This document provides information about the geography, government, and history of ancient Greece and Rome. It discusses how the mountainous geography of Greece led to the development of independent city-states. It also summarizes Athens' golden age under Pericles and key differences between Athens and Sparta. The spread of Greek culture through Alexander the Great and the blending of cultures in his empire to form Hellenism is noted. For Rome, the document outlines how its geography along the Mediterranean influenced its growth and notes the development of the Roman Republic and its laws like the Twelve Tables.

1. Global 1 Third Marking
Period Test
Mrs. Kantz’s class
Ppt. by David Fan

2. GREECE

3. Geography

4. Geography
Movement Place
Pull factors: fishing; harbors  Mountainous
Push factors: Little farming land; poor roads;  Seafood
political fragments (city-states instead of one
unified Greece)
 Fresh drinking water
Region
 Small; isolated
 Mountainous
 Dried up rivers
 Good harbors
 Peninsula
 Divided by mountains
 Islands
 Trade
 Barren
 Peninsula
 Rocky
 Mt. Olympus
 City states  Not good for farming

5. Geography
Location Interaction
 Aegean Sea  Harbors
 Mediterranean Sea  Fishing
 Europe  Trade
 West of Persian Empire  Fresh Drinking Water
 Terrace Farming

6. Geography
Impact of geography on Greece
 The Greeks were sailors rather than farmers.
 Harbors encouraged trade and communication with Egypt and
Middle Eastern Civilizations.
 Mountains divided Greece leading to City-States. The mountains
of Greece divided it into many small pockets.
 As a result of the geological fragmentation, Greeks felt more unity
with their individual City-States rather than with Greece as a
country.

7. Contributions

8. Government
City-State Oligarchy
A self governing, independent community.  Ruling power is in the hands of a few leaders
Developed because of geography. Varied in
prosperity and government systems.  Small groups shared power and military
support
Monarchy
 Ruled by wealthy individuals; Aristocrats
 Ruling power is in the hands of one person;
Kings  Practiced in:
 Kings lived in a palace on tax money  Corinth
 Athens
 Practiced by the Mycenaeans
 Funded by taxes
 Oldest son would succeed his father as king
 Citizens had no vote
 Soldiers protected king, enforced laws,
obeyed laws, and collected taxes  Decline: increase of population, powerful
individuals hired hoplite arrays, overthrown by
 Decline: Trade routes closed, internal fighting, the people
invaded by Dorians.

9. Government
Tyranny Democracy
 Ruling power is in the hands of an  Ruling power is in the hands of all
individual often by illegal means the people
 Military leaders, backed by middle  Citizens Assembly
class, seized power
 Executive group- Council of 500
 Practiced in Athens
 Practiced in Athens
 Decline: Athenians were unhappy,
Spartan invasions  Decline: Fall of Athens

10. Philosophy
 Socrates
 Plato
 Aristotle
 REMEMBER: Legacy of Greece Debate

11. Golden Age of Athens

12. Golden Age of Athens
 480-430 BCE Three Goals
 Overseen by Pericles 1. Strengthen Democracy
 Pericles- Leader from 461-  Increased number of public
429 BCE officials on paid salaries
 Direct democracy- Citizens
rule directly, not through
representatives

13. Golden Age of Athens
2. Maintain Empire 3. Glorify Athens
 Delian League: Athens  Used money from the
received tributes from Delian League to buy
over 200 city-states in gold, ivory, and marble
return for protection
 Paid artists, architects,
 Made Athens’s navy the and workers to use the
strongest in the materials.
Mediterranean
 Gained access to
surrounding trade routes

14. Comparison:
Athens vs. Sparta
ATHENS SPARTA

15. Comparison:
Athens vs. Sparta
Athens Sparta
 Founders: Mycaneans  Founders: Dorians
 Economy: Sea-faring traders,  Economy: agriculture
agriculture  Labor: Helots (farm slaves or
serfs) and foreign artisans
 Labor: Artisans; farmers;
merchants and traders; slaves  Social Order: Military society-
did mining, farm work, and boys went into military training at
tutoring age 7; ages 20-30 men did
military service; age 30 married
but lived in barracks until age 60.
 Social Order: Private education Women were physically trained to
for males 7-18. Learned Math, increase strength to marry at 14-
music, and literature. 2 years of 19 to breed sons for the military;
military service ages 18-20. No women were not citizens but could
formal education for females; own property and interact socially.
trained at home in domestic
skills

