Anemia
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
1 like•791 views
Anemia is defined as a low level of hemoglobin or hematocrit based on gender. Signs and symptoms depend on the level and chronicity of anemia. Anemia can be caused by inadequate red blood cell production due to bone marrow damage, iron deficiency, or inflammation. It can also be caused by red blood cell destruction or loss. The retic index is a measure of red blood cell production corrected for hematocrit and shift factors. Hypoproliferative anemias involve marrow damage, iron deficiency, low stimulation, inflammation, metabolic defects, or renal disease. Maturation disorders can cause microcytic or macrocytic anemia affecting cytoplasmic or DNA synthesis.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Approach to anemia
This document discusses the approach to diagnosing and classifying anemia. It defines anemia and notes that normal hemoglobin levels vary by age, gender, and race. A thorough history and physical exam can reveal potential causes like diet, blood loss, infections, or medications. Laboratory tests including a CBC, smear, and reticulocyte count help classify anemias as microcytic, normocytic, or macrocytic based on red blood cell size. Iron deficiency is a common cause of anemia in children. Hemolytic disorders cause shortened red blood cell survival.
Haemolytic Anaemias
Hemolytic anemia are disorders where red blood cell survival is reduced, either episodically or continuously. The bone marrow can increase red blood cell production up to eight times normal, so anemia only occurs when red blood cell survival is extremely short or the bone marrow's ability to compensate is impaired. Hemolytic anemia can be congenital or acquired. Investigations include blood counts, peripheral smears, reticulocyte counts, and tests of serum LDH, haptoglobin, bilirubin, and urine for hemosiderin and urobilinogen. Management may include folic acid, corticosteroids, IVIG, transfusions, erythropoietin, iron therapy, discontin
Hemolytic anemia
This document discusses hemolytic anemia, which is a type of anemia caused by the premature destruction of red blood cells. It can be intrinsic, due to defects in red blood cell membranes or hemoglobin, or extrinsic, caused by antibodies or the complement system. Some key intrinsic causes mentioned are sickle cell anemia, spherocytosis, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. The mechanism of hemolysis can be extravascular, where red blood cells are destroyed in the spleen or liver, or intravascular, where they are destroyed in the bloodstream. Labs that can indicate hemolytic anemia include decreased haptoglobin, increased lactate dehydrogenase and unconjugated bilirubin levels, and the presence
Approach To A Patient With Anemia
1. Anemia can be classified based on MCV as microcytic, normocytic, or macrocytic. Laboratory data and physical exam findings help determine the underlying cause.
2. Automated hematology analyzers use electrical impedance and light scattering to count and characterize blood cells from a sample. This provides rapid results but still requires confirming abnormal findings on a peripheral smear.
3. A thorough history, physical exam, and initial lab work can help establish a differential diagnosis and guide further testing for a patient presenting with anemia.
Diagnosis of Anemia
This document provides information on the diagnosis of anemia. It defines anemia and outlines the grading and classification systems. It discusses the prevalence of anemia globally and in India. The clinical presentation and diagnostic workup are described. Guidelines are provided on evaluating different types of anemia based on red blood cell indices, including iron deficiency anemia, thalassemia, megaloblastic anemia, aplastic anemia, anemia of chronic disease, and hemolytic anemias. Diagnostic testing for specific conditions like sickle cell anemia and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency is also reviewed.
Understanding the full blood count in 15mins - A quick lit review
This document provides an overview of the components and interpretation of a full blood count (FBC). It describes the constituents that are measured for red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. For red blood cells, it covers hematological parameters, causes and types of anemia, and polycythemia. It also discusses the most common causes of anemia like iron deficiency, B12 deficiency, and folate deficiency. For white blood cells, it lists the different types and what high or low counts may indicate. Finally, it briefly summarizes causes and workup for thrombocytopenia and thrombocytosis.
Hemolytic Anemia
Hemolytic anemia occurs due to the premature destruction of red blood cells reducing the body's hemoglobin level.
Full Blood Count (FBC) - Thyolo Hospital, Malawi
This is a presentation made by final year Bachelor of Sciences in Medical Laboratory students [Symon Nayupe and Peace Morrison] from University of Malawi, College of Medicine during their Laboratory practicum at Thyolo District Hospital, Malawi.
Recommended
Approach to anemia
This document discusses the approach to diagnosing and classifying anemia. It defines anemia and notes that normal hemoglobin levels vary by age, gender, and race. A thorough history and physical exam can reveal potential causes like diet, blood loss, infections, or medications. Laboratory tests including a CBC, smear, and reticulocyte count help classify anemias as microcytic, normocytic, or macrocytic based on red blood cell size. Iron deficiency is a common cause of anemia in children. Hemolytic disorders cause shortened red blood cell survival.
Haemolytic Anaemias
Hemolytic anemia are disorders where red blood cell survival is reduced, either episodically or continuously. The bone marrow can increase red blood cell production up to eight times normal, so anemia only occurs when red blood cell survival is extremely short or the bone marrow's ability to compensate is impaired. Hemolytic anemia can be congenital or acquired. Investigations include blood counts, peripheral smears, reticulocyte counts, and tests of serum LDH, haptoglobin, bilirubin, and urine for hemosiderin and urobilinogen. Management may include folic acid, corticosteroids, IVIG, transfusions, erythropoietin, iron therapy, discontin
Hemolytic anemia
This document discusses hemolytic anemia, which is a type of anemia caused by the premature destruction of red blood cells. It can be intrinsic, due to defects in red blood cell membranes or hemoglobin, or extrinsic, caused by antibodies or the complement system. Some key intrinsic causes mentioned are sickle cell anemia, spherocytosis, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. The mechanism of hemolysis can be extravascular, where red blood cells are destroyed in the spleen or liver, or intravascular, where they are destroyed in the bloodstream. Labs that can indicate hemolytic anemia include decreased haptoglobin, increased lactate dehydrogenase and unconjugated bilirubin levels, and the presence
Approach To A Patient With Anemia
1. Anemia can be classified based on MCV as microcytic, normocytic, or macrocytic. Laboratory data and physical exam findings help determine the underlying cause.
