Andre Beteille was an Indian sociologist known for his work analyzing the caste system and rural social stratification in India. Some key points:
- He conducted extensive fieldwork in a Tamil Nadu village, analyzing the caste, class, and power structures. He viewed caste as representing status, class as economic criteria, and power as political power.
- Beteille argued that caste, class, and power are interwoven and changing over time. While caste is ascribed, class is achieved based on ownership and control of land and other resources.
- His work provided a nuanced understanding of rural social hierarchies and how they have evolved, moving away from previous static
Class struggle By Karl Marx ppt
presentation on Karl marx theory class struggle.
definition, stages, types. and criticism.
classical sociological theory
What is Communalism?
It is basically an ideology which consists of three elements:-
• A belief that people who follow the same religion have common secular interests i.e. they have same political, economic and social interests. So, here socio- political communalities arises.
• A notion that, in a multi-religious society like India, these common secular interests of one religion are dissimilar and divergent from the interests of the follower of another religion.
• The interests of the follower of the different religion or of different ‘communities’ are seen to be completely incompatible, antagonist and hostile.
Communalism is political trade in religion. It is an ideology on which communal politics is based. And communal violence are conjectural consequences of communal ideology.
Communalism is the greatest threat to India's existence and need to be handled with care
Born in Berlin on March 1, 1858 Germany.
Received his PHD from the university of Berlin
German Sociologist, Author, and philosopher. Best known as a micro sociologist
Close acquaintance of Max Weber (1864-1920).
Despite being a popular lecturer and being supported by Weber, he was consider an outsider academically.
Only in 1914 did Simmel obtain a regular academic appointment, and this appointment was in Strasbourg, far from Berlin
Died on September 28, 1918.
This presentation is on Indian contemporary sociological thinker named Akshay Ramanlal Desai. Desai alone among Indian sociologists has consistently applied Marxist methods in his treatment of Indian social structure and its processes. He is a doctrinaire Marxist. He rejects any interpretations of tradition with reference to religion, rituals and festivities. It is essentially a secular phenomenon.
This ppt is about political sociology and discusses the caste and class system in India. caste (Jaati) and class (Varna) in the Indian Hindu system. This ppt is useful for students of Indian political sociology - course.
Class struggle By Karl Marx ppt
presentation on Karl marx theory class struggle.
definition, stages, types. and criticism.
classical sociological theory
What is Communalism?
It is basically an ideology which consists of three elements:-
• A belief that people who follow the same religion have common secular interests i.e. they have same political, economic and social interests. So, here socio- political communalities arises.
• A notion that, in a multi-religious society like India, these common secular interests of one religion are dissimilar and divergent from the interests of the follower of another religion.
• The interests of the follower of the different religion or of different ‘communities’ are seen to be completely incompatible, antagonist and hostile.
Communalism is political trade in religion. It is an ideology on which communal politics is based. And communal violence are conjectural consequences of communal ideology.
Communalism is the greatest threat to India's existence and need to be handled with care
Born in Berlin on March 1, 1858 Germany.
Received his PHD from the university of Berlin
German Sociologist, Author, and philosopher. Best known as a micro sociologist
Close acquaintance of Max Weber (1864-1920).
Despite being a popular lecturer and being supported by Weber, he was consider an outsider academically.
Only in 1914 did Simmel obtain a regular academic appointment, and this appointment was in Strasbourg, far from Berlin
Died on September 28, 1918.
This presentation is on Indian contemporary sociological thinker named Akshay Ramanlal Desai. Desai alone among Indian sociologists has consistently applied Marxist methods in his treatment of Indian social structure and its processes. He is a doctrinaire Marxist. He rejects any interpretations of tradition with reference to religion, rituals and festivities. It is essentially a secular phenomenon.
This ppt is about political sociology and discusses the caste and class system in India. caste (Jaati) and class (Varna) in the Indian Hindu system. This ppt is useful for students of Indian political sociology - course.
