Students: Sagari Handa, Maria Doerr, Cordelia Sanborn-Marsh Mentor: Terry Beaubois CEE 224X, Fall 2016, Sustainable Urban Systems, Stanford University

1. Smart Villages: Andhra Pradesh
Maria Doerr, Sagari Handa, & Dilly Sanborn-Marsh

2. The Team
Terry Beaubois
Project mentor: background
in architecture
Maria Doerr
Senior studying
Environmental Systems
Engineering (Urban
Environments) ‘17
Sagari Handa
First year graduate student
studying Environmental
Engineering and Science, ‘18
Dilly Sanborn-Marsh
Senior studying
Environmental Systems
Engineering (Coastal
Environments) ‘17

3. Smart Villages Initiative
- Program by the Central Government of India
- reconstruct rural India
- empower local communities through innovative ideas, sustainable systems
and tested tech solutions
- Non-negotiables addressed:
1. Homes for all, with access to toilet, safe-drinking water, and regular power
2. Every household has diversified livelihood opportunities and/or micro-enterprise
3. End unsanitary defecation practices
9. Functional toilet, potable water, electricity available in Anganwadi Centres, schools, health
centres, GP/Ward buildings
12 . Every farm has soil health card, enriched essential micro-nutrients and diversification with
livestock and trees

4. Mori Village Profile
Population 8000
No. of Families 1,565
Avg. Household Size 5.5
No. of Dwellings 1080
- Huts/ Thatched Homes 350
- Brick Homes 250
- Concrete Homes 480
Village Acreage (acres) 1,312
Poor dweller sq ft. residence 3.7
Profile by Solomon Darwin, Haas School of Business, UC Berkeley

5. Mori Village
Courtesy of Skylark Drones

6. Solomon Darwin, Center for Corporate Innovation, Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley

7. Addressing
Energy
What renewable energy
systems could be feasibly
and sustainably
implemented in the
village?
Ag-Tech
How can new
technological innovations
facilitate shrimp farming
to provide nutritious food
and also stimulate the
local community?
Sanitation
Which sanitation systems
can provide safe,
economically feasible,
culturally acceptable and
environmentally sound
solutions to all village
residents?

8. Project objective:
Developing integrated
sustainable systems for
improvement of standard of living
in Mori

9. Energy in Mori:
Review of existing technologies &
renewable energy options

10. Smart Villages
Initiative:
Non-negotiables
addressed
Direct
● 1. Homes for all, with access to toilet,
safe-drinking water, and regular power.
● 9 . Functional toilet, potable water,
electricity available in Anganwadi Centres,
schools, health centres, GP/Ward
buildings.

11. Findings on Mori Energy
Present
- All households have some electrical access
- Avg cost of at least 500-1000 rupees per month
- 33 KV of electricity come from neighboring Razole
- Remote & Intermittent Power:
- Hydropower plants 800km away, outside Hyderabad
Connection:
Energy - Water - Shrimp

12. Solomon Darwin, Center for Corporate Innovation, Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley

13. Energy Use in India in 2013

14. Findings on Renewable Energy Resources
Presently in Andhra Pradesh:
- Solar: 968.05 MW (MNRE)
- Wind: 1,866.35 MW
(BusinessLine)
Solar Energy
Resources
(NREL)
Wind Energy Resources
(NIWE) *MNRE
*The Hindu Businessline
GIS Overlay Map for
best renewable energy
siting

15. Solar Focus
Rooftop Solar
Solar Plants
Concentrated solar
Innovative tech
- Accelerating popularity and falling costs
- Increasing funding options

16. Moving Forward
Tech Mahindra plans to create small-grid decentralized
generation and distribution solar PV system in Mori
- In the next 30 days:
- Negotiating government support and financing
- Prioritization of uses:
Smaller, individual projects in Mori
- Kaneka Solar
- Cygni Energy
Individual
Households
Street
Lamps
Businesses &
Local Stores

17. Options for Winter & Spring Engagement
- Reevaluating partnerships and 224A project goals with Tech
Mahindra, Kaneka Solar and Cygni Energy
- Developing training program to kick start local capacity and
economic sustainability of solar projects
- Professional development
- In-school practicums
- Supporting on the ground project to solicit donations and funding
for solar panels

18. Sanitation
Review of existing technologies

19. Swachh Bharat Mission Report, Ministry of Rural water supply and Sanitation, 2012-13

20. Smart Villages
Initiative:
Non-negotiables
addressed
1. Homes for all - with access to toilet,
safe drinking water and regular power.
2. Every household has diversified
livelihood opportunities and/or
micro-enterprise
4. End open defecation
5. Has functional solid/liquid waste
management system
8. Zero school drop outs of boys and girls
up to 12th class
9. Functional toilet, potable water,
electricity in Anganwadi centres,
schools, health centres and GP/ ward
buildings
10. Every GP/ ward has functional water
conservation and harvesting structures