2. Automated hematology analyzers use electrical impedance and light scattering to count and characterize blood cells from a sample. This provides rapid results but still requires confirming abnormal findings on a peripheral smear.
3. A thorough history, physical exam, and initial lab work can help establish a differential diagnosis and guide further testing for a patient presenting with anemia.
Diagnosis of Anemia
This document provides information on the diagnosis of anemia. It defines anemia and outlines the grading and classification systems. It discusses the prevalence of anemia globally and in India. The clinical presentation and diagnostic workup are described. Guidelines are provided on evaluating different types of anemia based on red blood cell indices, including iron deficiency anemia, thalassemia, megaloblastic anemia, aplastic anemia, anemia of chronic disease, and hemolytic anemias. Diagnostic testing for specific conditions like sickle cell anemia and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency is also reviewed.
Understanding the full blood count in 15mins - A quick lit review
This document provides an overview of the components and interpretation of a full blood count (FBC). It describes the constituents that are measured for red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. For red blood cells, it covers hematological parameters, causes and types of anemia, and polycythemia. It also discusses the most common causes of anemia like iron deficiency, B12 deficiency, and folate deficiency. For white blood cells, it lists the different types and what high or low counts may indicate. Finally, it briefly summarizes causes and workup for thrombocytopenia and thrombocytosis.
Hemolytic Anemia
Hemolytic anemia occurs due to the premature destruction of red blood cells reducing the body's hemoglobin level.
Full Blood Count (FBC) - Thyolo Hospital, Malawi
This is a presentation made by final year Bachelor of Sciences in Medical Laboratory students [Symon Nayupe and Peace Morrison] from University of Malawi, College of Medicine during their Laboratory practicum at Thyolo District Hospital, Malawi.
anemia.pptx
This document summarizes the different types of anemia. It discusses decreased red blood cell production due to nutritional deficiencies like iron deficiency or vitamin B12/folic acid deficiency which leads to megaloblastic anemia. It also discusses decreased red blood cell survival due to hereditary or acquired hemolytic anemias. The types covered include iron deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemia, aplastic anemia, sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, hereditary spherocytosis, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, and post-hemorrhagic anemia. Causes, pathophysiology, clinical features and management are described for each type.
Approach to anemia ppt
An overview about approach to diagnosis of anemia for new learners. It is not all about approach to anemia, approach to anemia really needs a lot of knowledge about each groups of anemia such as microcytic, normocytic and macrocytic anemia.
Polycythemia by Dr. Sookun Rajeev Kumar
This document discusses polycythemia, a blood disorder characterized by the overproduction of red blood cells. It defines polycythemia and classifies it as either relative, absolute primary, or absolute secondary. Primary polycythemia, also called polycythemia vera, is caused by a mutation in the JAK2 gene that results in excessive blood cell production. Signs and symptoms include headache, dizziness, itching and red skin. Treatment focuses on phlebotomy to reduce red blood cell counts as well as medications to suppress bone marrow activity.
Polycythemia
Polycythemia is a condition characterized by an abnormal increase in red blood cells. It can be primary, caused by bone marrow abnormalities, or secondary, caused by factors like smoking or lung diseases that result in hypoxia. Symptoms include headache, dizziness, and skin redness or itching. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing elevated red blood cell counts. Treatment may include phlebotomy to reduce blood volume, medications to suppress blood cell production, and lifestyle changes like exercise and avoiding tobacco. Nursing care focuses on monitoring for blood clots, managing pain and nutrition, and providing education.
anemia approach
This document provides guidance on laboratory evaluation and differential diagnosis for nutritional anemias, hemolytic anemias, and megaloblastic anemias. It outlines initial laboratory studies, including complete blood count and peripheral smear. It describes tests to evaluate for iron deficiency, vitamin B12/folate deficiency, and different types of hemolytic anemia. Charts are provided on red blood cell indices in children, kinetics of erythropoiesis, and functional tests for macrocytic anemias. Common clinical findings and investigations for iron deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemia, and hemolytic anemia are summarized.
Approach to anemia
This document provides an overview of approaches to anemia. It discusses red blood cell development, fetal and adult hemoglobin, pathophysiology of anemia, normal hemoglobin values, causes of anemia including physiologic anemia of prematurity, blood loss, hemolytic anemia, and enzymatic deficiencies. It covers specific conditions like Rh disease, ABO incompatibility, G6PD deficiency, and hereditary spherocytosis. The document provides details on diagnosis and management of different types of anemia.
How to read Cbc
This document provides information about how to interpret a complete blood count (CBC). It discusses the components of blood that are analyzed in a CBC, including red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells, and platelets. It describes normal ranges for CBC parameters and potential abnormalities that may be detected, such as anemia, infections, and bone marrow disorders. The CBC is presented as a relatively inexpensive test that can help diagnose various blood diseases, bone marrow conditions, and other organ abnormalities.