Socio – Economic Mobility among Schedule Caste: A Study of Village Mugalmagri...inventionjournals
ABSTRACT : Caste is a powerful organization in Indian society. It provided a structure for arranging and organizing social groups in terms of their statuses and positions in the social and economic system. It predetermined individuals into the structure of social hierarchy on the basis of their birth. In the hierarchical order Brahmins were at the top of the social ladder, and the ‘Untouchables’, people who were at the bottom of the ladder. They were considered to be inferior in all respects by the higher castes and were placed at the bottom of ritual and social hierarchies of the Caste and Varna system and had been subjected to varieties of disabilities, deprivations and oppression under the traditional system. They were not considered human beings and were exploited and discriminated in many spheres of life. After Independence there has been a growing awareness and concern for the degraded socio-economic condition of the Scheduled Castes . For this, efforts are being made in collaboration with different organizations and institutions to inculcate and encourage them to merge with the socio - economic fabric of the country . In turn, they have experienced a modicum of social mobility and there has been an unprecedented rise in the political consciousness among them. The caste system in India which is based on the principle inequality whether those inequalities (Social and Economical) are going too diminished or perpetuated further in the period of globalization? Are they being able to compete with the changing scenario? What will happen with their occupations? Are they able to get quality education? What changes has come into their lifestyles? Do they have new skills so as to get the benefits mobility? Is there any social and occupational mobility among them in view of globalization, education, occupation or are they stagnated? Etc. needs to be answered if they have to become a citizen of a global community- dreamed as a knowledge society.
So, keeping all these questions in mind the researcher want to express the social mobility among schedule castes of village mugalmagri in district rupnagar . We always judge the things from the upper level but what about the bottom? That is why the main objective of the present study is to analysis the mobility from the bottom level among schedule caste through education, income, occupation, inter-caste marriages and through religious conversions. For this, I have taking 100 respondents from the rural area how were schedule castes.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Emile 1
Christina Emile
Professor Magrass
SOA 356
December 9, 2019
TITLEEEEE
Introduction
Social class is a hierarchy in which groups and individuals are categorized according
to prestige and esteem developed from wealth and economic success. A social class simply
means a set of individuals with the same levels of wealth, status and influence are grouped
together. According to Karl Marx Theory of social class, what differentiates one category of
a society from another it’s the method of production. Each method of production forms a
certain class system which controls the production while the other classes are the producers
and provide service to the prevailing class.
Sociologists use three approaches to determine a social class. The approaches used
include objective, reputational, and subjective methods. The objective method is where
sociologists measure and evaluate physical facts. On the subjective method, individuals are
questioned on how they think about themselves, while on the reputational method individuals
are asked on how they think about other people. Through this approach, people are divided
into various social classes.
Emile 2
The four main social classes include the upper, middle, working and lower class.
These social classes only are classified in America. The upper class are the individuals that
have the supreme status in society. From my understanding these people are very wealthy
and have a lot of power. Some occupation of these individuals may be investors, CEOs ,
heirs and some celebrities. The middle class are individuals that are considered white collar
workers and these individuals may work in the professional setting. The working class are
the individuals of low status occupations such as manual labor, food and retail jobs, blue
collar jobs, jobs where you are in a cubicle, and even caring jobs such as home health aides.
The lower class, which is at the bottom, are individuals with low education that leads to low
status jobs which leads to low income.
According to the book Social Class and Stratification: Classic Statements and
Theoretical Debates edited by Rhonda F. Levine, she writes “When societies are complex
and service large populations, they always possess some kind of status system which, by its
own values, places people on higher or lower positions” (Levine 71). This quote stood out to
me because Levine is saying that is almost inevitable to not have a hierarchy within a society.
A system is put in place to have some kind of order within the society, so with a system
hierarchy is needed. ...
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
1. ANDRE BETEILLE
By Dr Saroj
Indian sociologist
Andre Betieille was born in September 1934 in the town of
Chandannagore, then it was under French rule.
His father was a French while his mother was a Bengali. They left a
deep impression on him.
Graduated from St. Xavier’s college, Calcutta.
Influenced by N.K. Bose, Evans Pritchard and Max Gluckman
Did honours in anthropology from University of Calcutta
Completed his PhD under M.N.Srinivas
Books :
Caste Class and Power: Changing Patterns of Stratification in a Tanjore
village (1965)
Castes: Old and New, Essays in Social structure and Social stratification
(1969)
Inequality and Social Change (1972
Studies in Agrarian Social Structure (1974)
Caste Class and Power:
Andre Beteille did intensive field work in a village of Thanjavur
district of Tamilnadu. He stayed in that village around ten months
and after detailed observation he gave his explanation.
The real name of village is not known but in the book he use the name
Sripuram
2. He analysed the caste system from a very different perspective.
Previous studies on caste:
G.S. Ghurye used indological perspective for the analysis of caste
Louis Dumont gave the concept of Homohierarchus in which he explained
that features of caste system is constant, caste system does not change
over the time.
