishonest signals are more probable when the interests of the signaler and receiver differ or assessing signals is difficult.
Communication
This document provides an overview of biocommunication in insects. It discusses the main types of insect communication: visual communication using colors/patterns, chemical communication using pheromones, tactile communication through physical contact, and acoustic communication using sounds. Specific examples are given for each type, such as fireflies using light flashes, bees using dance movements to indicate food locations, and grasshoppers rubbing legs to produce sounds. The document aims to explain how insects acquire and share information through their senses of sight, smell, touch, hearing and taste.
bio communication in insects
This document summarizes different types of communication used by insects, including visual, chemical, tactile, and acoustic communication. It discusses how insects communicate through color patterns, pheromones, touch, dance, sounds, and vibrations to recognize others of their species, find mates, locate food, warn of danger, and more. The key forms of communication are chemical signals like pheromones that convey information between individuals of the same species, and visual signals from patterns, flashes of light, or dances that help with tasks like attracting mates or locating food sources. Insects rely on these innate communication abilities to survive and thrive in their environments.
insect_communication_lecture_2_0.pptx
This document discusses insect communication. It begins by defining communication and noting that most insect communication is innate and species-specific. It then discusses the main reasons insects communicate, including recognition, mating, finding food/danger. The major ways insects communicate are visually, tactilely, acoustically, and chemically. Specific examples are given for each type, such as firefly flashing, antennation in ants/termites, cricket chirping, and moth sex pheromones. Sensory reception and specialized glands/organs used in communication are also covered.
Communucation among insects
Insects communicate through visual signals like wing patterns, chemical signals like pheromones, tactile contact with antennae, acoustic sounds, and vibrations. Communication allows insects to recognize others of the same species, locate mates, find food sources, and warn of threats. The most common form is chemical signaling using pheromones or allelochemicals that can recruit others to food or repel competitors. Bees have an elaborate dance language to communicate distance and direction of food or nest locations to others.
Animal language exposition
This document discusses animal communication and language. It provides examples of different forms of communication used by animals, including visual communication through movements, postures and facial expressions. Chemical communication using pheromones is also discussed. The document notes that while animals can exchange information, their communication systems may not be considered languages in the same sense as human language since they lack the ability to create new combinations of symbols.
Entomology part 1 Dr. Sookun Rajeev K
This document provides an overview of medical entomology and arthropods of medical importance. It discusses how arthropods like insects, ticks and mites can directly or indirectly affect human health through annoyance, injury, allergy, disease transmission and more. Specific arthropods discussed in detail include mosquitoes like Anopheles and Culex, which can transmit diseases like malaria and filariasis, and sand flies, which transmit leishmaniasis. The document examines the characteristics, identification features and diseases transmitted by these medically important arthropods.
INSECT COMMUNICATION CREDIT
This document discusses bio-communication in insects. It begins by defining communication and describing how insects communicate for essential social interactions. It then discusses different types of communication in insects, including visual, chemical, tactile, and acoustic communication. The document provides examples for each type, such as fireflies using bioluminescence and moths using pheromones. It also covers camouflage techniques, mimicry, alarm signals, and the use of pheromones for functions like trail marking, aggregation, and defense.
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Animal communication - Dr. Jeni Padua
- 1. Dr. Jeni Padua, PhD. Visiting Researcher, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo,Spain Erasmus Mundus Euphrates Fellow, European Commission Indian Science Academies’ SR Fellow-CCMB, Hyderabad Dean of Sciences, Holy Cross College, Nagercoil, India.
- 2. ANIMAL COMMUNICATION •Animal communication is the “passing on” of information between two animals. •The animal which sends the information is called the Signaller and the animal that receives the signal is called the Receiver. •Animal communication is also known as Biological communication.
- 3. TYPES OF COMMUNICATION Intraspecific communication • Communication within a single species. Eg. Honeybee dance Interspecific communication • Prey to predator. Eg. warning colouration in wasps • Predator to prey Some predators communicate to the prey to make it easier to catch them, in effect deceiving them. Eg. Angler fish, Human/animal communication during domestication of animals
- 4. BASIC COMPONENTS •Signaller : An individual emitting the signal. •Reciever : An individual receiving the signal •Signal : The behavioural response of the signaller •Channels : A pathway through which a signal travels. (ie means of communication) •Visual •Auditory •Chemical •Tactile •Electrical
- 5. VISUAL COMMUNICATION •Information transmitted by visual means is called visual communication. •The visual signals may be given by various means like movement, posture or shape of the body, Facial expressions, colour identification, light etc. •Ex: Tail feather displays of male peacocks,Visual communication in Bees
- 6. AUDITORY COMMUNICATION •Sending information from one member to another by sound production is called auditory signal or bioacoustic signal. •Ex. Calls of mammals and birds – vocal origin; •sound produced by crickets in rhythmic oscillation of forewings.
- 7. CHEMICAL COMMUNICATION • Molecules used for chemical communication between individual animals are called pheromones. • Pheromones are involved in mate identification, marking territory, alarm spreading etc. • Pheromones include Alarm pheromones, Sex pheromones and Trail pheromones
- 8. TACTILE COMMUNICATION •Information transmitted in the form of physical contact (touch signal) is called tactile communication. •Antennae of ants, termites and honeybees are involved in this process •Eg. Female primates often hold and frequently cuddle their young ones to establish a bond Two worker ants in tactile communication
- 9. ELECTRICAL SIGNALS •It is a means of communication in some fishes. •Torpedo (Electric ray), and sharks (Scyliorhinus caniculus) have electro receptors that are used in communication. Ex. Electric fish communicate information about species identity and sex, by discharging an electric field/current.
- 10. SURFACE VIBRATIONS •In some animals information may be communicated by patterns of surface vibrations. •Eg. Water spider sends out ripples of certain frequency. Receptive females respond to this by moving towards the source.
- 11. THANKYOU Dr. Jeni Padua, PhD. Visiting Researcher, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo,Spain Erasmus Mundus Euphrates Fellow, European Commission Indian Science Academies’ SR Fellow-CCMB, Hyderabad Dean of Sciences, Holy Cross College, Nagercoil, India.