Anemia
Anemia, Causes of Anemia, types of anemia. symptoms of anemia, defective erythropoiesis, reduced erythropoiesis
Polycythemia vera
Polycythemia vera is a proliferative disorder where the bone marrow overproduces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It is caused by a mutation in the JAK2 enzyme. Common symptoms include headache, dizziness, and an enlarged spleen due to spleen enlargement and increased blood viscosity. Treatment focuses on phlebotomy to reduce red blood cell counts and medications like hydroxyurea to suppress bone marrow production and reduce risk of blood clots. Patients also need lifestyle changes and monitoring for complications like thrombosis.
Hereditary Liver Diseases- .pptx
This document provides information on hereditary liver diseases including hemochromatosis, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, and Wilson's disease. Hemochromatosis is caused by a gene mutation that leads to excessive iron absorption and storage in organs. Symptoms include fatigue and liver damage. Treatment involves regular phlebotomy. Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency results from mutations that impair production of a protein that protects the lungs, increasing risk of lung and liver disease. Wilson's disease is a copper metabolism disorder caused by a gene defect, leading to copper accumulation and damage to the liver, brain, and other organs. Symptoms vary by the organs affected and treatment involves a low-copper diet and chelation therapy.
Hemolytic anemia, Hereditary spherocytosis and G6PD deficiency
This document discusses hereditary spherocytosis and G6PD deficiency, two causes of hemolytic anemia. Hereditary spherocytosis is caused by a defect in the red blood cell membrane that results in spherical shaped red blood cells. G6PD deficiency results in hemolytic anemia during times of oxidative stress due to the lack of an enzyme, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, that protects red blood cells. The document describes the clinical presentations, treatments, and diagnostic testing for each condition.
Red Blood cell pathology
This document discusses red blood cell pathology and classifications of anemia. It covers topics like blood volume correlations in polycythemic, normovolemic, and oligocythemic states. It also discusses anemia classifications based on pathogenesis, hemoglobin content, degree of regeneration, red blood cell maturation, and size. Specific types of anemia covered include iron deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemia, sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, and anemias caused by blood loss or disturbances in hematopoiesis. Clinical features and signs of different anemias are also summarized.
anemia & other blood disease and its manifestations in oral cavity
This document discusses several blood diseases including bleeding disorders, platelet deficiencies, and red and white blood cell disorders. It provides details on the clinical features of these diseases such as oral bleeding, bruising, infections, and ulcerations. Specific disorders covered include anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and leukemia. The roles of platelets, coagulation factors, and blood cells are explained. Treatment considerations for patients with blood diseases, such as avoiding certain medications, are also summarized.
Causes of anemia
The document discusses the main causes of anemia, which are blood loss, increased destruction of red blood cells, and decreased production of red blood cells. Blood loss can be acute from overt bleeding or chronic from sources like the gastrointestinal tract or menstruation. Hemolytic anemia is caused by the increased destruction of red blood cells, which can be due to intrinsic defects in red blood cell production or metabolism, or extrinsic factors like infections, medications, autoimmune disorders, or mechanical damage. Decreased production of red blood cells can result from conditions such as aplastic anemia, iron deficiency, sideroblastic anemia, anemia of chronic disease, megaloblastic anemia, or tumors like leukemia.
Approach to anemia
This document outlines the evaluation of a patient with anemia. It defines anemia and describes the kinetic and morphologic approaches to identifying the underlying cause. Anemia can result from decreased red blood cell production, increased destruction, or blood loss. A history, physical exam, and initial lab tests including a complete blood count, red blood cell indices, peripheral smear, and reticulocyte count can help determine if the anemia is caused by bleeding, hemolysis, bone marrow suppression, iron, B12 or folate deficiency. The size of red blood cells on the smear also provides clues about the etiology of normocytic, macrocytic or microcytic anemias.
Interpretation of cbc
This document provides information on interpreting a complete blood count (CBC). It defines various CBC parameters such as anisopokilocytosis, cytometry, and Coulter principle. The importance of the CBC is discussed as it can provide information about the blood, bone marrow, and health of other organs. The CBC evaluates components of the blood including red blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and red cell indices. Abnormalities in these values can indicate conditions like anemia, bone marrow aplasia, and malignancies. Peripheral blood smear examination is also important for identifying red blood cell morphologies.
Haemolytic Anemia by Dr. Sookun Rajeev Kumar
Hemolytic anemias are caused by the premature destruction of red blood cells, either inside or outside of blood vessels. They can be congenital/hereditary or acquired. Hemolytic anemias may be chronic like sickle cell disease or acute like those caused by drugs or infections. Membrane defects or metabolic abnormalities inside red blood cells, hemoglobinopathies, or immune or non-immune reactions outside cells can all cause hemolysis. Patients experience symptoms of anemia along with jaundice and dark urine. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing elevated reticulocytes, LDH, indirect bilirubin and a peripheral smear with fragmented cells. Treatment focuses on transfusion, hydration
COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT
A complete blood count (CBC) is a blood test that evaluates the components and concentration of cells in the blood. It provides information on red blood cell count, white blood cell count, hematocrit level, hemoglobin, and platelet count. Abnormal cell counts may indicate health issues like infections, bleeding disorders, or cancers. A CBC is performed to screen for diseases, confirm diagnoses, and monitor medical treatments by reflecting health conditions that could affect the cellular components of blood. It measures components like red blood cell count, hemoglobin level, hematocrit, and mean corpuscular volume to help identify anemias, infections, and other medical conditions.