21. Project objectives
● Analyze existing sanitation technologies for
households and compare on:
○ Health and safety
○ Cost of Construction
○ Expertise required for construction
○ User acceptance and comfort
○ Ease of maintenance
● Review community sanitation options with a focus
on schools and Anganwadi Centers:
○ Compare technical and health safety
aspects of septic tanks vs composting vs
anaerobic digester for waste management
○ Cost benefit analysis to compare
investment and return
○ Identify key challenges for each system
○ Design of toilet space from a user
experience and comfort perspective

22. Access to Sanitation for All
Options
Community
Sanitation
Household
Sanitation
Without resource
recovery
With resource
recovery
Centralized/
community waste
management
Waste managed
at source

23. Conventional Household Systems: Pit Latrine
Single Ventilated Pit Latrine Tilley et. al. 2014

24. Health Concerns
- Groundwater contamination
- Fly nuisance
- Odor
- Manual handling of waste
- Susceptible to failure during floods
Twin pit systems are an improvement due to higher retention time but most
challenges of the single pit system are not addressed.

25. Conventional System: Water Flush System with Septic
Tank
Overview of a Septic Tank (Source Tilley et. al.)

26. Positives and Negatives
Simple construction/ can be made locally High water use
Flies and odor free More expensive than dry composting toilet
No electricity required Effluent and sludge require further
treatment (additional cost / land)
Underground construction - less land area
used
Manual sludge handling a health concern

27. Community Waste Treatment - Prefabricated Septic
Tanks
Plastic Septic Tank Fiberglass Septic Tank Precast Concrete Septic Tank

28. Household Sanitation: Composting Toilet
Positives
● Waterless toilet
● Resource generated - organic compost
● Waste managed at site, no transport necessary
● Urine harvesting as an alternative to fertilizers
Negatives
● Separation of liquid and solid waste streams
required
● Prefabricated toilet pans not easily available
● Use of urine and feces in farming may face social
acceptability issues
● Users require training to ensure proper functioning
● Complete construction above ground - land
availability could be an issue
● Difficult to construct indoors
Design by Paul Calvert, EcoSanRes: Ecological Sanitation
Research

29. Design Considerations
Toilet Pan Design
Schematic of the Urine Diverting Dry Toilet (UDDT). Source: TILLEY et al. (2014)
Feces hole
Anal washing trough
Urination trough

30. Urine to
holding tank
Anal wash
water to
soak pit
Door for removal
of compost
Final Composting
chamber
Composting chamber with
sloping ground
Baffle wall
feces
Toilet pan
Wire mesh for
leachate
Toilet superstructure
Vent Pipe

31. Important Design Criteria
Estimating Capacity for a family of 5:
- Safe holding period for feces - 1.5 years
- Total volume of twin composting chambers = 350L
- Safe holding period for urine = 6 months (WHO guidelines)
- Volume of urine generated per family = 1300 L
Land area required per household - 65 sq. ft.
Urine should be collected at a community level in compartmentalized
tanks, close to vegetation.

32. Urine Storage Tanks (Source: SuSanA on Flickr 2010)
Schematic of a Soak Pit (Source: Tilley et. al. 2014)
A collection tank servicing
10 families can irrigate 4.5
acres of land area in a year

33. Cost Comparisons
Composting Toilet:
Estimate by Gramalaya:
Cost of one Eco-San unit - 10,747 INR (160$)
Estimate does not include cost of urine holding
tank (cost effective at community level)
Septic Tank:
WHO/UNICEF Global Water Supply and
Sanitation Assessment Report (2000) estimates the
cost of septic tank based sanitation system to be
104$ or 7,012 INR.
Cost for a family of 5 = 35,000 INR (500$)

34. Centralized Waste Management: Container based Sanitation
Model adopted from Stanford Research in Haiti [1]
in collaboration with SOIL
Adopted from www.oursoil.org
1 Tilmans et. al. Container based sanitation: assessing costs and effectiveness of excreta management in Cap Haitien, Haiti

35. Comparison with the household composting toilet
Household Container-based model
Composting process not controlled. Controlled process. Better quality compost.
No recurring cost Monthly cost - affordable (5$ for SOIL
project per household)
Not a sustainable social enterprise model Centrally managed. Could generate
employment
Larger area requirement. More expensive
construction
Manual handling of waste. May result in
social unacceptance