Andre Beteille criticized the perspective of Ghurye and Dumont on
caste and he conducted a field study and analysed through Weberian
perspective.
For the study of caste he used Caste, Class and Power on the basis of
trinitarian model of Weber Caste, Status and Party.
In his book Caste, Class and Power Beteille followed the established
convention of the anthropological research. Beteille tried to
understand the process of social change mainly in the three systems of
Caste, Class and Power.
He analysed that how caste is different from class and what are the
similar features between caste and class system. Caste, Class and
Power are the system of stratification.
Stratification: grouping of people and then layering of those groups
Andre Beteille :- change is the fundamental feature of the social
structure of Sripuram Village.
He analyse the there dimensional stratification system and the forces
that brought changes in stratification system of rural India.
Stratification is evolving and changing.
3. He said that Caste, Class and Power are closely interwoven and
cannot be separated completely.
Caste and class related in some aspect and in some aspect they differ
from each other.
Caste: divide the entire village three main segments (reflects the
segmentary nature of caste given by Ghurye)
1 Brahmin (Upper caste)
2 Non-Brahmin (backward caste)
3 Adi Dravidas (untouchables)
Beteille observed intercaste relations.
People are mutually interacting with other castes
Caste is a continuous process and identifiable too which enjoys both
legal and religious sanctions.
Various castes are assigned different roles in socioeconomic sphere
means not only occupational segregation but it covers the entire
social reality
Traditionally punishment differ: if the offence done by upper caste
then the punishment is different in comparison to the punishment
given to lower castes for the same offence.
Class: in contrast to the caste the class are de facto categories. They are in
principles and in some respect open system of stratification. That means
one can move from lower to upper class but it is not possible in caste.
Once you are born in a particular caste you cannot move from that caste
to another. It is ascribed, while class is achieved category.
4. Class do not enjoy those religious and legal sanctions which are
associated with castes. Social class defined in terms of
Who is the owner of means of production.
Who is non owner class
The agrarian social structure of Sripuram: classes are hierarchically
arranged based upon ownership and non-ownership of means of
production (western notion of class), that is ownership of land.
According to Beteille though inequalities related to different castes
have been completely removed or almost so in course of time but
culturally and socially these are still existing in people’s mind. That’s
why after independence Indian government implemented S.C and S.T
act to stop the atrocities and provide protection for various lower
caste groups.
Classes are subdivided in terms of : the type of ownership and control
The type of services that were contributed to the process of production
in agriculture.
What kind of services a farmer is providing on the basis of his own
class
A distinction is made between share croppers and agricultural
labourer.
Further tenants, farmers, cultivators, sharecroppers and agricultural
labourer constitute distinct categories only at the conceptual level.
But in reality they co-exist and a person who is a farmer can also be a
sharecropper or some other time he work as an agricultural labourer.
5. In the village society these classes overlap to each other so there are
no discrete groups of different classes.
Power: after discussing caste and class Andre Beteille analyses the
structure of power in Sripuram village (Political power) .
Caste = Status
Class = Economic criteria
Power = Political power
System of caste class and some sort of power also .
Institutional and formal power which is achieved through political
parties and Village Panchayats.
Example: the political party which is in government wields more
power. Power of caste, class and groups of village transcends beyond
the village also. Beteille looks social stratification of the village in
context to caste, class and power of the village.
The distribution of power has acquired a very dynamic character
after independence.
Traditional relationship between caste and power has been reversed.
The power which was previously concentrated in the hands of
Brahmin, today the village panchayat is controlled by non-Brahmins
and the traditional elite is being pushed into the background.
Power has also become independent to a greater extent.
Ownership of land is no more a decisive factor in acquiring power.’
6. Numerical support and strategic positions in the party machinery
play and important part.
Adult franchise and panchayati raj has introduced a new process into
the village society.
Criticism:
Beteille considers caste as representing only one aspect of social
stratification but in the same vein he also talks about intercaste relations-
related with economic and political organization.
7. AGRARIAN STRUCTURE : ANDRE BETEILLE
Agrarian’ means anything related to land, its management or
distribution. Related to land distribution is also the aspect of ‘equitable
division of land’. It refers to the political movement in favour of change
in conditions of propriety in land. It is called ‘agrarianism’.
Agrarian system Includes land tenure system. Beteille has defined
agrarian social structure. To him agrarian does not mean only peasantry.