Anemia patama5march2015
This patient is a 74-year-old Thai male who presented with transient loss of consciousness and palpitations. He reported progressive fatigue over the past month. Physical exam revealed mild pale conjunctivae. Laboratory results showed microcytic anemia with a corrected reticulocyte count of 2.68%, TS of 16.5%, and positive stool occult blood. Colonoscopy found internal hemorrhoids. This suggests the patient's anemia is likely due to occult gastrointestinal bleeding from hemorrhoids, exacerbated by a possible thalassemia trait.
L6 hemolysis and hs student
Hemolytic anemia results from increased red blood cell destruction that exceeds the bone marrow's ability to produce new cells. It can be classified based on etiology as inherited disorders of hemoglobin structure/deficiency, red blood cell membrane abnormalities, or red blood cell metabolism defects. Acquired causes include immune-mediated hemolytic anemia, mechanical trauma, infections, chemicals/physical agents, and acquired membrane defects like paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Hereditary spherocytosis is the most common membrane defect and causes chronic mild anemia, jaundice, splenomegaly, and bone changes. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria results from a stem cell defect leading to intra
Alzheimer awareness
Alzheimer's disease is a degenerative brain disease and the most common cause of dementia, characterized by a decline in memory, language, problem-solving and cognitive skills that affects everyday activities. As nerve cells in the brain are damaged and no longer function normally, symptoms include increasing memory loss, difficulty performing familiar tasks, problems with language, disorientation, poor judgment, abstract thinking issues, misplacing things, and changes in mood, behavior, and personality. Risk factors include aging, genetics, medical history, lifestyle, and environmental factors, while prevention focuses on heart health, physical activity, diet, brain challenges, and social engagement.
Alzheimer
La demencia es la pérdida de memoria y habilidades intelectuales que interfieren con la vida diaria. El Alzheimer es la forma más común de demencia, es incurable y terminal, y afecta principalmente a personas mayores de 65 años. El diagnóstico del Alzheimer se basa en la evaluación neuropsicológica, exámenes de laboratorio e historia clínica del paciente. Las causas del Alzheimer incluyen la muerte de células nerviosas en el cerebro y depósitos anormales de proteínas.
More Related Content
What's hot
anemia.pptx
This document summarizes the different types of anemia. It discusses decreased red blood cell production due to nutritional deficiencies like iron deficiency or vitamin B12/folic acid deficiency which leads to megaloblastic anemia. It also discusses decreased red blood cell survival due to hereditary or acquired hemolytic anemias. The types covered include iron deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemia, aplastic anemia, sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, hereditary spherocytosis, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, and post-hemorrhagic anemia. Causes, pathophysiology, clinical features and management are described for each type.
Approach to anemia ppt
An overview about approach to diagnosis of anemia for new learners. It is not all about approach to anemia, approach to anemia really needs a lot of knowledge about each groups of anemia such as microcytic, normocytic and macrocytic anemia.
Polycythemia by Dr. Sookun Rajeev Kumar
This document discusses polycythemia, a blood disorder characterized by the overproduction of red blood cells. It defines polycythemia and classifies it as either relative, absolute primary, or absolute secondary. Primary polycythemia, also called polycythemia vera, is caused by a mutation in the JAK2 gene that results in excessive blood cell production. Signs and symptoms include headache, dizziness, itching and red skin. Treatment focuses on phlebotomy to reduce red blood cell counts as well as medications to suppress bone marrow activity.
Polycythemia
Polycythemia is a condition characterized by an abnormal increase in red blood cells. It can be primary, caused by bone marrow abnormalities, or secondary, caused by factors like smoking or lung diseases that result in hypoxia. Symptoms include headache, dizziness, and skin redness or itching. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing elevated red blood cell counts. Treatment may include phlebotomy to reduce blood volume, medications to suppress blood cell production, and lifestyle changes like exercise and avoiding tobacco. Nursing care focuses on monitoring for blood clots, managing pain and nutrition, and providing education.
anemia approach
This document provides guidance on laboratory evaluation and differential diagnosis for nutritional anemias, hemolytic anemias, and megaloblastic anemias. It outlines initial laboratory studies, including complete blood count and peripheral smear. It describes tests to evaluate for iron deficiency, vitamin B12/folate deficiency, and different types of hemolytic anemia. Charts are provided on red blood cell indices in children, kinetics of erythropoiesis, and functional tests for macrocytic anemias. Common clinical findings and investigations for iron deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemia, and hemolytic anemia are summarized.
Approach to anemia
This document provides an overview of approaches to anemia. It discusses red blood cell development, fetal and adult hemoglobin, pathophysiology of anemia, normal hemoglobin values, causes of anemia including physiologic anemia of prematurity, blood loss, hemolytic anemia, and enzymatic deficiencies. It covers specific conditions like Rh disease, ABO incompatibility, G6PD deficiency, and hereditary spherocytosis. The document provides details on diagnosis and management of different types of anemia.
How to read Cbc
This document provides information about how to interpret a complete blood count (CBC). It discusses the components of blood that are analyzed in a CBC, including red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells, and platelets. It describes normal ranges for CBC parameters and potential abnormalities that may be detected, such as anemia, infections, and bone marrow disorders. The CBC is presented as a relatively inexpensive test that can help diagnose various blood diseases, bone marrow conditions, and other organ abnormalities.