16. Comparison:
Athens vs. Sparta
Athens Sparta
 Government: Democracy  Government: Oligarchy evolved-
Dual kings had military role but
evolved- All natural born land did not govern. The Assembly-
owning males were citizens, All male citizens over 20: had
then males regardless of law making role Main power in
hands of 5 Ephors and Council
class, then foreigners of Elders formed judiciary and
advised Assembly and Ephors
 Achievements: Prosperity led
to creativity, especially in  Achievements: Strong military
role in Greek conflicts; strict
drama and architecture military rule and tight social
(Parthenon) control reduced intellectual
development, creativity and
technical advancement

17. Alexander the Great

18. Alexander the Great
 Son of Philip II
 Became king of Macedonia at age 20
 Taught by Aristotle (science, geography, and literature)
 Influenced by Homer’s Illiad
 Preserved and Spread Greek Culture
 Conquered Persia, Egypt, India
 Spread Hellenistic Culture throughout his empire
 Died young at age 33 in India

19. Hellenism
 Combination of cultures conquered by Alexander the
Great
 Hellenism=Greek+Egyptian+Persian+Indian
 Achievements in: Astronomy; philosophy; math; and
art

20. ROME

21. Geography

22. Geography
Movement Place
 Push: Little rivers unsuitable for  Mediterranean
shipping; not a large amount of farm
land  Alps
 Pull: Natural defense; fertile; Po river  Po River Valley- Tiber river
valley
 Mountainous land
Region
Location
 “The boot shaped country”
 West of Greece
 Alps
 Sicily
 Po River Valley
 Divides the Mediterranean in half
 Swine
 Alps
 Subtropical climate

23. Geography
Interaction
 Killed forest swine
 Fertile soil – Farming
 Source of Water

24. Contributions

25. Law
The Twelve Tables
 The earliest attempt by the Romans to create a code
of law.
 Law code binding both Patricians (upper class) and
Plebeians (lower class)
 Enforced by consuls
 Later two more tables were added because the
plebeians were dissatisfied with the first ten

26. Government
Republic First Triumvate
 Senate: 300 members chosen from  Pompey: Military general; won lands in
the upper class- patricians Spain; suppressed a slave rebellion in
Rome led by Spartacus; campaigns
 Consuls: 2 ruled a a time; supported by millionaire Marcus Licinius
commanded the Roman army; one Crassus; Council
year terms
 Marcus Licinius Crassus: Millionaire
 Tribunes of the Plebs: Protected the son of a roman governmental official;
Gained wealth through real estate and
rights of the plebeians from the mining; Soldier who fought in Roman
patricians. Wars.
 Demands of the Plebs: Written  Julius Caesar: Consul; Governor of
laws; equal protection under those lands in southern tip of Gaul; Fought
laws- Twelve Tables
series of brutal wars without Senate’s
permission on Roman frontiers;
 Citizens Assembly: Elected Conquered lands equaling France and
tribunes; made for common people Belgium, then called back by senate to
return to Rome and disband his troops

27. Architecture
 Coliseum
 Roads
 Aqueducts
 Bridges

28. Similarities in Roman Law Code
with The Code of Hammurabi
 Both are written codes of law
 Both contain harsh punishments for specific situations
 Both favor men over women
 Both favor fathers over sons
 Both favor wealthier citizens over low class citizens.

29. Reasons for Decline
 Barbarian Invasions  Inferior Technology
 Decline in Morals and  Inflation
values
 Political corruption
 Environmental and
Public Health Problems  Rise in Christianity
 Excessive Military  Unemployment
Spending to Defend the  Urban Decay
Empire

30. Christianity
Key Beliefs- God God- God of Abraham; called yahweh in Practices
made a covenant and Rituals-
with Abraham;
English; The trinity: god has 3 parts; same
based on teachings god that the Muslims and Jews believe in Try to obtain
of Jesus Christ; Salvation;
Jesus taught of a avoid
new covenant damnation;
between God and Sacraments:
the Jews; Achieve baptism &
salvation and avoid communion
damnation.
Christianity
Worship
Holy book- Bible; Two
parts: the old testament-
Services-
the history of the law and Ordained
prophets, contains ministry: Priests,
psalms; the new pasters,
testament- 4 gospels, Sects- 3 main sects: Roman ministers;
stories of ancient Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant; all
question; has no sacred worship in
language; has been believe god reveals his teachings to churches;
translated into thousands the world; all believe Jesus died and Sunday service;
of languages rose from the dead Sermon

31. BYZANTINE EMPIRE

32. Geography

33. Geography
 Eastern Provinces of the Roman Empire.
 Capitol city: Constantinople
 Bosporus Strait
 Eastern Part of the Mediterranean
 Italy, Greece, Egypt, Turkey, Middle east

