The Ancient Greeks lived in independent city-states across mountainous and island regions, separated by difficult terrain. While this isolation led to separate political identities, they shared a common language and religion. The sea played an important role in their trade, military, and culture due to the rugged interior landscape. The Mediterranean climate and outdoor lifestyle fostered civic participation and intellectual pursuits among citizens.

1. The Ancient Greeks
The People and the Land

2. The Hellenes (aka Greeks)
• The Greeks of classical times called themselves
the ‘Hellenes’ and their country was Hellas
• There was no central government but separate
states
▫ The term city-state (polis or politics)
▫ Did have religion and language in common

3. The Hellenes
• Greek Empire extended over most of the
Mediterranean and Black Seas
• Felt they were superior to the barbarians and
other races

4. Mountain and Plain
• Mountainous regions separated the plains upon
which city states and surrounding villages were
built
▫ Led to isolation/defence
• Communication b/w states was difficult
• Same is true with the island states
• Alliances often formed for military purposes

6. Mountain and Plain
• Difficult to cultivate the land
▫ Small farms, vineyards and olive groves flourish
• In ancient times, the land was said to be stripped
of trees
▫ Soil was overused
▫ Erosion

7. The Sea
• Islands curve down towards Asia Minor and
Egypt
• Because of rugged interior it was better to travel
by sea from place to place
• Sea was important to communication, trade,
military, food and mythology

9. Climate
• Low rainfall, hot summers, warm/cool winters
and a windy coast
• Good climate for longevity of life
• Many activities outdoors
▫ Thrust them into the art of conversation and
debate
▫ Average citizen took interest in civic affairs (unlike
today)

11. Conclusion
• Geographical impact influenced:
▫ Political organization
▫ Economy
▫ Agriculture
▫ Culture