Anemia
Anemia, Causes of Anemia, types of anemia. symptoms of anemia, defective erythropoiesis, reduced erythropoiesis
Polycythemia vera
Polycythemia vera is a proliferative disorder where the bone marrow overproduces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It is caused by a mutation in the JAK2 enzyme. Common symptoms include headache, dizziness, and an enlarged spleen due to spleen enlargement and increased blood viscosity. Treatment focuses on phlebotomy to reduce red blood cell counts and medications like hydroxyurea to suppress bone marrow production and reduce risk of blood clots. Patients also need lifestyle changes and monitoring for complications like thrombosis.
Hereditary Liver Diseases- .pptx
This document provides information on hereditary liver diseases including hemochromatosis, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, and Wilson's disease. Hemochromatosis is caused by a gene mutation that leads to excessive iron absorption and storage in organs. Symptoms include fatigue and liver damage. Treatment involves regular phlebotomy. Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency results from mutations that impair production of a protein that protects the lungs, increasing risk of lung and liver disease. Wilson's disease is a copper metabolism disorder caused by a gene defect, leading to copper accumulation and damage to the liver, brain, and other organs. Symptoms vary by the organs affected and treatment involves a low-copper diet and chelation therapy.
Hemolytic anemia, Hereditary spherocytosis and G6PD deficiency
This document discusses hereditary spherocytosis and G6PD deficiency, two causes of hemolytic anemia. Hereditary spherocytosis is caused by a defect in the red blood cell membrane that results in spherical shaped red blood cells. G6PD deficiency results in hemolytic anemia during times of oxidative stress due to the lack of an enzyme, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, that protects red blood cells. The document describes the clinical presentations, treatments, and diagnostic testing for each condition.
Red Blood cell pathology
This document discusses red blood cell pathology and classifications of anemia. It covers topics like blood volume correlations in polycythemic, normovolemic, and oligocythemic states. It also discusses anemia classifications based on pathogenesis, hemoglobin content, degree of regeneration, red blood cell maturation, and size. Specific types of anemia covered include iron deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemia, sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, and anemias caused by blood loss or disturbances in hematopoiesis. Clinical features and signs of different anemias are also summarized.
anemia & other blood disease and its manifestations in oral cavity
This document discusses several blood diseases including bleeding disorders, platelet deficiencies, and red and white blood cell disorders. It provides details on the clinical features of these diseases such as oral bleeding, bruising, infections, and ulcerations. Specific disorders covered include anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and leukemia. The roles of platelets, coagulation factors, and blood cells are explained. Treatment considerations for patients with blood diseases, such as avoiding certain medications, are also summarized.
Causes of anemia
The document discusses the main causes of anemia, which are blood loss, increased destruction of red blood cells, and decreased production of red blood cells. Blood loss can be acute from overt bleeding or chronic from sources like the gastrointestinal tract or menstruation. Hemolytic anemia is caused by the increased destruction of red blood cells, which can be due to intrinsic defects in red blood cell production or metabolism, or extrinsic factors like infections, medications, autoimmune disorders, or mechanical damage. Decreased production of red blood cells can result from conditions such as aplastic anemia, iron deficiency, sideroblastic anemia, anemia of chronic disease, megaloblastic anemia, or tumors like leukemia.
Approach to anemia
This document outlines the evaluation of a patient with anemia. It defines anemia and describes the kinetic and morphologic approaches to identifying the underlying cause. Anemia can result from decreased red blood cell production, increased destruction, or blood loss. A history, physical exam, and initial lab tests including a complete blood count, red blood cell indices, peripheral smear, and reticulocyte count can help determine if the anemia is caused by bleeding, hemolysis, bone marrow suppression, iron, B12 or folate deficiency. The size of red blood cells on the smear also provides clues about the etiology of normocytic, macrocytic or microcytic anemias.
Interpretation of cbc
This document provides information on interpreting a complete blood count (CBC). It defines various CBC parameters such as anisopokilocytosis, cytometry, and Coulter principle. The importance of the CBC is discussed as it can provide information about the blood, bone marrow, and health of other organs. The CBC evaluates components of the blood including red blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and red cell indices. Abnormalities in these values can indicate conditions like anemia, bone marrow aplasia, and malignancies. Peripheral blood smear examination is also important for identifying red blood cell morphologies.
Haemolytic Anemia by Dr. Sookun Rajeev Kumar
Hemolytic anemias are caused by the premature destruction of red blood cells, either inside or outside of blood vessels. They can be congenital/hereditary or acquired. Hemolytic anemias may be chronic like sickle cell disease or acute like those caused by drugs or infections. Membrane defects or metabolic abnormalities inside red blood cells, hemoglobinopathies, or immune or non-immune reactions outside cells can all cause hemolysis. Patients experience symptoms of anemia along with jaundice and dark urine. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing elevated reticulocytes, LDH, indirect bilirubin and a peripheral smear with fragmented cells. Treatment focuses on transfusion, hydration
COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT
A complete blood count (CBC) is a blood test that evaluates the components and concentration of cells in the blood. It provides information on red blood cell count, white blood cell count, hematocrit level, hemoglobin, and platelet count. Abnormal cell counts may indicate health issues like infections, bleeding disorders, or cancers. A CBC is performed to screen for diseases, confirm diagnoses, and monitor medical treatments by reflecting health conditions that could affect the cellular components of blood. It measures components like red blood cell count, hemoglobin level, hematocrit, and mean corpuscular volume to help identify anemias, infections, and other medical conditions.