34. Contributions

35. Law
Justinian’s Code
 A summation of all Roman law since the second century
 Effected law in western Europe and early Russia
 Sections:
 The digest
 The Institutes
 The novels

36. Government
 Successors of Constantine
 Justinian- viewed himself as a new Constantine;
Christian emperor
 Theodora- Wife of Justinian- 20-25 years younger;
was a prostitute; came from a poor family; very
intelligent; ability to read people
 Tried to re-unite Rome but failed

37. Architecture
 Beautify Constantinople (same goal in Athens)
 Domes, arches, columns
 Hagia Sophia
 Blue Mosque- mix of Byzantine and Turkish elements
 Topica Palace- mix of buildings and gardens
 Hippodrome- stadiums
 Moats
 Stonewalls

38. Religion
Eastern Orthodox
 Emperor claims authority over church
 Do not follow Pope
 Used Icons-holy images
 Mass in Greek
 Priests could marry
 Divorce was permitted in certain cases
 Created after the Great Schism in 1054: the division of the Christian church
into Roman Catholics (Western Rome) and Eastern Orthodox (Eastern
Rome)

39. ISLAM

40. Geography

41. Geography
Istanbul
 Bosporus Straight; bridge between Asia and Europe
 Favorable characteristics:
 Peninsula
 Natural harbor
 Flat
 Fertile
 Well watered
 Built on Bosporus Strait

42. Geography
Impact
 Deserts- minimal water and farm land
 Oases- Water in the desert; fertile
 Coastal Plain- good for farming
 Mountains- Goats; limited water and farmland

43. Islam
Holy Book- Qur’an:
god’s teachings to God- One god; the Practices and rituals-
Muhammad, god of Abraham- FIVE PILLARS:
translated into many called Allah in Arabic; Shahada-faith, Salat-
languages, Arabic prayer, Zakat-
used for worship god made a covenant
services, history with Abraham Almsgiving, Siyam-
and law of ancient fasting, Hajj-
Hebrews, Includes pilgrimage to Mecca;
Jesus’s life, Outlines Hallal- allowed
the goal of Islam,
Five pillars actions; Haram-
forbidden actions
Key Beliefs- God
Islam
Made a covenant
with Abraham; Worship
Muslims are
descendants of Services-
Abraham’s son Masjid-
Ishmael; Based on Sects- Two major Sects:
god’s teachings and Sunni- any devout Muslim mosque;
the example of can lead; Shi’i- any Prayers led
Muhammad- the last
prophet; Mecca is the descendant of Mohammad by an Imam;
holiest city. can lead; the two differ over Friday
the issue of leadership worship

44. The Golden Age of Islam
 The House of Wisdom  Zoology
 Herbal Medicines  Bookmaking
 Astronomy  Chess
 Polo  Hospitals
 Music  Geometric and floral
designs
REVIEW: Golden Age of Islamic
Culture Travelogue

45. THE MIDDLE AGES

46. Impact of the fall of Rome
Roman Empire Germanic Tribes
 Emphasis on learning,  Oral traditions, song and
knowledge of Greek, literate legends little knowledge of
citizenry Greek, not literate, no written
language
 Official language: Latin
 Developed dialects of Latin:
 Political Unit: Roman French and Spanish
Provinces
 Germanic Kingdoms- borders
 Government based on written change as result of warfare
law and public government
 Loyalty to small communities
unwritten rules and traditions

47. Feudalism
King
Vassals
Knights
Peasants and
Townspeople

48. Feudalism
King Vassals
 Highest power  Nobles, but less powerful than
lords
 Roman Catholic- Religious
leader  Trained knights and lived by
the code of chivalry
 Owns all land
 Promised to protect land and
Nobles a.k.a. Lords kingdom
 Jobs: hunting, fight in battle,  Promised to pay ransom
oversee surfs. money if lord is kidnapped
 Ruled over King’s land  Received Fiefs at Ceremony
of Homage
 Lived on manor in castle

49. Feudalism
Knights Peasants and Townspeople
Surfs
 Fighting force
 NOT SLAVES
 Code of Chivalry: code of
 Tied to the land
honor; set of ideals for
knights; knights must serve  Property of kingdom, not king.
their lord, their god, and their
 Lived in small cottages.
wife; they must protect people
in trouble; fight fairly; protect  Couldn’t do anything without the lords
women permission
 Not required to fight
 Similar to the Samurai and
their Code of Bushido Freeman
 Skilled craftsmen
 Paid rent to the lord
 Could leave the manor
 Could be evicted

50. The Church
 Provided poor peasants with a dream of an eternal
peace
 Hosted feasts
 Had complete power over kings
 One priest on each manor