Insects communicate through visual signals like wing patterns, chemical signals like pheromones, tactile contact with antennae, acoustic sounds, and vibrations. Communication allows insects to recognize others of the same species, locate mates, find food sources, and warn of threats. The most common form is chemical signaling using pheromones or allelochemicals that can recruit others to food or repel competitors. Bees have an elaborate dance language to communicate distance and direction of food or nest locations to others.
Animals secrete pheromones to trigger many types of behaviors, including:
raising an alarm
signaling a food trail
triggering sexual arousal
tell other female insects to lay their eggs elsewhere
delineating a territory
bond between mother and offspring
warning another animal to back off
Communication in Insects.
Classification of Semiochemicals.
Introduction to Insect Pheromones.
Uses of Insect Pheromones.
Synthesis of Insect Pheromones.
Use of pheromones in insect pest management.
Animals secrete pheromones to trigger many types of behaviors, including:
raising an alarm
signaling a food trail
triggering sexual arousal
tell other female insects to lay their eggs elsewhere
delineating a territory
bond between mother and offspring
warning another animal to back off
Communication in Insects.
Classification of Semiochemicals.
Introduction to Insect Pheromones.
Uses of Insect Pheromones.
Synthesis of Insect Pheromones.
Use of pheromones in insect pest management.
Structure and types of insect legs and identification of insect legs, Modification in insect legs - Cursorial leg(running leg), Ambulatorial leg(walking leg), Saltatorial leg(jumping leg), Scansorial leg(climbing leg), Fossorial leg(digging leg), Natatorial leg(swimming leg), Raptorial leg(grasping leg), Basket – like leg, Sticking leg, Foragial leg, Prolegs or False legs or Pseudolegs
Structure and types of insect legs and identification of insect legs, Modification in insect legs - Cursorial leg(running leg), Ambulatorial leg(walking leg), Saltatorial leg(jumping leg), Scansorial leg(climbing leg), Fossorial leg(digging leg), Natatorial leg(swimming leg), Raptorial leg(grasping leg), Basket – like leg, Sticking leg, Foragial leg, Prolegs or False legs or Pseudolegs
This presentation includes detailed explanation of Animal communication via different examples present in nature. It includes all the different methods animals use to convey information to their species or the other animals in nature.
Animal communication - Dr. Jeni Padua
Intraspecific Communication
Interspecific communication
Types:
Visual Communication
Auditory Communication
Chemical Communication
Tactile Communication
Electrical Communication
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
3. COMMUNICATION AMONG INSECTS
What is Communication?
It is the exchange of information between
individuals.
Most insect language is innate. And most of
their language is inherited, so each individual
born with a distinctive vocabulary that shared
only with other members of its own species.
4. Why do insects communicate?
1- Recognition of kin or nest mates.
2- Locating or identifying a member of the opposite sex.
3- Facilitation of courtship and mating.
4- Giving directions for location of food.
5- Regulating spatial distribution of individuals,
aggregation or dispersal; establishing and maintaining a
territory.
6- Warning of danger; setting off an alarm.
7- Expressing threat or submission.
8- mimicry.
5. Insects may send a communication
signals by:
1- Doing something (e.g. make a noise, release a
chemical or flash a light).
2- By physical makeup (e.g. wing pattern, body
colour)
Like other animals, insects use their five senses
to acquire information about their environment
(taste, touch, vision, hearing, olfaction (smell)).
7. Visual communication
The color patterns and other markings of the
wings (butterflies and moths) facilitate species
recognition (like football players).
8. Fire flies pulses of light are used in courtship
dialogue between a male (usually flying) and a
female (usually perched in the vegetation).
9. Photinus pyralis
Males of Photinus pyralis
emit a signal J shape flash
during a rising flight
movement and the
female responds with a
single flash after a two
second intervals.
10. Photinus comsumilis
However The male Photinus comsumilis during a
rising flight movement emit a series of 3.5 short
flashes and a female respond after a double
flash.
11. Alfalfa butterflies
In alfalfa butterflies, males have U.V. reflective
scales and missing scales is a sign for male
ageing.
12. Chemical communication:
• It is the most common way of insect
communication.
• These chemicals are divided into 2 groups.
1. Pheromones.
2. Allelo-chemicals.
13. Pheromones
Chemical signals that carry information from
one individual to another member of the same
species.
Alarm pheromones are signals that are put out
by insects if they are disturbed or threatened.
Trail pheromones are used by ants, caterpillars
and other insects. These signals are like maps
that help insects to find food.
15. Functions of Pheromones
1- Queen bee emit pheromones that affects the
development of workers bee.
2- Ant use pheromones to recruit nest mates to
a food source.
16. • 3- When laying their eggs, some flies moths
and beetles use certain pheromones to repel
insects of the same and competing species,
thereby protecting their progeny.
17. 4- Aphids give alarm pheromones that urge
neighbouring aphids to flee from nearby
predators.
18. Tactile communication
• Insects communicate through touch with their
antennae and their mouths.
• Touch communication via antenna is common to
both bees and ants.
• There is almost no light in the bee hive, so bees often
rely on touch communication.
19. Bees dance
• Bees communicate by dance language. Bees
use dance as a form of communication for
distance and direction of food sources or nest
sites.
20. Types of dances
• 1- Round dance (running in a circle, is
performed for close sites).
21. • Transitional (or sickle) dance:
• For sites at an intermediate distance from the
hive. This dance involves running in a
semicircular (or moon) shape.
22. Waggle dance:
• The waggle dance is a language used by honey
bee Apis mellifera. Which give the bees the
ability to communicate the food sources
locations.
23. Acoustic communication:
• Sounds are caused by vibrations that can pass
through air, water, and solid structures.
• Because sound waves move rapidly through
air, acoustic signals can be quickly started,
stopped, or modified to send a time sensitive
message.
24. When insects produce sound by rubbing parts
of their body together it is called stridulation.
Grasshoppers create sounds via stridulation to
communicate with each other.
25. Vibrational communication:
Is widespread in insect social and ecological
interactions. Insects used water surface or plant
surface to produce vibrational sounds.
26. References :-
1-The principles of Insect Physiology.
2-The insects structure and function.
3-Insectos: la mejor guía de bichos. Parragon Books Ltd.
4- Hometrainingtools.com: insect communications
5-www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/tutorial/Communication/
6- Firefly.org