Anemia patama5march2015
This patient is a 74-year-old Thai male who presented with transient loss of consciousness and palpitations. He reported progressive fatigue over the past month. Physical exam revealed mild pale conjunctivae. Laboratory results showed microcytic anemia with a corrected reticulocyte count of 2.68%, TS of 16.5%, and positive stool occult blood. Colonoscopy found internal hemorrhoids. This suggests the patient's anemia is likely due to occult gastrointestinal bleeding from hemorrhoids, exacerbated by a possible thalassemia trait.
L6 hemolysis and hs student
Hemolytic anemia results from increased red blood cell destruction that exceeds the bone marrow's ability to produce new cells. It can be classified based on etiology as inherited disorders of hemoglobin structure/deficiency, red blood cell membrane abnormalities, or red blood cell metabolism defects. Acquired causes include immune-mediated hemolytic anemia, mechanical trauma, infections, chemicals/physical agents, and acquired membrane defects like paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Hereditary spherocytosis is the most common membrane defect and causes chronic mild anemia, jaundice, splenomegaly, and bone changes. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria results from a stem cell defect leading to intra
What's hot (20)
Hemolytic anemia, Hereditary spherocytosis and G6PD deficiency
Hemolytic anemia, Hereditary spherocytosis and G6PD deficiency
anemia & other blood disease and its manifestations in oral cavity
anemia & other blood disease and its manifestations in oral cavity
Viewers also liked
Alzheimer awareness
Alzheimer's disease is a degenerative brain disease and the most common cause of dementia, characterized by a decline in memory, language, problem-solving and cognitive skills that affects everyday activities. As nerve cells in the brain are damaged and no longer function normally, symptoms include increasing memory loss, difficulty performing familiar tasks, problems with language, disorientation, poor judgment, abstract thinking issues, misplacing things, and changes in mood, behavior, and personality. Risk factors include aging, genetics, medical history, lifestyle, and environmental factors, while prevention focuses on heart health, physical activity, diet, brain challenges, and social engagement.
Alzheimer
La demencia es la pérdida de memoria y habilidades intelectuales que interfieren con la vida diaria. El Alzheimer es la forma más común de demencia, es incurable y terminal, y afecta principalmente a personas mayores de 65 años. El diagnóstico del Alzheimer se basa en la evaluación neuropsicológica, exámenes de laboratorio e historia clínica del paciente. Las causas del Alzheimer incluyen la muerte de células nerviosas en el cerebro y depósitos anormales de proteínas.
ALZHEIMER- HISTORIA NATURAL
El documento describe la enfermedad de Alzheimer, una forma común y progresiva de demencia. Explica que causa una pérdida de la memoria y otros síntomas cognitivos, aunque su causa exacta es desconocida. Describe los síntomas, factores de riesgo, historia, niveles de prevención y conclusiones sobre esta enfermedad incurable.
Elephantiasis presentation1
Filariasis is caused by microscopic filarial worms transmitted through mosquito bites. The worms live and breed in the lymphatic vessels, causing swelling, pain, and permanent damage. Symptoms appear months after infection and include swelling of the limbs, breast, and genitals. Over a billion people are at risk of infection, with millions seriously affected across tropical regions of Africa, Asia, and the Pacific. Treatment involves medicines to kill the adult worms and prevent further spreading, but the effects of elephantiasis may be permanent. Prevention focuses on avoiding mosquito bites through protective clothing, nets, and repellents, as well as reducing mosquito habitats near homes.
Lecture 7 breastfeeding
- Breast milk alone is sufficient nutrition for infants in the first 6 months of life and promotes growth, development, and protects against illness.
- After 6 months, breast milk should continue along with complementary foods through the child's second year. Regular breastfeeding helps stimulate milk production.
- Proper positioning and frequent feeding are important for successful breastfeeding and ensuring enough milk production. Mothers should avoid bottles, pacifiers, and other fluids which can reduce breastfeeding.
Alzheimer's disease
Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia. It is a neurodegenerative disease that causes deterioration of the brain and destruction of nerve cells. This leads to a loss of functioning in the brain and difficulties sending proper signals. While the cause is unknown, family history increases risk. Alzheimer's affects the brain, causing shrinkage and clumps/tangles that impair intellectual functioning. Symptoms worsen over 7 stages, from mild memory loss to severe impairment. Currently there is no cure, but drugs can help treat some symptoms.
Benefits of breastfeeding for the mother
This document discusses the benefits of breastfeeding for both mothers and babies. It outlines benefits such as stronger bonding between mother and child, hormonal changes that aid the uterus and weight loss, natural birth control, and reduced risk of diseases. Breastfeeding promotes weight loss in mothers and provides long term health benefits like reduced risk of breast cancer, diabetes, heart disease and rheumatoid arthritis. It also allows for breast milk expression so others can feed the baby, and saves families money on healthcare costs versus formula feeding.
The 7 Habits of Breakthrough Innovators
It’s easier than ever to create a startup around a new, innovative idea. But most startups fail -- and most innovative products never take off. What differentiates the projects that DO take off? What habits, behaviors and attitudes are shared by the teams who create genre-defining hits? In this talk, you’ll learn the 7 habits of breakthrough innovators - brought to life with front-line stories from the early days of eBay, Ultima Online, The Sims, Rock Band, Covet Fashion, Happify, Lumosity and Pley. You’ll come away with a smarter approach to innovative product design - and practical, actionable design shortcuts you can use right away to turbo-charge your path towards product/market fit.