36. Improving Hygiene: CM Dashboard
Mori Podu
Possible Additions:
1. Database of homes with an
Individual toilet
2. A public dashboard for
residents to request a toilet
(based on options available)
3. Status of completion of these
requests

37. Ag-Tech in Mori
Review of existing technologies &
Environmental factors

38. Smart Villages
Initiative:
Non-negotiables
addressed
Direct
● #2: Every household has diversified
livelihood opportunities and/or
micro-enterprise
Indirect (all others, including)
● #1: Homes for all, with access to toilet,
safe-drinking water, and regular power
● #3: End unsanitary defecation practices
● #9: Functional toilet, potable water,
electricity available in Anganwadi
Centres, schools, health centres,
GP/Ward buildings

39. Implementability of shrimp ag-tech in Mori
Shrimp
Ag-Tech
Natural factors
Human/Tech
factors
Shrimp farming
& biology
Environmental
variability
AppScape Local economy

40. Implementability of shrimp ag-tech in Mori
Shrimp
Ag-Tech
Natural factors
Human/Tech
factors
Shrimp farming
& biology
Environmental
variability
AppScape Local economy

41. Shrimp farming - trends in India
Findings
Native species
● giant tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon)
● Indian whiteleg shrimp (Penaeus
indicus) *disappeared from farming
Non-native species
● whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus
vannamei)
○ Shorter production cycles (less
feed and less waste)
whiteleg shrimp
giant tiger prawn
2010
1,731
MT
2012
81,000
MT
2015
140,000
MT 136,000
MT
*According to Seafood Watch 2015 report
136,000
MT
136,000
MT
1 MT = 1,000 kilograms (2,205 lb)

42. Shrimp biology - challenges to ag-tech
Environmental variables
● Can be farmed at low salinities
● Require stable oxygen concentrations
Disease/parasites
● Non-native (whiteleg) rely on
imported broodstock (pathogens)
● Antibiotics used to combat bacteria
○ Antibiotic-resistant bacteria in
intensive-farming regions
○ Illegal antibiotic residues in
shrimp exports *According to Seafood Watch 2015 report
Whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

43. Environmental variability - Mori
Winter/Summer seasonal
variability
Summer (pre-monsoon): April-May
● Hot temperatures & low rainfall
stimulate algae & pathogen growth
● Algae decay at night depletes oxygen
Winter: July-September
● Lower water temperatures retain more
oxygen
● Less algae means more oxygen
maintained
Climate change
● Overall warmer global temperatures
● Greater interannual variability in
climate patterns
● Longer dry seasons could inhibit
shrimp agriculture
** Invest in new technologies to protect
against climate change!

44. Implementability of shrimp ag-tech in Mori
Shrimp
Ag-Tech
Natural factors
Human/Tech
factors
Shrimp farming
& biology
Environmental
variability
AppScape Local economy

45. Local economy
http://corporateinnovation.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Prototyping-a-Scalable-Smart-Village-Aug-17.pdf

46. AppScape
Prototyping a Scalable Smart
Village by Leveraging Open
Innovation (Berkeley)
● “Smart Agriculture - better farm yield
by monitoring and advising on the
right soil quality/composition.”
● “Monitoring water quality, flow and
water-level for farmers and shrimp
cultivators”
Oxygen/pH
● Oxygen concentration & pH tied
together through carbon cycle
● Sensors monitor the pH/oxygen
concentrations & alert day/night watch
people to turn on aerators (mixes in
oxygen)
Pathogens
● Learn how to detect frequent
pathogens to alert day/night watch
people to treat ponds with antibiotics

47. Future plans for sub-projects
Energy
● How can local capacity be increased through solar training
programs?
● What are the energy needs that could go unmet with just
rooftop solar?
Sanitation
● On ground survey of toilet facilities in the village and
people’s preferences
● Detailed plan of sanitation system in the village including
options for household toilets on a public platform
Ag-Tech ● What species of shrimp are being used?
● What portions of Mori are already used for farming, and
what are some potential new zones?

48. Future
Directions
In depth analysis and
recommendations for
sanitation, energy and
ag-tech
Designing on ground
surveys and data
collection methods to aid
other processes
Planning for better data
dissemination using
public dashboards in
accordance with digital
India mission
Other avenues tackling
quality of life issues -
economic opportunities,
education, drinking water

49. Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul
Project timeline for rest of the year
Terry in India
- Collect data
Spring quarter
● New class (CEE 224A)
focussed on India urban
systems
● Terry continues with
Smart Villages
Winter quarter
● Continuation of India
urban systems class
● Terry looks into
Stanford-funded student
scholarships for travel

50. Questions?