He observes:
The meaning of the phrase (agrarian system) may not be immediately
clear but what is implied is something more specific than the study of
peasant societies and cultures, as this is generally understood by
anthropologists. The term ‘peasantry’ has variety of referents. But it is
most meaningfully used to describe a more or less homogeneous and
undifferentiated community of families characterised by small holdings
operated mainly by family labour.
The study of agrarian system has been taken up as mentioned earlier by
anthropologists, sociologists and economists. On a broader plane, the
agrarian system as is conceived by social scientists in general, has been
related to:
(i) land and its utilisation; and
(ii) productive purposes. He observes:
The study of agrarian systems will centre round the problem of land and
its utilisation for productive purposes. In a land-based social and
economic system the significance of this kind of study hardly requires
emphasis.
8. Beteille, to refer to him again, it would be said that the land problem in
India and for that matter the study of agrarian social structure revolves
round two major issues as under:
1. Technological arrangements, and
2. Social arrangements.
Technological arrangement means the management of land. It includes
landownership, control and” use of land. Technological arrangement is
discussed in relation to variations in ecological conditions. In other words,
land is looked in terms of the geography which surrounds the land. The
ecological setting of agriculture in India is highly variable. The diverse
nature of ecological conditions in India has been described by Beteille as
under:
There are areas of heavy rainfall and areas with hardly any rainfall.
There are irrigated and unirrigated areas. Irrigated areas themselves
differ according to the dependability of irrigation…. The different regions
show different patterns of diurnal and seasonal variations in humidity,
temperature and sunlight. All these factors have a direct bearing on the
kinds of crops that can be cultivated and the technology employed in
their cultivation.
The technological arrangements, thus, include ecological conditions along
with the new agriculture technology, such as water pumps, thresher,
chemical manure, improved seeds, etc. Another aspect of agrarian system
is that of social management.
It includes land control and landownership. It is found that the Indian
agricultural communities have recently been highly stratified. It shows
that there is close relationship between the system of stratification and
the division of work.
9. For instance, the census figures show that in Punjab and Haryana the
proportion of agricultural labourer in the total agricultural population is
relatively low, whereas in West Bengal, Tamilnadu and Kerala, it is high.
In the three states the prevalence of sharecropping is also high, but this
fact is not easily recorded in the censuses and large-scale surveys.
K.L. Sharma has discussed the problem of agrarian stratification and
argues that agrarian structures in India have always been uneven.
Sociologists and anthropologists, who have recently studied agrarian
system, have very strongly argued that changes in land relations have
affected the stratification pattern of villages. The crucial aspect of
agrarian structure is the control over land.
It is the basis of agrarian stratification. When agrarian social structure is
discussed invariably we refer to landownership, land control and use of
land. Such an approach to land helps us to find out agrarian hierarchy.
What has happened so far is that the dominant castes who, have control
over major portions of land, suppress and exploit the subordinated classes.
In the states of Punjab and Bihar where paddy is grown, larger number
of labourers is hired. Even landless labourers migrate from Bihar to
Punjab for transplanting paddy. The agrarian hierarchy, therefore, is the
resultant of the crops grown by the peasantry.
Beteille has discussed the rural stratification pattern in terms of land
control and land management. The productive organisation of land
consists of three main patterns: the first is based on family labour, the
second on hired labour and the third on tenancy conceived in a broad
sense.
The three patterns of production have several variants. And it is
interesting to note that the production which requires hard manual
labour such as that of transplanting paddy the pattern may change.
Beteille has categorized the peasantry on the basis of production system.
10. He observes:
For in talking about production based on family labour, wage labour and
tenancy, we are talking also about landlords, owner-cultivators, tenants,
sharecroppers and the agricultural labourers. These categories and their
mutual relations constitute the heart of what may be described as the
agrarian hierarchy… the most crucial features of India’s rural social
system and unless we understand its nature and forms, our
understanding of caste itself will remain incomplete.
The rural India’s basic problem today is the understanding of agrarian
system. Control over land determines the rural hierarchy. What is
interesting is that the state does not impose any income-tax on the far
production.
As a result of this state policy, those who control larger portions of land,
benefit the most. The rural agrarian hierarchy has today become more
complicated owing to the land policy adopted by the state. But the state
land policy, as we have in India today, has not evolved overnight.
It is the result of the colonial land policy which we have inherited and
have carved it in post-independent India in such a way that it has taken
a capitalistic mode of production instead of minimising the hiatus
between the big farmer and landless labourer. We have intensified the
social inequality. We now trace the land policy adopted by the colonial
rulers and later, the nationalist government.