Viewers also liked (8)
Similar to Anemia
Approach to Anemia
The document discusses anemia, defining it as a hemoglobin level below 130g/L for men and 120g/L for women. Anemia is initially classified based on erythropoiesis, which involves EPO production, iron availability, bone marrow proliferative capacity, and red blood cell maturation. Causes of anemia include blood loss, hemolysis, bone marrow diseases, and deficiencies. Evaluation involves history, exam, blood tests of cell counts and indices, smear examination, iron studies, and bone marrow analysis. Treatment depends on the underlying cause.
Approach to anaemia .pdf
This document discusses anemia, including its definition, classification, symptoms, evaluation and treatment. It defines anemia as a hemoglobin level below 130g/L for men and 120g/L for women. Anemia can be classified based on four critical elements of erythropoiesis: EPO production, iron availability, bone marrow proliferative capacity and red cell maturation. Evaluation involves history, physical exam, blood tests like complete blood count and iron studies, and bone marrow examination if needed. Causes of anemia include blood loss, hemolytic anemia, bone marrow disorders, chronic diseases and nutritional deficiencies. Treatment depends on the underlying cause.
ANEMIA.pptx
The document discusses red blood cell disorders and anemia. It defines anemia and normal hemoglobin levels. The evaluation of anemia involves history, physical exam, complete blood count, peripheral smear, and further tests depending on results. Anemia is classified morphologically based on red blood cell size and color, and pathogenetically based on the underlying cause such as blood loss, impaired production, or increased destruction. Common types are discussed like iron deficiency anemia, thalassemia, megaloblastic anemia, and hemolytic anemia. A systematic approach is outlined to identify the cause of anemia.
Presentation On Complete Hemogram
The document discusses a presentation on the complete hemogram and peripheral blood smear. It covers the indices and definitions used to evaluate red blood cells, normal reference values, classifications of anemia, and morphological features seen on peripheral blood smears and their interpretations. The presentation analyzes quantitative and qualitative parameters of red blood cells and how they are impacted by different pathological conditions.
Anemia in Children, by Audace NIYIGENA
Thank you for the presentation on anemia in pediatrics. I appreciate you taking the time to provide an overview of the key topics.
First Signals Of Anemia
The document discusses defining and diagnosing anemia in the elderly population. Key findings from a study of 140 elderly hospital patients include:
1) Anemia of chronic disease was more common in elderly men than women, with hematological tests showing decreased red blood cell indices in many patients.
2) Additional tests on iron status and erythropoiesis helped classify types of anemia, with many patients found to have iron deficiency or normocytic anemia.
3) Proper diagnosis of anemia type in the elderly requires considering age-related changes to hematological reference intervals and confirming causes through additional laboratory tests.
peripheral smear anemea clues.pdf
The document discusses the importance of peripheral smear examination in diagnosing different types of anemias. It provides examples of various cases where examining peripheral smear clues helped arrive at accurate diagnoses, including thalassemia major, megaloblastic anemia, hemolytic anemias like hereditary spherocytosis, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and sickle cell anemia. It emphasizes that describing a smear as hemolytic anemia is incorrect and the cause of hemolysis must be identified. Seeing schistocytes is also highlighted as a critical finding requiring urgent therapy.
Laboratory Diagnosis and approachof Anemia.ppt
This document provides an overview of approaches to classifying and diagnosing anemia. It defines anemia and outlines important factors to consider, such as looking for the primary cause. Anemia is classified based on pathogenesis and etiology into categories like blood loss, impaired red cell formation, and impaired red cell destruction. Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) is used to classify chronic anemias as microcytic, normocytic, or macrocytic. Differential diagnoses are considered based on additional laboratory findings and clinical presentation for each type. General evidence of hemolysis is also outlined.
Define__describe_and_classify_anemia.pptx
This document defines and classifies different types of anemia based on red blood cell indices and reticulocyte count. It describes how anemia is defined as a hemoglobin level below 13 g/dL for men and 12 g/dL for women. Anemias are classified as hypoproliferative, maturation disorders, or blood loss/hemolytic anemias. Hypoproliferative anemias are the most common type and result from bone marrow damage, iron deficiency, or inadequate EPO stimulation. Maturation disorders involve defects in nuclear or cytoplasmic maturation of red blood cells. Blood loss or hemolytic anemias involve acute, subacute or chronic blood loss or intravascular/extravascular he
Anemia.pptx
This document provides information on anemias, including their classification, red blood cell indices used in diagnosis, red blood cell morphology on peripheral smears, and descriptions of various types of anemias. It begins with definitions of anemia and classifications based on mean corpuscular volume. It then discusses various red cell indices and how they are used in differential diagnosis. The remainder of the document describes different types of anemias in more detail and abnormalities that may be seen on peripheral smear.
16 anemia-laboratory diagnosis
The document summarizes laboratory diagnosis of anemia. It defines anemia and discusses classification based on pathophysiology and morphology. It describes evaluation of hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cell indices, peripheral smear and identifies abnormalities indicative of different types of anemia. Specific tests are outlined to investigate causes like iron deficiency, folate/B12 deficiency, hemolytic anemia and bone marrow function.
Approach to anaemia
The patient presents with fatigue and is found to have anemia. Initial workup reveals a normocytic, hypoproliferative anemia with normal white and platelet counts. Given his risk factors of age and alcohol use, further workup is needed to evaluate for potential causes of blood loss or decreased production such as iron deficiency or occult gastrointestinal bleeding. A colonoscopy should be considered.
Medicine 5th year, 5th & 6th lectures (Dr. Sabir)
This document provides an overview of evaluating and diagnosing a patient presenting with anemia. It discusses taking a thorough history and physical exam, performing initial laboratory tests including a CBC and peripheral smear, and conducting further tests depending on clues from the initial workup. Differential diagnoses are classified based on pathophysiology such as blood loss, decreased production, or increased destruction. Specific causes of anemia are outlined including nutritional deficiencies, blood disorders, infections, and others.
ANAEMIA.pdf
This document provides an overview of anaemia, including its definition, causes, risk factors, pathophysiology, classification, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, medical management, and nursing care. Key points include:
- Anaemia is a reduction in red blood cells, haemoglobin, or hematocrit, causing tissue hypoxia. It can be caused by blood loss, decreased red blood cell production, or increased red blood cell destruction.
- Common causes include iron, vitamin B12, or folate deficiencies, blood loss, bone marrow disorders, and haemolytic disorders.
- Signs and symptoms vary depending on severity but can include pallor, fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath.
- Diagnostic
SEM.pptx
This document discusses anemia, including its definition, classification, and evaluation. It begins by defining anemia based on reductions in hemoglobin, hematocrit and red blood cell count. Anemia can be classified kinetically based on decreased red blood cell production, increased destruction, or blood loss. Morphologically, anemia is classified as macrocytic, microcytic, or normocytic based on mean corpuscular volume. The evaluation of a patient with anemia includes a complete blood count, reticulocyte count, peripheral smear, and further tests depending on suspected cause such as iron studies for iron deficiency anemia. Iron deficiency anemia is then discussed in detail, covering iron metabolism, stages of iron deficiency,
Micro cytic hypochromic ...
Microcytic anemia is caused by a reduction in red blood cell size (MCV). Common causes include iron deficiency and thalassemia. In iron deficiency anemia, low iron intake or absorption leads to microcytic, hypochromic red blood cells. Thalassemia is a genetic disorder causing reduced or absent globin chain synthesis and abnormal hemoglobin. Other potential causes of microcytic anemia include chronic disease, lead poisoning, and sideroblastic anemia. Diagnosis involves blood tests of red cell indices like MCV, MCH, and RDW, along with serum iron levels and bone marrow examination.
Approach to anaemia copy.pptx
The document provides an overview of the approach to evaluating and diagnosing anaemia. It begins by defining anaemia and normal hemoglobin levels. It then discusses erythropoiesis, the red blood cell life cycle, and factors that can cause imbalance. The evaluation of anaemia involves examining red blood cell indices, the reticulocyte count, and clinical symptoms. The document outlines a step-by-step approach to anaemia that involves first looking at other blood cell lines, determining if hemolysis is present, examining the reticulocyte count, checking for previous normal hemoglobin levels, and interpreting iron studies and blood tests based on mean corpuscular volume. It also reviews iron deficiency anaemia, ana
Common anemia
This is for the 4th year medical students (the first clinic year). But I also teach the same thing to residents, too!
Anemia seminar
there are three main classifications of anemia ,according to laboratory interpretations;
1_microcytic anemia
2_macrocytic anemia
3_normocytic anemia
Similar to Anemia (20)
Recently uploaded
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
The Diamonds of 2023-2024 in the IGRA collection
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
BBR 2024 Summer Sessions Interview Training
Qualitative research interview training by Professor Katrina Pritchard and Dr Helen Williams
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...National Information Standards Organization (NISO)
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
PCOS corelations and management through Ayurveda.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Aberdeen
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama University
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama UniversityAkanksha trivedi rama nursing college kanpur.
Natural birth techniques are various type such as/ water birth , alexender method, hypnosis, bradley method, lamaze method etcHow to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
DRUGS AND ITS classification slide share
Any substance (other than food) that is used to prevent, diagnose, treat, or relieve symptoms of a
disease or abnormal condition
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Recently uploaded (20)
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama University
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama University
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
Anemia
- 1. Anemia
- 2. Definition: According to world health organization criteria, anemia is defined as blood hemoglobin (Hb) concentration <130g/l (13g/dl) or hematocrit (Hct) <39% in adult males; Hb < 120 g/dl or Hct <37% in adult females.
- 3. Signs and symptoms: Depends on: ◦ Level of anemia ◦ Time course of developing: Acute chronic
- 4. Physiologic approach Inadequate production ◦ Hypoproliferative ◦ Ineffective Destruction Hemolysis Loss
- 5. Retic index: RI is a measure of RBC production. Reticulocyte count is corrected for Hct level and for early release of marrow reticulocytes into the circulation. RI= % reticulocytes*(pt Hct/45)* (1/shift correction factor)
- 7. Hypoproliferatives: Marrow damage ◦ Infiltration/ fibrosis ◦ Aplasia Early iron deficiency Low stimulation Inflamation Metabolic defect Renal disease
- 10. Maturation disorders: Microcytic: ◦ Defective cytoplasmic synthesis tests Iron deficiency inflammation thalassemia Sidroblastic anemia Smear Micro/hypo Normal micro/hypo Micro/hypo with targeting variable SI <30 <50 Normal to high Normal to high TIBC >360 <300 normal normal Perecent saturation <10 10-20 30-80 30-80 Ferritin <15 30-200 30-300 50-300 electrophor esis Normal Normal Abnormal b thalasemia Normal
- 11. Maturation disorders: Macrocytic Defects in DNA synthesis: ◦ Nutritional ◦ Toxic(methotraxate for example) ◦ Intrinsic marrow maturation defects (refractory anemia, myodysplasia)
- 12. hemolysis